TED英語演講：如何在6個月內(nèi)學(xué)會一門外語

1、TED英語演講：如何在6個月內(nèi)學(xué)會一門外語 龍飛虎在18分鐘內(nèi)，將主題精華濃縮得淋漓盡致，帶領(lǐng)著大眾的思維從成年人不敢相信還能學(xué)會外語，到充分了解成年人如何能在6個月學(xué)會外語。下面是我為大家收集關(guān)于TED英語演講：如何在6個月內(nèi)學(xué)會一門外語，歡迎借鑒參考。 How to learn any language in six months 演講者：Chris Lonsdale / 中英對照演講稿 / Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you thinkMaybe even pa

2、rt of who you are as a person 你是否曾經(jīng)把一個問題留在心中很久，結(jié)果它已經(jīng)成為你的一種思路甚至可能已經(jīng)成為你自己的一部分 Well Ive had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school. And if you learn rea

3、lly fast, you probably wouldnt have to go to school at all. 有一個問題我思考了很多很多年，就是：你怎樣才能加快自己學(xué)習(xí)的速度這是一個很有趣的問題，因為如果你可以加快自己的學(xué)習(xí)速度，你就可以花更少時間在學(xué)校里。 如果你真的可以學(xué)習(xí)得特別快，你可能根本就不用去上學(xué)。 Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mi

4、nd: how do you learn faster And this began when I was very, very young. When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of

5、the night when youre sleeping, and youre supposed to be learning from this. 我小時候上學(xué)還湊合，但我常常發(fā)現(xiàn)上學(xué)會阻礙學(xué)習(xí)，因此在我心里面有了這樣一個問題：怎樣才能學(xué)得更快呢(這個想法)在我很小時候已經(jīng)開始了，大約我11 歲時，我給前蘇聯(lián)的研究者寫了一封關(guān)于睡眠學(xué)習(xí)的信， 所謂"睡覺學(xué)習(xí)'，就是拿個磁帶錄音機放在你床邊， 等你入眠后機器開始播放磁帶，目的是通過這種方式來學(xué)習(xí)。 A good idea, unfortunately it doesnt work. But, hypnopaedia did

6、 open the doors to research in other areas and weve had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question.I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point. 這看似 一個好主意，不幸的是

7、它行不通。但睡眠學(xué)習(xí)確實打開了研究其他領(lǐng)域的大門，并且我們從研究這個問題開始已經(jīng)有了一些驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。從那開始我對心理學(xué)充滿熱情，直到現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)投入了幾十年的時間從事心理學(xué)相關(guān)的不同研究和工作。 In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficu

8、lt and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it.And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process. 1981年，我來到了中國, 并且決定在兩年內(nèi)我的漢語要達到像中文母語者

9、一樣的水平。你需要明白的是, 在 20 世紀 80 年代初，所有人都認為漢語是真的很難學(xué)，一個西方人可能學(xué)習(xí)10 年或以上也未必能學(xué)好。還有，我?guī)е环N不同的想法，就是把心理學(xué)對這個問題研究所得的全部結(jié)論運用到我學(xué)習(xí)的過程當中。 What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native. But I looked around and I saw all of these people from dif

10、ferent countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively 特別棒的是, 我在六個月內(nèi)能說流利的中文，不久后，我達到了中文母語者的水平。但我看到周圍那

11、些來自不同國家的人在為學(xué)習(xí)中文苦苦掙扎，中國人在為學(xué)習(xí)英文或其他語言苦苦掙扎，因此我的問題便細化到：怎樣幫助一位正常的成年人更快、更容易和有效地學(xué)會第二門語言。 Now this is a really, really important question in todays world. We have massive challenges with environment. We have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we cant co

12、mmunicate were really going to have difficulty solving these problems.So we need to be able to speak each others languages. This is really, really important. 要強調(diào)的是，在今天的世界里這是一個非常非常重要的問題。我們需要面對大量的(有關(guān))環(huán)保問題的挑戰(zhàn)，我們需要面對很多.混亂和戰(zhàn)爭的挑戰(zhàn)，各種各類事情在發(fā)生，如果我們不能溝通那我們將難以解決這些問題。因此，我們需要能夠說對方的語言。這真的非常重要。 The question then is

13、 how do you do that Well, its actually really easy. You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where its already working and then you identify the principles and apply them. Its called modeling and Ive been looking at language learning and modeling language learning fo

14、r about fifteen to twenty years now. 接下來的問題是，怎樣做到這實際上是很容易的。看看你周圍那些已經(jīng)做到的人，尋找在什么情況下，它是有效的，識別這些原則后好好利用它們。這是一種高科技模仿，而我已經(jīng)用這種方法研究語言學(xué)習(xí)大約15到20xx年了。接著多年的觀察，我得到的結(jié)論是，任何一個成年人能在6個月內(nèi)把任何外語學(xué)得流利。 And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months.No

15、w when I say this, most people think Im crazy, this is not possible. So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, its all about expanding our limits. 吶，當我說成年人能在6個月內(nèi)學(xué)會任何一種外語，大多數(shù)人都認為我瘋了，這是不可能的。因此，先讓我提醒在座各位關(guān)于人類歷史的進展，所有人類歷史都是在擴展我們的極限。 In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in f

16、our minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there its got shorter and shorter. 100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesnt fly。Except it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff flyWe reorganize the materials using principles that we have learned f

17、rom observing nature, birds in this case. 在20世紀50年代，所有人都相信跑出4分鐘1英里的成績是不可能的，后來羅杰班尼斯特在1965年做到了，而從那開始跑1英里的時間變得越來越短。120xx年前，每個人都相信重的物體不能飛。它不但可以飛，而且我們大家都知道這個事實。那么，重物是怎樣飛的呢我們觀察大自然的原理，在此是鳥飛行的原理，根據(jù)這些我們重新組織材料來使重物可以飛。 And today weve gone ever further, so you can fly a car. You can buy one of these for a coupl

18、e hundred thousand US dollars. We now have cars in the world that can fly.And theres a different way to fly that weve learned from squirrels. 如今，我們甚至走得更遠，你可以駕駛一輛會飛的汽車。你可以花幾十萬美元購買一輛這樣的汽車。我們現(xiàn)在有了會飛的汽車了。在能飛的松鼠的身上我們學(xué)會了另一種不同的方式來飛。 So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit cal

19、led a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel. 你只要做的是去復(fù)制一只飛鼠如何飛的原理，建造一套翼服，你就可以像一只飛鼠那樣可以在天空中飛翔。 Now, most people, a lot of people, I wouldnt say everybody but a lot of people think they cant draw.However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to dr

20、aw and you can actually learn to draw in five days.So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this. 那么，大多數(shù)人，很多人，我不會說所有人，但很多人認為他們不會畫畫。然而這里有一些重要的原則，5個原則你可以利用來學(xué)習(xí)畫畫并且實際上你可以在5天內(nèi)學(xué)會。如果你平時畫成這樣，那么你學(xué)習(xí)5天這些原則, 然后應(yīng)用它們，5天后，你可以

21、畫成這樣。 Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do. And I looked at this and I went wow, so thats how I look like when Im concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding. 我知道這是真的，因為那是我第一次畫的，5 天后我應(yīng)用了這些原

22、則，我可以做到這樣。當我看著這個，我"哇'了一聲，那就是我非常強烈的專注，專注到我大腦快要爆炸的樣子呀! So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months. 因此，任何人都能夠用 5 天時間學(xué)會畫畫，同樣地，用同樣的方式和邏輯，任何人都可以在 6 個月內(nèi)學(xué)會一門外語。 How: there are five principles and seven actio

23、ns.There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths. 怎么做呢有 5個原則和 7個行動可以參考。可能有更多，但這些絕對是核心部分。進入這些點之前我想先說說兩個誤區(qū)并消除它們。 The first is that you need talent.Let me tell you about Zoe. Zoe came from Australia, went to Holla

24、nd, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: youre completely useless, youre not talented, give up, youre a waste of time and she was very, very depressed.And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six

25、 months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesnt matter. 誤區(qū)一, 你需要有天賦。讓我跟你們說說關(guān)于佐伊的事情。佐伊是澳大利亞人，她去到荷蘭并嘗試學(xué)習(xí)荷蘭語。她非常掙扎，最后人們跟她說，"沒用的，'"你沒有天賦，'"還是放棄吧，'"你根本就是在浪費時間。'她對此感到非常沮喪。后來，她無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)了這 5 個原則，去了巴西，并把這些原則應(yīng)用到她學(xué)習(xí)葡萄牙語中，6 個月內(nèi)，她可以說流利的葡萄牙語了。因此，天賦不重要。 People also think that

26、 immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language. But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners whove been here for ten years, who dont speak a word of Chinese.Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they dont

27、speak any English. Immersion per se doesnt not work, why Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim. 人們還認為學(xué)會一門外語最好的方式就是，到說該門語言的國家去。但是看看在.已經(jīng)呆了 10 年的西方人，還是一句中文也不會說?？纯茨切┚幼≡诿绹?、英國、澳大利亞、加拿大 10 年、20 年的中國人，還是不會一句英文。只呆在一個新的國家本身是沒有用的。為什么因為溺水的人是學(xué)不會游泳的。 When you dont speak a language youre like a baby and if y

28、ou drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you wont learn. So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to; 當你不能說那種語言，你就像一個嬰兒，如果你進入一個環(huán)境，那里全部都是成年人在嘰嘰呱呱的說一些你完全聽不明白的話，你還是學(xué)不會。那么你需要注意的那 5 個原則是什么呢 First: there are four words, attention, meani

29、ng, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways. Especially when youre talking about learning.Come with me on a journey through a forest.You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you dont. 首先，有四個詞，

30、注意力、含義、關(guān)聯(lián)和記憶。這些在很多非常重要的方面是相互連接的，特別在你談?wù)搶W(xué)習(xí)時。請跟隨我來一趟森林之旅。你穿越森林，然后你看到一個像這樣的東西。你可能注意到樹上的這些小標志，可能沒有。 You go another fifty metres and you see this.You should be paying attention.Another fifty metres, if you havent been paying attention, you see this.And at this point, youre paying attention. And youve just

31、 learned that this is important, its relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that youre going to pay attention to and therefore youre going to remember it. 然后你繼續(xù)向前走 50 米，你看到了這個。你應(yīng)該要注意了。再 50 米，如果你還沒注意的話，你會看到這個。當看到這個的時候，你就要注意了。你剛剛

32、學(xué)習(xí)到了這個是重要的，它與你有重要關(guān)系，因為它代表這個。任何有關(guān)聯(lián)的東西，任何有關(guān)你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你給注意力的就會記住的。 If its related to your personal goals then youre going to pay attention to it, if its relevant youre going to remember it. So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is releva

33、nt to you.Which brings us to tools.We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us. So let me share a story. A keyboard is a tool. Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this. 如果它關(guān)于你個人目標的，那么你就會注意到它，如果它與你是有關(guān)聯(lián)的，你就會記住它。因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門語言的第一個原則就是, 注意那些與你息息相

34、關(guān)的語言內(nèi)容上。這就讓我們談到工具。我們通過使用工具來掌握工具，而當這些工具與我們息息相關(guān)的時候，我們就可以學(xué)得很快。先讓我分享一個故事。 Thats a tool.I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school; Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese. 鍵盤是一個工具。有不同方法打中文字。這些方法屬

35、于工具的一種。多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校學(xué)習(xí)中文打字。每周二、周四晚上，她都用 2 個小時上課，然后也在家練習(xí)，她花了 9 個月的時間，仍然沒學(xué)會打中文字。 And one night we had a crisis.We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese. And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it

36、was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one. As a kid does. 一天晚上，我們有一件緊急的事情。我們有 48 個小時來準備用中文發(fā)表一本訓(xùn)練手冊。她獲得了這個任務(wù) ，并且我可以像你保證，在 48 個小時內(nèi)，她學(xué)會了用中文打字。因為這是相關(guān)的、重要的、有意義的，她在使用

37、一種工具來創(chuàng)造價值。因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門語言的第二個工具是從第一天開始，用你的語言作為一種工具來溝通，像一個孩子那樣做。 When I first arrived in China I didnt speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the train. He took an interest in me for s

38、ome reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more. 當我初次來到中國，我一句中文都不會說。第二個星期我乘坐火車過夜。我花了 8 個小時，坐在餐車，跟一位乘警聊。因為某種原因，他對我很感興趣。我們在那用中文聊了整夜，隨著他畫畫、比劃雙手并動用他的面部表情，我逐漸

39、地明白越來越多。 But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadnt even made any effort to learn that. What had happened Id absorbed it that night on the train, which brings us to the third principle When you first underst

40、and the message, then you will acquire the language unconsciously. 但是真正有趣的是，兩個星期后，當人們在我周圍說中文的時候，我可以明白一些而且我并沒有為之付出任何努力。發(fā)生了什么在火車的那晚我已經(jīng)吸收了中文，這也是我們要說的第三個原則。當你已經(jīng)理解溝通的信息含義，接下來你將不知不覺下意識的獲得該語言。 And this is really, really well documented now, its something called comprehensible input and theres twenty or thi

41、rty years of research on this. Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them. 而且這是有充足的證據(jù)證明的，我們把它稱之為"可明白輸入'，而這個概念被研究了研究二三十年。此領(lǐng)域的佼佼者史蒂夫克拉申發(fā)布了各類不同的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果，而這些數(shù)據(jù)來自他的一個報告。 The purple bars show the scores on different te

42、sts for language. The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input. So, comprehension works.Comprehension is key and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge. In many, many ways its about p

43、hysiological training. 條形圖里面的紫色部分顯示不同語言測試的成績。紫色代表那些通過正式學(xué)習(xí)和學(xué)習(xí)語法的人，綠色的代表那些通過可明白輸入學(xué)習(xí)的人。因此，可明白意思的輸入是有效的。理解是很關(guān)鍵的，而學(xué)語言本身不僅僅是獲取大量的知識。在很多方面，更多的是生理的訓(xùn)練。 A woman I know from Taiwan did great at English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went through college, A grades, went to the US and found she

44、 couldnt understand what people were saying. And people started asking her: are you deaf And she was. English deaf. 我認識一位來自.的女士，上學(xué)時英文成績很好，大學(xué)英語也很優(yōu)秀。后來，她到了美國，竟然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己聽不懂別人在說什么。然后人們開始問她："你是聾的嗎'她確實是。英語聾子。 Because we have filters in our brain that filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and

45、 they filter out the sounds of languages were not. And if you cant hear it, you wont understand it and if you cant understand it, youre not going to learn it. 因為在我們大腦里有一些過濾器會幫助我們過濾熟悉的語言聲音進入腦子里，而把不熟悉的語言聲音過濾出去。如果你聽不到，你不會明白;你聽不明白，你將不能學(xué)會它。 So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds.And there a

46、re ways to do that but its physiological training. Speaking takes muscle. Youve got forty-three muscles in your face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand. 因此，你必須能夠聽到這些聲音。這里有一些方法來做到，但這些是生理上的訓(xùn)練。說話需要用到肌肉。在你的臉上有 43 塊肌肉，你必須協(xié)調(diào)好這些肌肉來發(fā)聲，讓別人明白你的話。 If y

47、ouve ever done a new sport for a couple of days, then you know how your body feels. And it hurts. If your face is hurting youre doing it right. 如果你曾經(jīng)有做過幾天新的運動，你會知道你的身體有什么感覺。有點酸疼。如果你的面部有這種酸疼的感覺，那就對了。 And the final principle is state. Psycho-physiological state. If youre sad, angry, worried, upset, yo

48、ure not going to learn. Period. If youre happy, relaxed, in an Alpha brain state, curious, youre going to learn really quickly, and very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity. If youre one of those people who needs to understand 100% every word youre hearing, you will go nuts, because yo

49、ull be incredibly upset all the time, because youre not perfect. 最后一個原則是狀態(tài)。心理生理的狀態(tài)。如果你傷心、生氣、擔心、沮喪，你將不能學(xué)會。絕對是這樣。如果你是在一個開心、放松、好奇的大腦狀態(tài)下，你將很快學(xué)會，而且需要明確的一點是，你需要忍受歧義。如果你是那種在聽的時候需要百分百聽明白別人在說的每一個詞的人之一，你會因為你無時無刻(的)沮喪感和你的不完美而發(fā)瘋了。 If youre comfortable with getting some, not getting some, just paying attention t

50、o what you do understand, youre going to be fine, youll be relaxed and youll be learning quickly. 如果你對聽明白一些、聽不明白一些而感到舒服，并把注意力放在你明白的部分，你將會學(xué)好，而且你的狀態(tài)越輕松，你將學(xué)得越快。 So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take 那么在這 5 個原則上，你還需要哪 7 個行動呢 Number one: listen a lot. I call

51、it brain soaking。You put yourself in a context where youre hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesnt matter if you understand it or not。 Youre listening to the rhythm ,youre listening to the patterns that repeat, youre listening to things that stand out。 So, just soak your brain in

52、this. 第一，多聽。我把它叫做泡腦子。你把自己置放在聽很多很多語言的環(huán)境當中，聽得明白與否無關(guān)重要。在聽的時候，你是在聽它的節(jié)奏、聽它重復(fù)的模式、聽凸出來的詞語。像這個泡泡你的腦子。 The second action: is that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words. You go "Well how do I do that'， I dont know the words. Well, you understand what these different postures mean.

53、Human communication is body language in many, many ways, so much body language. 第二個行動是，在獲取單詞之前先獲取它的意思。你可能在想，這個我怎么知道的呢我不知道那些單詞!但你可以理解那些不同手勢代表的含義。身體語言占領(lǐng)人類交流的一大部分。 From body language you can understand a lot of communication, therefore, youre understanding, youre acquiring through comprehensible input.

54、And you can also use patterns that you already know. If youre a Chinese speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about 30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese. 從身體語言，你可以理解很多對話內(nèi)容，因此，你通過可明白輸入理解、獲取它的含義。你還可以利用你

55、已經(jīng)知道的模式。如果你是說國語和粵語，當你去到越南，你可以明白 60%的日常用語，因為越南話有 30%的國語和 30%的粵語。 The third action: start mixing. You probably have never thought of this but if youve got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things. Language is a creative process. What do babies do Okay: me, bat(

56、h)， now， okay, thats how they communicate.So start mixing, get creative, have fun with it, it doesnt have to be perfect it just has to work. 第三個行動：開始混合。你可能之前沒有想過這個，但如果你有10個動詞，10個名詞和 10個形容詞，你可以說一千句不同的話。語言是創(chuàng)造的過程。孩子是怎么做的呢我，澡澡，現(xiàn)在.這就是他們說話的方式。所以現(xiàn)在開始混合、創(chuàng)造并從中獲得趣味。你不需要做到完美，你能溝通就好。而且當你這樣做的時候，你把注意力放在核心上。 And w

57、hen youre doing this you focus on the core. What does that mean Well any language has high frequency content. In English 1000 words covers 85% of anything youre ever going to say in daily communication. 3000 words give you 98% of anything youre going to say in daily conversation. You got 3000 words,

58、 youre speaking the language. The rest is icing on the cake. 任何語言都有它的高頻內(nèi)容。英語有1000個高頻詞覆蓋你85%的日常交流。而3000個高頻詞將覆蓋98%的日常交流。你有 3000個高頻詞，你將可以說一門外語。剩余的是錦上添花。 And when youre just beginning with a new language start with the tool box. Week number one in your new language you say things like: how do you say that I dont understand,repeat that please, what does that mean, all in your target language. 當你開始學(xué)習(xí)一門外語，從工具箱開始。第一周，你會用新語言說一些像這樣的話"那個你怎么說'"我不明白，'"請重復(fù)，'"那是什么意思'全都用你的目標語言。 Youre using it as a tool, making it useful to you, its releva