虛擬語氣總結(jié)：be型和were型

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx虛擬語氣總結(jié)：be型和were型【精品文檔】目錄： 學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣的三個必知一、were式虛擬 二、be式虛擬 三、幾個特殊的句式學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣必須明確了解以下三點：1、英語的所謂“虛擬語氣”，從用途上區(qū)別有三種：一種用來表達與實際情況相反的虛構(gòu)假設(shè)，一種用來表達“祈使愿望”的口氣，另一種滿足特殊的句式需要。 虛擬語氣并不全是在表達虛構(gòu)的情況，理解這一點非常重要。 2、虛擬語氣從句式表現(xiàn)上有三種：表達與實際情況相反的虛構(gòu)假設(shè)用were式虛擬，表達“祈使愿望”的口氣be式虛擬，在特殊句式中的照句式要求而定。 3、學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語氣，其目的不在于單純解決語法問題，更不能停留在應(yīng)試

2、的層面上。掌握虛擬語氣的用法對英語的閱讀理解非常重要，尤其是進入大學(xué)以后，這一點更為重要。 一、were式虛擬 英語中，被叫做“were式虛擬”的這種虛擬語氣，通過扭曲時態(tài)形式來表示與實際情況相反的虛構(gòu)假設(shè)，具體的做法是將時態(tài)的形式“倒推一個時態(tài)”。這樣的表述也許不太準(zhǔn)確，但是非常實用，也極容易理解。 具體的做法，就是將現(xiàn)在時態(tài)變成過去時態(tài)，將過去時態(tài)變成“過去的過去”。 在這種虛擬語氣的用法中，動詞be至少要倒退一個時態(tài)成為“過去時態(tài)”的were（在虛擬語氣中一般不用was，is、am、are倒推一個時態(tài)以后都寫成were）。因此，這種表示與實際情況相反的虛構(gòu)假設(shè)的虛擬語氣就就以動詞be的變

3、化為例，叫做了were式虛擬。 were式虛擬主要用在wish從句，as if從句和非真實條件句。 下面我們結(jié)合具體的例子學(xué)習(xí)were式虛擬的用法：wish從句的虛擬語氣用法： 英語中表達一般性的愿望（即希望）用hope這個詞，wish這個詞往往表達難以實現(xiàn)或不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，所以要用虛擬語氣，我們可以看看具體的用法: I wish I had the money to buy the book. 這句話表達的意思是，“我現(xiàn)在沒有錢買這本書，但是希望能買這本書，而因為沒有錢，雖然有這種愿望，卻也買不了這本書。” wish從句中的動詞have用來表達“現(xiàn)在有與沒有”的情況，通過一個把have“倒推

4、一個時態(tài)”變成had，had實際上表達了一個“現(xiàn)在沒有”的概念，正好與have這個詞的本義相反。 必須牢記：wish不是hope，wish要表達的是不能實現(xiàn)或難以實現(xiàn)的愿望，必須使用were式虛擬，必須通過扭曲wish從句的時態(tài)來體現(xiàn)這種虛擬語氣。 下面的情況相同： My little brother wishes he had wings to fly up into the sky. Many people wish they could grow rich over a single night. I wish I were a millionaire to have the money

5、 to buy all that I need. Poor little Tom, an orphan, wishes he were in a family full of love and care. My parents wish I would go to college, but they know I will not. I do wish you wouldn't smoke any more.注意：上面最后一句中你不要再抽煙了，也不是不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，但是借用wish來表達，顯得相當(dāng)婉轉(zhuǎn)，沒有強加于人的意味，如果說成 I hope you will not smoke a

6、ny more.口氣就過于強硬，頗有些居高臨下的意味。請看下面的句子,用法上都差不多： I wish you would come and help us out. I wish you would be more respectful to your father. I wish you would stay with me for a while. I wish I had had the money to buy the book. 這句話表達的意思是，“我當(dāng)時沒有錢買這本書，但是我現(xiàn)在希望當(dāng)時能買下這個本，因為沒有錢，雖然現(xiàn)在還有希望當(dāng)初能買下這本書的念頭，但是這已是不能實現(xiàn)的愿望了。

7、” 這時候，wish從句的正常時態(tài)應(yīng)該是一般過去時態(tài)，但是，因為wish要表達一個不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句只好倒推一個時態(tài)，把一個一般過去時的had扭曲成了過去完成時的had had。這時候的had had，沒有過去完成時的時態(tài)意義，只是通過一種扭曲了的時態(tài)形式表達了一個“虛擬”的情況，一種不能實現(xiàn)了的愿望。 下面的情況相同： We all wish he had not made that silly mistake. I really wish I had not overheard what he said about me. Mr. Smith wishes that he had not

8、 spent off all his money. It was late for the criminal to wish that he had not committed the crime. Linda wished that she had been more patient and careful in the examination. I wish I had been in your place to take the challenge.（最后這一句中的had been也往往寫成were，因為這時候的were也是一種扭曲了的時態(tài)形式，也能表達出這個虛擬的意味。） 再強調(diào)一次：

9、 wish后面從句的動詞時態(tài)形式非常重要，句中的一般過去時表示的是與現(xiàn)在相反的情況，過去完成時表示的與過去相反的情況，過去將來時表示的是與將來情況相反的愿望過去將來時是一般將來時倒推一個時態(tài)的結(jié)果，這是以漢語為母語的初學(xué)英語者常常注意不夠的地方。 下面是人們常常使用的例句： I wish I knew the answer to the question. I wish I had known the answer to the question. I wish I could go with you. I wish I could have gone with you yesterday.

10、請注意上面的最后一句，yesterday決定了could的過去時態(tài)，從形式上could不能倒推一個時態(tài)，為了體現(xiàn)“時態(tài)的倒推”（或者說時態(tài)的扭曲），could后面原本應(yīng)該是一般形式的不定式go變成了完成式的形式have gone。這也是很有意思的語言現(xiàn)象，在各類的were式虛擬中都經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，非常值得注意。 當(dāng)wish作名詞使用的時候，其同位語從句表達的是wish的內(nèi)容，也需要使用were式虛擬，例如： We all have the wish that all mankind could live peacefully together. The wish that all the class

11、mates came back to another reunion is merely lovely dream.as if從句的虛擬語氣用法： as if的意思是“好像”，從用法上有兩種，一種是不知道事實的真相，說其好像一種特定的情況；另一種是明知道事實的真相，卻說其好像與事實不同的情況。在后一種情況下，句子應(yīng)該使用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞的時態(tài)形式向后倒推一個時態(tài)，而在前一種情況下，句子處于陳述語氣，應(yīng)該使用正常的時態(tài)形式，請比較下面的謂語形式： Mr. Sam Smith, my P.E. teacher, looks like an army officer. The stranger a

12、t the school gate looks like an army officer. 在前一個句子里，我非常清楚我的體育老師不是軍官，而我說他看起來像軍官，就用虛擬語氣。 在后一個句子里，我不知道門口陌生人的身份，不知道他是不是軍官，我說他看起來像軍官，就不用虛擬語氣。 Tom looks calm and steady as if he were telling the truth. Tom looks calm and steady as if he is telling the truth. 前一句表明湯姆是在撒謊，后一句說明湯姆可能在撒謊。 理解as if從句的虛擬語氣和陳述語氣

13、的不同用法很重要，特別是在閱讀理解中更是顯得非常重要，一旦有所疏忽，就可能把句子的含義弄混了，甚至弄反了。 He speaks as if he knew everything about the accident.(虛擬） He speaks as if he knows everything about the accident.(陳述） My mother is always talking as if she were a doctor of medicine.(虛擬） The young lady is talking as if she is a doctor of medicin

14、e.（陳述） You seem as if you had done all that you should have.(虛擬）再強調(diào)一次，如果as if從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)形式比正常時態(tài)倒退了一個時態(tài)，說明這個從句處于虛擬語氣，在表明與事實不同的情況，如果as if從句中的謂語動詞時態(tài)正常，說明這個句子屬于陳述語氣，在表明與事實可能相同也可能相反的一種猜測。 非真實條件句的虛擬語氣 if（如果）所引導(dǎo)的從句是典型的條件狀語從句，分為真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。 非真實條件句是相對與真實條件句而言的。真實條件句表達了一個可能實現(xiàn)的條件，在這個條件之上推斷出的可能性也是可以實現(xiàn)的；而非真實條件

15、句表達了一個不能實現(xiàn)或者很難實現(xiàn)的條件，在這個條件之上推斷出的可能性是不可能實現(xiàn)或非常難以實現(xiàn)的。 真實與非真實條件句有一個重要的共同點，其主句中均有will 或will 的變形would，表示建立在從句條件之上的可能性。 注意，這里的will或would 是情態(tài)動詞，表示可能性，而不是表示將來時的助動詞。 真實與非真實條件句的不同點是：就謂語動詞形式來講，非真實條件句比相應(yīng)的時態(tài)中的真實條件句向后倒移了一個時態(tài)。換句話說，在條件句中，如果謂語動詞的形式比它的時間狀語所表示的時間倒移了一個時態(tài)，這個條件句即是非真實條件句。這一點與wish和as if從句的情況相同。 因此，如果我們使用非真實條

16、件句，只需在相應(yīng)的真實條件句的基礎(chǔ)上，使主從句的謂語形式同時向后推移一個時態(tài)。如果是關(guān)于過去的情況，主句中有表示可能性的would，其本身已經(jīng)不可能實現(xiàn)時態(tài)的倒移，我們將would后面的do 改寫成have done，即通過這個無to 不定式的變化，以示其時態(tài)倒推之意。（例句在后面） 這樣，不需死記硬背很多教材和語法書上有關(guān)虛擬語氣句式變化的三個公式，只要掌握了時態(tài)倒推的變化規(guī)律，便可以掌握課本和語法書中那三個公式之所以成立的根本，只要在繼之以適量的練習(xí)，就能熟練掌握了。 下面看一些情景練習(xí)，這些都是教學(xué)中常用的練習(xí)，包括了非真實條件句的多種情況。用上述的方法，解決這樣的問題并不費力： 1.

17、Last Sunday we all stayed indoors because it rained the whole day. 用if后，主從句從真實條件句的基礎(chǔ)上倒移一個事態(tài)。 If it hadnt rained for a whole day, we wouldnt have stayed indoors last Sunday. 2. John and Joseph werent given the tickets, so they did not go to the cinema. If John and Joseph had been given the tickets, t

18、hey would have gone to the cinema. 3. David Smith was required to leave the country within 24 hours because he had acted as a spy for a foreign country. 主句中的過去完成時“倒移”時其謂語動詞不再變形，正如直接引語變成間接引語時那樣：David Smith would not have been required to leave the country if he hadnt acted as a spy for a foreign coun

19、try. 4. I dont like the diamond necklace, so I dont want to have it. If I liked the diamond necklace, I would want to have it. 5. Johnson was warned of the danger last night, so now he does everything very carefully. 本句和下兩句是錯綜時間條件句，即主句和從句的時態(tài)不相同，本來可以成為非真實條件句教學(xué)中的一個難題，但是現(xiàn)在只要按照主從句謂語動詞時態(tài)形式“倒移”的規(guī)則，問題就可以迎刃

20、而解。 If Johnson hadnt been warned of the danger last night, he wouldnt do everything so carefully. 本句和下兩句是錯綜時間條件句，即主句和從句的時態(tài)不相同，本來可以成為非真實條件句教學(xué)中的一個難題，但是現(xiàn)在只要按照主從句謂語動詞時態(tài)形式“倒移”的規(guī)則，問題就可以迎刃而解。 If Johnson hadnt been warned of the danger last night, he wouldnt do everything so carefully. 6. Joan received the

21、invitation yesterday. She will go to the party tomorrow evening. If Joan hadnt received the invitation yesterday, she would not go to the party tomorrow evening. 7. Larry has heard from quite a few friends in China and now he knows much about this country. Larry wouldnt know much about this country

22、if he hadnt heard from quite a few friends in China. 8. Bob isnt here, so we cant ask him to help with the task. 在非真實條件句中be 的過去時形式一般用were： If Bob were here, we could ask hime to help with the task. 9. We will have a sports meet next Sunday, so all the students will have to come to school then. 注意從句的

23、形式： If we didnt have a sports meet next Sunday, the students wouldnt have to come to school then. If we werent to have a sports meet next Sunday, the students wouldnt have to come to school then. If we shouldnt have a sports meet next Sunday, the students wouldnt have to come to school then. 關(guān)于倒裝句式:

24、 在非真實條件句中，如果條件句中有助動詞be, had, should等，連接詞 if 可以省略，如： Should I come late tomorrow, you could ask someone else to take my place. Should anything gone wrong with this device, you should go and check with the local dealer. Had you been here a minute late, you would have caught him cheating in the test. H

25、ad we asked him a second time, we would sure have had his advice. Were I to attend the meeting in Shanghai, I would fly there tomorrow. Were they in our place, they would have a totally different opinion of the situation. 這時候要注意，如果條件句在主句后面，這種倒裝的句式看著相當(dāng)別扭： The whole school would not have had that sill

26、y idea of the so called invention had they noticed the date of the invention issued: April 1st. I would have taken what you said for granted had I not been to the place myself. You would get double paid were I to ask you for additional service. We would cancel the trip were the weather to be rainy.

27、Go and check with the local dealer should the recorder not work properly. I would have to change my plan should anything wrong happens.最后再次強調(diào)兩點： 、對最后一組句子還要些說明： 如果條件從句指的是將來時間，非真實條件句有三種形式： 第句：因為真實條件句指將來時間時用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，倒移其時態(tài)形式，直接用一般過去時的形式； 第句：這里用were to do 形式，應(yīng)該指明這是由be to do 結(jié)構(gòu)倒移時態(tài)形式的結(jié)果（從is(am,are) to do 到wer

28、e to do）； 第句：這里用should do，可以解釋為should 與were to 在此句式同義，屬于同義替代。 、非真實條件是建立在與事實相反、或很難成為現(xiàn)實的假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)之上，其主句是建立在這樣的假設(shè)之上的推論，主句的would (could, might, should)表示著一種不可實現(xiàn)，或難以實現(xiàn)的可能性，決不能漏掉。 掌握了“時態(tài)倒移”的規(guī)律，非真實條件句的其他問題就很容易解決了。 二、be式虛擬 英語中，被叫做“be式虛擬”的這種虛擬語氣，一般用在名詞性從句中，這些名詞性從句一般都與表示祈使意義的動詞有關(guān)。最典型的是，suggest, order, propose等表示祈使

29、意義的動詞的賓語從句，其謂語形式應(yīng)該使用be式虛擬。 be式虛擬通過一種固定不變的謂語動詞形式來表示說話者的一種“祈使愿望”，具體的做法是將謂語動詞的形式固定為(should) do,不論該語句應(yīng)該使用什么時態(tài)，其謂語動詞的形式都是 (should) do形式。以典型的動詞be舉例，不論它應(yīng)該是什么時態(tài)形式，只要它用來表達“祈使愿望”的虛擬，它的形式就是（should) be，或者說是be了，因此這種虛擬語氣就被叫做be式虛擬。例如： We strongly suggested that the meeting be put off till the next day. The officer

30、 ordered that the spy be killed right away. Mr. Smith proposed that people from both companies gather for new ideas. I will suggest to the school board that a basketball team be set up soon. 以上幾個句子中省略了should以后顯得比較別扭，如果should這個詞不省略，雖然看著就不那么別扭了，但是還是容易出錯誤的。 要記住兩點：1、be式虛擬中的謂語動詞形式是固定不變的，不受其本身應(yīng)該使用的時態(tài)的限制；2

31、、是否在一個賓語從句中使用be式虛擬，關(guān)鍵看該從句是否受含有祈使意義的動詞的限定。 除 suggest, order, propose 以外，這類含有祈使意義的動詞還有：advise, ask, arrange, beg, command, demand, decide, desire, make up one's mind, insist, plead, recommend, require, request 等等。 這些動詞不管口氣強弱的程度如何，都是在“祈使”別人做什么，因此雖然動詞比較多，但是并不難記憶。 這些動詞中，有一些動詞是多義詞，如 suggest 可表示“建議”也可表

32、示“暗示、表明”, insist 可以表示“堅持要求”也可以表示“堅持認為、堅持表白”, decide (make up one's mind) 可表示“決定”也可以表示“認定、斷定”, ask 可表示“要求”也可以表示“聞訊”等等, 只有當(dāng)以上動詞用作祈使意義的時候，受其限定的賓語從句的謂語才使用 be式虛擬。例如： The principal suggested that the vacation be cut short to two days. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied. My brother i

33、nsisted that I give away my rights to have my father's house. The bookseller insisted that I stole his book, but I didn't. The president decided that the trip be cancelled. The police decided that the old man was the murderer. I sincerely ask that you all attend the meeting tomorrow. Miss Sm

34、ith asked if I was interested in her boat. 前面提到了be式虛擬用于名詞性從句，賓語從句只是名詞性從句的一種。 下面請看幾個表語從句中使用be式虛擬的情況: My idea is that we begin the party with a warm welcome to Mr. Black. Their proposal was that we start out one hour earlier. We stuck to the original plan that we have a meeting before taking actions.

35、His request was that we help the old lady with her daily shopping. My advice is that you should not come back to this place again. What he recommended was that we give it up completely. What you should suggest to her is that she should go and see a decent doctor. (注意，最后一句話中的第一個should不能省略掉，第二個能。）請看看幾

36、個主語從句中使用be式虛擬的情況： That we go and visit the Great Wall was what you suggested to us. Why didn't you go with us? That you come to the school at 7:20 is clearly and firmly required. That the soldiers give up the city was the general's firm order. It will be desired that she finish all the prepa

37、ration this afternoon. 再請看看幾個同位語從句中使用be式虛擬的情況： They had a wrong attitude toward my suggestion that the house not be rebuilt. The order that soldiers shoot the protesters was not carried out. 以上這些名詞性從句一般都與表示祈使意義的動詞有關(guān)，雖然這些從句作了主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句，但是從邏輯意義上講，仍然是這些表示祈使意義的動詞邏輯上的賓語從句。認識到這一點，be式虛擬的變化規(guī)律就好掌握了，這是be

38、式虛擬學(xué)習(xí)中最重要的要點。三、幾個特殊的句式 1、it is important that. . 請先看下列句子： It is important that you come and deliver the speech tomorrow. It is necessary that we let none of us fall behind. It is essential that Mr. Li come to help us with the new task. It is only natural that you pay your respect to your colleagues.

39、 請觀察，以上各句所表達的其實都是一種建議，是一種比較強烈的suggestion，因此這類句式可以歸納在上面的be式虛擬中。 注意：有些人把it is strange that. 和it is a pity (shame) that.也歸在此類句式中，其實有些不當(dāng)。 It is strange that you should know about the whole thing. It was strange that Tom should have stolen his father's money. It was a big shame that you should have s

40、poken to me like that. It was a pity that Linda should be so careless in the test. It is no wonder that Mr. Smith should be so calm about the new plan. No wonder you should be so patient about it. 大家可以很清楚地看到，在it is strange that.和it is a pity (shame) that .句式中沒有絲毫的祈使意義，祈使意義是面向?qū)淼?，be式虛擬語氣的各種從句的情況發(fā)生在主句

41、情況之后，而it is strange that.和it is a pity (shame) that .句式中從句的情況發(fā)生在主句情況之前，此句式中的should表示了說話人驚奇的情感，有“竟然”的意味，是根本不能省略的。如果說話人沒有驚奇的情感，這一類的句子也完全可以不用 should 這個詞： It is a pity that Mr. Chamberlin did not turn up at the meeting. It was a shame that Janet refused to speak at the party. It was strange that only a few people showed interest in our products.、it is (high) time that. . It is high time we went home now. = It is high time we should go home now. It is time we started doing our work. =It is time we should start doing our work. It is time w