如何寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文段落.doc

1、如何寫(xiě)好段落。首先一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stick or hold to the topic)這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句使主題思想得到充分展開(kāi)從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué)這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness) 。再者一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的而是有機(jī)的組合 句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth)這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說(shuō)明。1 .統(tǒng)一性一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心任何游

2、離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例joe and i decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. we were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. we started out in early spring from minneapolis and headed west acros

3、s the northern part of the country. we both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. to our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in new mexico.本段的主題句是段首句 controlling idea中心思想是take t

4、he longtrip across the country 。 文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè) irrelevant sentences 一個(gè)是 bella bakes the best rhubarb pie這一段是講的是 joe and i 中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè) bella 是不合適的。還有 joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)?？忌谒募?jí)統(tǒng)考的作文卷上常常因?yàn)樵斐?irrelevant sentences不相關(guān)語(yǔ)句而丟分值得引起注意。再看一個(gè)例子my name is roseanna, and i like to keep physi

5、cally fit. i used to weigh two hundred pounds, but i joined the ymca for an exercise class and diet program. in one year i lost eighty pounds. i feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. i bought two new suitcases last week. everyday i practice jogging thr

6、ee miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. my mother was a premature baby.本段的 controlling idea 是 like to deep physically fit但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences 一個(gè)是 i bought two new suitcases last week另一個(gè)是 my mother was a premature baby 。從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出native sp

7、eakers 同樣會(huì)造出來(lái)irrelevantsentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了造成偏題或離題那問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。2 完整性正象我們前面說(shuō)得那樣一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)如果只有主題句而沒(méi)有推展句來(lái)進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí)就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣雖然有推展句但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿的交待給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil.work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task.

8、 besides, it is more useful to work you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個(gè)推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問(wèn)題。什么是 a mind in turmoil心境不平靜physical work 又如何能改變這種情況為什么它能起therapy的作用讀者得不到明確的答案。由于四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文部分只要求寫(xiě)一篇100120個(gè)詞的三段式短文 每一段只有大約40個(gè)詞左右 因此要達(dá)到完整就必須盡可能地簡(jiǎn)明。例如it is not always true that

9、a good picture is worth a thousand words.often writing is much clearer than a picture. it is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對(duì)主題作些解釋整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞簡(jiǎn)而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段it is not a

10、lways true that a picture is worth a thousand words.sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. if you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "help"?3連貫性(coherence) 連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面

11、前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系反之只有意連而沒(méi)有形連 有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。1 意連段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序不能想到什么就寫(xiě)什么。如果在下筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思邊寫(xiě)邊想寫(xiě)寫(xiě)停停那就寫(xiě)不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。下面介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的排列方式。a按時(shí)間先后排列(chronological arrangement)例如we had a number of close calls that day. when we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so a

12、s not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours -it must have been close to noon the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to

13、cool it down. by the time we reached the mountain, it was four o'clock and we were exhausted. here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. sure enough, by six we were struggling and andrew very nearly went do

14、wn a steep cliff, dragging mohammed and me along with him. by nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.本段從 rose 起床 寫(xiě)起然后是吃早餐(not to miss breakfastclosing at nine o'clock) 然后是 close to noon一直寫(xiě)至 u這一

15、天結(jié)束( by nine-")。b.按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列(spatial arrangement) 。 例如from a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. it was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the build

16、ing was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. almost everything under the wonderful chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda a