【高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法】被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的的語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的應(yīng)用 i.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式 1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)變化變化被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由 be過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。 各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式:(:(以以do為例為例) ) 1)1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am / is / are +done (過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞). 如如: visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2) 現(xiàn)在

2、完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has /have been done. 如如: i have been cloned. all the preparations for the task have been completed, and we are ready to start.3）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is /are being done 例例:一座新的電影院正在這兒被建起一座新的電影院正在這兒被建起.4）一般過(guò)去時(shí)）一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were done例例: i was given ten minutes to decide whether i should reject the offer

3、. a new cinema is being built here5）過(guò)去完成時(shí)）過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been done 例例: by the end of last year, another new gymnasium in beijing. (complete)6）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being done 例例: a meeting was being held when i was there.had been completed7）一般將來(lái)時(shí)）一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be done 例例: hundreds of jobs if the factory

4、closes.8）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be done 例例: the news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. will be lost9）將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）shall/will have been done 例例: the project will have been completed before july.10）過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）should/would have been done 例例: he told me that my

5、 new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式 1)1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu), 其形式為：其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞bebe過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞。例例: : the baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.翻譯翻譯: 他說(shuō)錯(cuò)誤一定要及時(shí)改正他說(shuō)錯(cuò)誤一定要及時(shí)改正. he said that the mistakes must be corrected in time.2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),

6、在用于被動(dòng)在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ), 另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ). 例例: his mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為可改為: he was given a present by his mother for his birthday.或改為或改為: a present was given to him by his mother for his birthday. 3) 當(dāng)當(dāng) “動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞

7、+賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)” 結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), 將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粚①e語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ), 其余不動(dòng)。例其余不動(dòng)。例: someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. the boy was caught smoking a cigarette. they painted the door green.the door was painted green.4）在使役動(dòng)詞在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感以及感官動(dòng)詞官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面

8、不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。例例: she saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為可改為: a stranger was seen to walk into the building (by her). his father made him to study.he was made to study (by his father).5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如如“動(dòng)詞介詞動(dòng)詞介詞”，“

9、動(dòng)詞副詞動(dòng)詞副詞”等，也可以用于等，也可以用于 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)它們看作一個(gè)整體整體，不能分開。其，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例: the meeting is to be put off till friday. we are looking after a little boy.a little boy is being looked after.3. 3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)v.+ingv.+ing 形式及不定式形式及不定式 to do to do 也有也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)( (一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)一

10、般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)) ) 。例例: i dont like being laughed at .c the meeting _ tomorrow is very important. a. heldb. being held c. to be heldd. will be held二、二、 如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí), ,不僅要知道被不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu), ,還要知道在還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 1. 1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者

11、 ( (這時(shí)可省這時(shí)可省 by by 短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)) )。例例: : my bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例例: i was given ten minutes to decide whether i should accept the offer.3. 為了更好地安排句子。為了更好地安排句子。例例: the well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了）（一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了） 三三.

12、.it is said that +從句及其他類似句型從句及其他類似句型一些表示一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō)”或或“相信相信”的動(dòng)詞如的動(dòng)詞如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可用于句型等可用于句型 “itbe過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞that從句從句” 或或 “主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)be過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞to do sth.”it is said that據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō),it is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道，據(jù)報(bào)道，it is believed that大家相信，大家相信，it is hoped that大家希望，大家希望，it is well

13、known that眾所周知，眾所周知，it is thought that大家認(rèn)為，大家認(rèn)為，it is suggested that據(jù)建議。據(jù)建議。例例: it is said that the boy has passed the exam. the boy is said to have passed the exam. 四四. .謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read，write, wash等等, 當(dāng)它們被用作不及當(dāng)它們被用

14、作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常主語(yǔ)通常是物。例是物。例: this kind of cloth washes well. 6. 注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：外界作用造成的影響。試比較：the door wont lock.(指門本身有毛病指門本身有毛病)the door wont be locked. (指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門, 指人為的原因）指人為的原因）2. 表示表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行發(fā)生

15、、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)詞和短語(yǔ), 如如: happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例例: how long did it last?great changes have taken place in shanghai in the last few years.i wish my dream would come true.3. 系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式, 但有些表

16、示但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, smell, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例例:your reason sounds reasonable. * 注意區(qū)分它們作注意區(qū)分它們作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以被動(dòng)行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以被動(dòng):an air of depression was felt.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 。1 在在need，want，re

17、quire等詞的后面等詞的后面, 動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義, 其含其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例例: the house needs repairing. to be repaired 2. 形容詞形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而不定式；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。式的被動(dòng)形式。例例: the book is well worth readingthe book is well worthy to be rea

18、d） 3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例例: i have a lot of things to do this afternoon(to do與與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與系，與i 是主謂關(guān)系。是主謂關(guān)系。) 試比較：試比較：ill go to the post office. do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被

19、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明明you不是不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)三、強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)4. 在某些在某些“形容詞不定式形容詞不定式”做表語(yǔ)做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting .例例: english is easy

20、 to be learned. english is easy to learn. 這道題很難解出這道題很難解出.this problem is difficult to work out . (for me)5 在在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例意義。例: this book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)主動(dòng)表主動(dòng), 被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而,由于古英由于古英

21、語(yǔ)的影響語(yǔ)的影響,下列動(dòng)詞下列動(dòng)詞rent, blame等仍用不等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例: who is to blame for starting the fire?this apartment is to rent at a reasonable price.7. 在在there be句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。例式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。例: there is no time to lose / to b

22、e lost. (用用 to lose可看成可看成for us to lose； 用用to be lost，誰(shuí)，誰(shuí) lost time不明確不明確.)六、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別六、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 當(dāng)當(dāng)“be+be+過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞”作被動(dòng)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作；語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作；作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)作系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)或所處的狀態(tài), ,bebe后面的過(guò)去分后面的過(guò)去分詞是表語(yǔ)詞是表語(yǔ), , 相當(dāng)于形容詞。相當(dāng)于形容詞。 區(qū)分辦法如下：區(qū)分辦法如下： 1.如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)

23、語(yǔ)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例: the store was open. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)系表結(jié)構(gòu), 表狀態(tài)）表狀態(tài)）the store was opened by an old man.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者）引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者） the glass is broken.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)系表結(jié)構(gòu), 表狀態(tài)）表狀態(tài)）the glass was broken into pieces （被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 省略了施動(dòng)者）省略了施動(dòng)者） 2. 如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)

24、語(yǔ)態(tài)。例: the door is locked（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）the door has already / just been locked(被動(dòng)可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表被動(dòng)可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。完成時(shí)態(tài)。例例: the machine is being repaired 七、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與高考試題賞析七、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與高考試題賞析 1 高考對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查例析高考對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查例析1). in some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. a.

25、 is serving b. is served c. serves d. served2). this is teds phone. we miss him a lot. he _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.a. killed b. is killedc. was killed d. was killing3) - have you moved into the new house? - not yet, the rooms _. a. are being painted b. are paintingc. are painted d.

26、 are being painting4). when and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. a.are not decided b. have not been decidedc. is not being decided d. has not been decided5). the manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.a. was booked b. had been bookedc. were booked d. have been booked2 2高考對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查高考對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查 當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的承受者主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)時(shí), , 須用被動(dòng)式。弄須用被動(dòng)式。弄清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的執(zhí)行與輯主語(yǔ)之間的執(zhí)行與承受關(guān)系是掌握非謂