英語必修12語法總復習ppt

1、幫你復習語法語法 直接英語和間接英語直接英語和間接英語 句型轉(zhuǎn)換句型轉(zhuǎn)換一、句型的變化一、句型的變化（一）如果直接引語是陳述句，間接引語一般是用（一）如果直接引語是陳述句，間接引語一般是用that來引導?？谡Z中來引導?？谡Z中that常可以省略。?？梢允÷浴?“i like to listen to rock music,” said peter. peter said that he liked to listen to rock music.【溫馨提示】如果直接引語中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的【溫馨提示】如果直接引語中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的陳述句并列時，第一個陳述句并列時，第一個that可以省略，后

2、面一個不能可以省略，后面一個不能省略，以免引起歧義。如：省略，以免引起歧義。如：the teacher said, “the text is very important. you should learn it by heart.” the teacher said (that) the text is important and that we should learn it by heart.(二二) 如果直接引語是一般疑問句或選擇疑問句如果直接引語是一般疑問句或選擇疑問句時時 ，間接引語常變?yōu)橛桑g接引語常變?yōu)橛蓋hether/if引導，而且引導，而且要用陳述句語序。如：要用陳述句語序

3、。如：1) the boy asked his mother, “can i go to play football with my friends on saturday?” the boy asked his mother whether/if he could go to play football with his friends on saturday. 2) “will you go to the museum this weekend or next weekend?” li hua asked me. li hua asked me whether/if i would go

4、to the museum this weekend or the next weekend. (三三) 如果直接引語是特殊問句，間接引語用特如果直接引語是特殊問句，間接引語用特殊疑問詞引導，而且用陳述句語序。如：殊疑問詞引導，而且用陳述句語序。如：“how much time do you spend on the homework?” he asked me. he asked me how much time i spent on the homework.（四）如果間接引語是表示請求、提議、建議、（四）如果間接引語是表示請求、提議、建議、勸告等意義的問句，要借助其他句型結構來表勸告等意

5、義的問句，要借助其他句型結構來表達。如：達。如：1)“would you buy me some stamps while you are in the office?” he said to me. he asked me to buy him some stamps while i am in the office.2)“why dont you come and play football with me?” he asked. he advised me to play football with him.【溫馨提示】表示請求、勸告時，通常用【溫馨提示】表示請求、勸告時，通常用“ask

6、/advise/want等等 + 賓語賓語 + 動詞不定式動詞不定式”結構。結構。 (五五) 如果直接引語是祈使句，間接引語要用不如果直接引語是祈使句，間接引語要用不定式的復合結構改，即改為：定式的復合結構改，即改為：tell (ask, order, warn, advise等等) sb. (not) to do sth. 如：如：1)the policeman said to the children, “dont play football in the street.” the policeman told the children not to play football in th

7、e street.2)“l(fā)isten to me carefully, please.” the teacher said to us. the teacher told us to listen to him carefully.【溫馨提示】如果祈使句中出現(xiàn)了【溫馨提示】如果祈使句中出現(xiàn)了please, 在間在間接引語中必須省略。接引語中必須省略。 (六六) 如果直接引語是感嘆句，變間接引語時，如果直接引語是感嘆句，變間接引語時，用用what, how或或that來引述。如：來引述。如：“what a beautiful house it is!” he said to me. he tol

8、d me what a beautiful house it was. he told me that it was a beautiful house.二、時態(tài)的變化二、時態(tài)的變化（一）如果主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)恚ㄒ唬┤绻骶涞臅r態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，則間接引語中的時態(tài)不變。如；時，則間接引語中的時態(tài)不變。如；he says, “im too tired.” he says (that) he is too tired.（二）如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，則間接（二）如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，則間接引語中的時態(tài)相應地變?yōu)榕c過去相關的時態(tài)。引語中的時態(tài)相應地變?yōu)榕c過去相關的時態(tài)。具體變

9、化如下：具體變化如下：一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在進行時 過去進行時過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時過去完成時一般過去時一般過去時 過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時 過去完成時過去完成時一般將來時一般將來時 過去將來時過去將來時1)the old man said, “great changes have taken place in china.” the old man said that great changes had taken place in china.2)“ wang lin is waiting for you outside

10、 of the school gate.” li fang said to me. li fang told me that wang lin was waiting for me outside of the school gate【溫馨提示【溫馨提示1】當轉(zhuǎn)述的是客觀事實、科學真】當轉(zhuǎn)述的是客觀事實、科學真理、格言或諺語；重復出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習慣性的理、格言或諺語；重復出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習慣性的動作時，間接引語的時態(tài)不變化。如：動作時，間接引語的時態(tài)不變化。如：1)he said, “the earth travels around the sun.” he said that the earth tr

11、avels around the sun.2)“failure is the mother of success.” the teacher said to us. the teacher told us that failure is the mother of success.【溫馨提示【溫馨提示2】當直接引語中的謂語動詞】當直接引語中的謂語動詞含有情態(tài)動詞含有情態(tài)動詞must , need, ought to, had better等，變間接引語時，間接引語中謂等，變間接引語時，間接引語中謂語動詞的形式不變。如：語動詞的形式不變。如：1)he said, “you had better

12、ask for help when you are in trouble.” he said that i had better ask for help when i was in trouble.三、人稱代詞的變化三、人稱代詞的變化直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語中作主直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語中作主語的人稱代詞或其他物主代詞要作相應的變語的人稱代詞或其他物主代詞要作相應的變化。一般情況下要遵循以下幾條原則：化。一般情況下要遵循以下幾條原則：（一）直接引語的主語是第一人稱，變?yōu)殚g（一）直接引語的主語是第一人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句的主語保持一致。如：接引語時，要和主句的主語保持一

13、致。如：“can i use your bike for a moment?” the boy said to me. the boy asked me whether he could use my bike for moment.(二二) 直接引語的主語是第二人稱，變?yōu)橹苯右Z的主語是第二人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句的賓語保持一致。間接引語時，要和主句的賓語保持一致。如：如：the teacher asked joan, “why are you late again?” the teacher asked joan why she was late again.（三）直接引語的主語是第

14、三人稱，變?yōu)殚g（三）直接引語的主語是第三人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語中的主語人稱不變。如：接引語時，間接引語中的主語人稱不變。如：he asked me, “how long has teddy stayed in china?” he asked me how long has teddy stayed in china.四、主句謂語動詞的變化四、主句謂語動詞的變化(一一) 直接引語是陳述句，謂語動詞是直接引語是陳述句，謂語動詞是say(said)的不變，是的不變，是said to sb.常變?yōu)槌Ｗ優(yōu)閠old sb.如：如：he said to his friend, “i am glad

15、 to see you.” he told his friend that he was glad to see him.(二二) 直接引語是特殊疑問句、一般疑問句直接引語是特殊疑問句、一般疑問句或選擇疑問句，或選擇疑問句，said 變?yōu)樽優(yōu)閍sked; said to sb. 變?yōu)樽優(yōu)?asked sb.如：如：“how can you do that?” mary said to betty. mary asked betty how she could do that.(三三) 直接引語是祈使句，變間接引語直接引語是祈使句，變間接引語時，謂語動詞可根據(jù)語氣強弱選則時，謂語動詞可根據(jù)語氣強

16、弱選則beg, advise, ask, tell, order, warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，還需在不等。如果祈使句是否定句，還需在不定式符號定式符號to前加前加not.如：如：i said to her, “please pass me a glass of water.” i asked her to pass me a glass of water.she said, “dont smoke in the public place.” she told me not to smoke in the public place. (四四)直接引語是感嘆句，變間接引直接引語是感嘆句，變間

17、接引語時，引述動詞常用語時，引述動詞常用tell, exclaim或或say等。如：等。如：“how well he looks!” he said. he exclaimed how well he looked. he said that he looked well.五、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點五、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和方向性動詞的變化狀語和方向性動詞的變化（一）指示代詞的變化（一）指示代詞的變化this that these those但有時如果所說的東西就在眼前，但有時如果所說的東西就在眼前，也可不變。如：也可不變。如：he said, “i like this book.”

18、 he said that he liked this book. (書在眼前書在眼前)二）時間狀語的變化二）時間狀語的變化 today that day this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc. yesterday the day beforetomorrow the following/next daythe day after tomorrow two days laternext week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc.last week/month the week

19、/month beforenow then如果引述的時間和說話時間相同如果引述的時間和說話時間相同（如就在同年、同月、同日），（如就在同年、同月、同日），時間狀語也可不變。如：時間狀語也可不變。如：mr black said, “i visited the great wall last year.” mr black said that he had visited the great wall the year before. mr black said that he had visited the great wall last year.(三三) 地點和方向性動詞的變化地點和方向性動

20、詞的變化here there come go如果說話人所在地和引述地點相同，如果說話人所在地和引述地點相同，here，come也可不變。如：也可不變。如：he said, “i will come here this evening.” he said that he would come here this evening. (同時同地引述同時同地引述) he said that he would go there that evening.鞏固練習：將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語或直接引鞏固練習：將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語或直接引語語1. he said to me, “i wrote a lette

21、r to my parents last week.” he _ me that_ _ _ a letter to _parents_ _ _.2. “the sun rises in the east and sets in the west,” mother said to her daughter. mother_ her daughter that the sun_ up the east and _ in the west.told he had writtenhis the week beforetoldrisessets3. “dont be late again, jim,”

22、said the teacher. the teacher_ _ _ _ be late again.4. “have you seen the film harry potter?” he asked. he asked me _ _ _ _ the film harry potter. 5. mr wang asked the students how they could improve their spoken english. “_ _ _ improve _ spoken english?” mr wang said to the students.told jim not toi

23、f i had seen how can you yourgrammar ii 定語從句定語從句1.定語從句的分類定語從句的分類 2.定語從句的引導詞定語從句的引導詞 3.關系詞的實質(zhì)和先行詞之間的關系關系詞的實質(zhì)和先行詞之間的關系 4.關系代詞和關系副詞的用法關系代詞和關系副詞的用法 及其容易混用的情況及其容易混用的情況5.介詞加關系代詞的情況介詞加關系代詞的情況 6.as引導的兩種定語從句引導的兩種定語從句3. 先行詞和關系詞的關系先行詞和關系詞的關系a plane is a machine that can fly. the boy who broke the window is cal

24、led tom.the boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.the school where i study is far from my home.that = the machine who = the boy whose = the boys where = in the school關系代詞實際上是先行詞的復指關系代詞實際上是先行詞的復指關系詞關系詞whose實際上是先行詞的所有格實際上是先行詞的所有格關系副詞實際上是介詞先行詞關系副詞實際上是介詞先行詞4.關系代詞和關系副詞的用法關系代詞和關系副詞的

25、用法 及其容易混用的情況及其容易混用的情況fill in the blanks, using relative pron. or relative adv.1. this is the factory _ i once worked.2. this is the factory _ ive visited.3. the day _ i always remember is oct.1.4. the day _nanjing was liberated is sep.11.5. the reason _ he hasnt come is that he has been ill.6. dont

26、believe the reason _ he give you. wherethat/whichthat/whichwhenwhythatattributive clausenotes:1.當表示當表示時間時間,地點地點, 原因原因的名詞的名詞, day, time, place, factory , reason等作先等作先行詞，在定語從句中作行詞，在定語從句中作狀語狀語時，用時，用when, where ,why；在從句中；在從句中作主語作主語或賓語或賓語時，就用時，就用that或或which.5.介詞加關系代詞的情況介詞加關系代詞的情況when we use a relative pr

27、onoun with a preposition ,we have two choices. placing the preposition before the relative pronoun is more formal. eg.the woman who/whom spielberg is married to is an actress.the woman to whom spielberg is married is an actress.the painting at which i looked was painted by vincent van gogh.the girl

28、with whom you talked is a college student.attributive clause prep.+ which/whom1).介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習慣性的搭配.the farm _i once worked has taken on a new look.2).介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習慣性的搭配介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習慣性的搭配who is the man _our teacher is shaking hands?3).介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構成一種習慣性介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構成一種習慣性的搭配的搭配ours is a beautiful

29、 country, _we are greatly proud. on whichwith whomof whichattributive clause4).表示表示“所有格所有格”或或“整體中的部分整體中的部分” 時，用介詞時，用介詞ofthere are over one thousand workers in the factory, 80 percent _ are women.of whomc: fill in the blanks, using relative pronoun, relative adv. or preposition with which/whom.1.in t

30、he dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.2.when you read the book, youd better make a mark _you have any questions.3. barcelona is the city _ the 25th summer olympic were held.to whomwherewhere1.doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?3.doyoulikethebook

31、shelearnedalot?4.doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.on whichfor whichfrom whichabout whichthrough which介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞 練習練習6. there is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher.7. china has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the yellow river.8. the tower _ peop

32、le can have a good view is on the hill.9. the man _ i spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.10. he paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.from whichto whomof whichof whichunder whichas 引導的非限制性定語從句引導的非限制性定語從句the earth is round._ is kn

33、own to all.the earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.itwhich/ as asitas 具有正如之意，與之搭配的動詞一般是固具有正如之意，與之搭配的動詞一般是固定的，如：定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected定語從句在句首時只能用定語從句在句首時只能用as.this is the same pen as i lost.

34、this is the same pen that i lost.please compare:這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。這本書就是我丟的那本。這本書就是我丟的那本。this is such an interesting book _ we all like.this is so interesting a book _ we all like.this is such an interesting book _we all like it.this is so interesting a book _we all like it.asthatplease com

35、plete the following sentences and compare:asthat這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。(定語從句定語從句)這本書如此有趣，大家都喜歡。這本書如此有趣，大家都喜歡。(結果狀語從句結果狀語從句)1.定語從句的分類定語從句的分類 2.定語從句的引導詞定語從句的引導詞 3.關系詞的實質(zhì)和先行詞之間的關系關系詞的實質(zhì)和先行詞之間的關系 4.關系代詞和關系副詞的用法關系代詞和關系副詞的用法 及其容易混用的情況及其容易混用的情況5.介詞加關系代詞的情況介詞加關系代詞的情況 6.as引導的兩種定語從句引導的兩種定語從句3. 先行詞和

36、關系詞的關系先行詞和關系詞的關系a plane is a machine that can fly. the boy who broke the window is called tom.the boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.the school where i study is far from my home.that = the machine who = the boy whose = the boys where = in the school關系代詞實際上是先行詞的復指關系代詞實際上是先行詞

37、的復指關系詞關系詞whose實際上是先行詞的所有格實際上是先行詞的所有格關系副詞實際上是介詞先行詞關系副詞實際上是介詞先行詞4.關系代詞和關系副詞的用法關系代詞和關系副詞的用法 及其容易混用的情況及其容易混用的情況fill in the blanks, using relative pron. or relative adv.1. this is the factory _ i once worked.2. this is the factory _ ive visited.3. the day _ i always remember is oct.1.4. the day _nanjing

38、was liberated is sep.11.5. the reason _ he hasnt come is that he has been ill.6. dont believe the reason _ he give you. wherethat/whichthat/whichwhenwhythatattributive clausenotes:1.當表示當表示時間時間,地點地點, 原因原因的名詞的名詞, day, time, place, factory , reason等作先等作先行詞，在定語從句中作行詞，在定語從句中作狀語狀語時，用時，用when, where ,why；在從

39、句中；在從句中作主語作主語或賓語或賓語時，就用時，就用that或或which.5.介詞加關系代詞的情況介詞加關系代詞的情況when we use a relative pronoun with a preposition ,we have two choices. placing the preposition before the relative pronoun is more formal. eg.the woman who/whom spielberg is married to is an actress.the woman to whom spielberg is married

40、is an actress.the painting at which i looked was painted by vincent van gogh.the girl with whom you talked is a college student.attributive clause prep.+ which/whom1).介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習慣性的搭配.the farm _i once worked has taken on a new look.2).介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習慣性的搭配介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習慣性的搭配who is the man _our teach

41、er is shaking hands?3).介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構成一種習慣性介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構成一種習慣性的搭配的搭配ours is a beautiful country, _we are greatly proud. on whichwith whomof whichattributive clause4).表示表示“所有格所有格”或或“整體中的部分整體中的部分” 時，用介詞時，用介詞ofthere are over one thousand workers in the factory, 80 percent _ are women.of whomc: fill in t

42、he blanks, using relative pronoun, relative adv. or preposition with which/whom.1.in the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.2.when you read the book, youd better make a mark _you have any questions.3. barcelona is the city _ the 25th summer olympic were held.to whomwh

43、erewhere1.doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.doyoulikethebook_shepaid$10?3.doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.on whichfor whichfrom whichabout whichthrough which介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞 練習練習6. there is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher.7. c

44、hina has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the yellow river.8. the tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.9. the man _ i spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.10. he paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.from whic

45、hto whomof whichof whichunder whichas 引導的非限制性定語從句引導的非限制性定語從句the earth is round._ is known to all.the earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.itwhich/ as asitas 具有正如之意，與之搭配的動詞一般是固具有正如之意，與之搭配的動詞一般是固定的，如：定的，如：as you know/ as you se

46、e/as we planned/as we expected定語從句在句首時只能用定語從句在句首時只能用as.this is the same pen as i lost.this is the same pen that i lost.please compare:這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。這本書就是我丟的那本。這本書就是我丟的那本。this is such an interesting book _ we all like.this is so interesting a book _ we all like.this is such an interesti

47、ng book _we all like it.this is so interesting a book _we all like it.asthatplease complete the following sentences and compare:asthat這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。(定語從句定語從句)這本書如此有趣，大家都喜歡。這本書如此有趣，大家都喜歡。(結果狀語從句結果狀語從句)grammar iii 被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)3.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)一般將來時的被動語態(tài)2.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)1.一般過去時的被動語態(tài)一般過去

48、時的被動語態(tài)was/ were donehas/have been donewill/ be going to +be done4.進行時的被動語態(tài)進行時的被動語態(tài)be +being donechoose the right answers:1. the new factory _ in our city last year.a.built b. has built c. is building d. was built2. this kind of machine _ cutting paper.a. uses for b. is using for c. is uses to d. is

49、used for3. we know that this kind of bike _ in shenzhen.a.is madeb. makes c. is making4. this dress is _ silk.a.make of b. made of c. made in 5. beijing will _ beautiful flowers when national day comes.a. cover b. cover with c. be covered d. be covered with6. the river smells terrible. people must _ dirty things into it.a. be stopped to throw b. be stopped from throwingc. stop to throw d. stop from throwin