英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作復(fù)習(xí)

1、 英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作考試題型一 填空。1. The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and informal.2. According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. 3. A paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, co

2、herent and .二簡(jiǎn)答：Five possible directions in describing a space三寫(xiě)作 Chapter 1ArrangementEither lined exercise books or regular office paper (size 19 × 27 centimetres) may be used.     Leave a margin on each side of the paper - about two centi-metres at the top and a centimetre

3、 and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.     You cannot make the right margin very straight, but you must not write to the edge of the pap

4、er. When there is not enough space left for a word, write it on the next line if it cannot be divided. In other words, there must be some blank space on the right side of the paper.     Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the ti

5、tle and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), short prepositions, and the “To” in infinitives:No period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is a direct question, but do no

6、t use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline names of books.     Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a col

7、on, a question mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, quotation marks, or parentheses. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning, of a line.Word Division    When you write near the edge of t

8、he paper, take a look at the space left. If it is not enough for the word you are going to write, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. Never squeeze a word into the margin.     The general principle is to divide a word according to its sy

9、llables. Pay attention to the following:     One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.     Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lon

10、e, trick. y.     Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in.     Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten.     Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-la

11、w, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re. ally.     Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the wo

12、rd: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter.Chapter 2 DictionLevels of WordsThe words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial.Forma

13、l words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or "big" words. They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses.those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing ar

14、e called common words. colloquial words are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their main use is to record people's thoughts and dialogues.The Meaning of WordsThe meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotat

15、ive. A word's denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it. Chapter 4 paragraphsWhat is a paragraph?A paragraph is a group of sentences that all relate to a single main idea or a central point to describe something，ar

16、gue about something, question something，demand something，define something，reject something。Types of paragraphsv A. Independent paragraphAn independent paragraph is an isolated one which has its own separated existence and it is like a complete essay by itself.Components: a topic sentence; supporting

17、 sentences and a concluding sentencev B. Special paragraphsIn an essay, there are often special paragraphs which begin it, link parts within it, or end it. Introductory paragraphTransitional paragraph Concluding paragraphv C. Body paragraph 主體段落 (Supporting/Amplifying)一Effective paragraphsDemands fo

18、r a good paragraph1. unity 統(tǒng)一性Is concerned with its content; all the sentences in the para. lead to one central theme which is usu. summarized in what is called the topic sentence.If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The entire paragraph should c

19、oncern itself with a single focus. If it begins with a focus or major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas.一個(gè)段落只能表達(dá)一個(gè)中心意思或中心思想，而這個(gè)中心最好限于一至二個(gè)句子的表述，其余表示事實(shí)、范例、原因、論證等的擴(kuò)展句必須為這個(gè)中心服務(wù)。Unity,必須扼要注意的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題:a：論述中不介入不相關(guān)的材料No irrelevant sentencesb：不轉(zhuǎn)移話題 Stick or hold

20、 to the topic;2. completeness or adequateness 完整性a. topic sentenceb. developing/supporting sentences(擴(kuò)展句) c. concluding sentence=Closing Sentence 主題句出現(xiàn)的位置有以下四種情況：1）段首（At the beginning）2）段末（At the end）3）段中（In the middle）4）隱含（Implied）3 Transition （手冊(cè)80頁(yè)）What are transitions? Transitions are tools to c

21、reate coherence and consistency (i.e., “flow”) in your paper. Without them, your writing is likely to seem choppy or disorganized, and the relationship between ideas may be unclear to the reader. English relies heavily on these transitional words to clarify relationships among ideas and sentences. 過(guò)

22、渡詞則強(qiáng)調(diào)的是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式上的連貫，它服務(wù)于邏輯關(guān)系的表達(dá)。段落的過(guò)渡詞指的是段落中句子與句子間過(guò)渡的接連紐帶.A. Using parallel structures as transitions:B. Repeating words or word groups as transitions:C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences as transitions:D. Use synonyms (同義詞、近義詞) as transitions:E. Being consistent in the person an

23、d number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbsF. Using transitional expressions4. coherence 連貫性concerned with its form or its organization; all the sentences should be arranged in a clear, logical order & the transitions should be smooth and natural.段落的連貫性指的是段落所表達(dá)的中心合乎邏輯地發(fā)展。段落中的各個(gè)句子不是簡(jiǎn)單地

24、、雜亂無(wú)章地堆在一起，而是按照一定邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)合一定的語(yǔ)言形式有機(jī)地組合在一起，從而自然、流暢地smooth and natural.展開(kāi)中心。Ways of coherence:1) coherence by meaning (意連)Achronological arrangement 按時(shí)間先后排列B. spatial arrangement 按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列C. logical arrangement 按邏輯關(guān)系排列arrangement in order of importance 按重要性順序排列g(shù)eneral-to-specific arrangement由一般到特殊排列specif

25、ic-to-general arrangement由特殊到一般排列2) coherence by linking words (形連) 即用過(guò)渡的方式二Ways of developing a paragraph1. Development by Time按時(shí)間展開(kāi)2. Development by Process按過(guò)程展開(kāi)When we use this way to write a paragraph, there have something we need to pay attention to it.Ø make clear the right sequence of th

26、e things to be done Ø follow a chronological orderØ state every step in a clear way/ a step-by-step description Ø use present tense (usually)Ø use imperative sentences, the indefinite pronoun you as the subject 3. Development by space按空間展開(kāi)In the arrangement many directions are po

27、ssible: Ø From left to right or from right to leftØ From top to bottom or from bottom to topØ From front to back or from back to frontØ From the center to the outside or from the outside to the centerØ clockwise or the reverse.4. Development by Example or Generalization舉例和歸納

28、5. Development by Comparison and Contrast 類比和對(duì)比1） What is comparison and contrast?Comparison or contrast paragraphs are used to show similarities or differences between two things.A comparison paragraph focuses on similarities, while a contrast paragraph on differences比較（comparison）主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的

29、事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似之處，如人物、地點(diǎn)、事物、思想、觀點(diǎn)等。對(duì)照（contrast）主要是指出它們的不同點(diǎn)。相同的或類似的特征可以組成比較，不同的特征則可以組成對(duì)照。2）What are the purposes of comparison and contrast? To observe two or more things in a better way to point out similarities and differences To show the superiority/ advantages of one thing over another. To explain some

30、thing which is unfamiliar to the reader by comparing it with something familiar;. to show the similarities or differences of two things to help the reader evaluate them.4） Please keep in mind the following points:Ø Of the same principle; Ø Of the same type; Only subjects of the same genera

31、l class can be compared/contrasted.Ø Of the same number: no more, no less;Ø Of the same order.Ø A paragraph usually concentrates only on similarities or differences, not both at the same time. Patterns of Organization: The alternating pattern ( point-by-point) 逐點(diǎn)對(duì)比法 逐項(xiàng)比較 點(diǎn)式比較 The bloc

32、k pattern (subject-by-subject)整體對(duì)比法 (side-to-side)塊式比較逐點(diǎn)對(duì)比法examining two things at the same time, discussing them point by point整體對(duì)比法examining one thing thoroughly and then start the otherWhich pattern to choose The block pattern is useful in short writing where only a few points to be discussed. Th

33、e alternating pattern is preferable in long writing in which there are numerous points under discussion.Generally speaking, the block pattern is used less often than the alternating pattern. 6. Development by Cause and Effect原因和結(jié)果Types of the Cause-Effect PatternØ Single-cause-single-effect pat

34、tern (seldom used)Ø Single-cause-many-effects patternØ Many-causes-single-effect patternØ Causal chain pattern7Development by classification分類法To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We classify many things: trees, rivers, cities, companies, c

35、ollege students. 分類是根據(jù)事物的特點(diǎn)分別歸類。我們對(duì)各種人或事物進(jìn)行分類，如樹(shù)木、河流、城市、公司、大學(xué)生等等We group things according to their similarities and differences. If we classify rivers, we separate them into wide ones, narrow ones, long ones, short ones, deep ones, shallow ones. Apples may be classified according to size, place of o

36、rigin, color, price, or quality.The principle of classification l Be significant l Be consistent一致性 l Be exclusive唯一性 l Be complete 8. Development by definition定義法 I. 本科教材162頁(yè)What is definition? Why do we need definition in our communication? Definition means establishing limits or marking boundarie

37、s of a subject. By using definition, we can avoid confusion or misunderstanding of some symbols or ideas.Sometimes, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open to various interpretations. II. Three basic ways to defin

38、e a term Give a synonym Use a sentence Write a paragraph or even an essayIII. The types of definition formal definition personal definition extended definitionExtended definition means to use various other methods to define it. You will find that some of these methods such as the uses of comparison/

39、contrast, description, example, and so on. 1） Definition by description2） Definition by examples3） Definition by using negation (telling what it is not)4） Definition by using enumeration (listing its characteristics)5） Definition by using analogies (comparisons that identify similarities between the

40、 IV. Rules observed when giving a definition（手冊(cè)101頁(yè)） We should avoid circular definitions.避免循環(huán)定義 We should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one. We should avoid loaded definitions.帶有個(gè)人成見(jiàn)的Chapter 5 Types of writing一Narration見(jiàn)本科教材和手冊(cè)二Description三Exposition The characteristics of expositio