直接引語與間接引語的用法

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx直接引語與間接引語的用法【精品文檔】直接引語與間接引語: 直接引語和間接引語在句中都作賓語。一字不漏地引述別人的話叫直接引語;用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話叫間接引語。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語應(yīng)注意以下問題: （1）間接引語的引述動詞,除了常見的say，tell外,還有ask，add，admit，announce，argue，explain，insist，promise，repeat，reply，suggest，warn等表示說話的動詞。這些動詞后的賓語從句常用從屬連詞that引導(dǎo),這種連詞有時可以省略。但當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞為who，what，which，when，where，how，w

2、hy等詞時，這些疑問代詞和疑問副詞便不能省略。引述動詞大多數(shù)可以不變,但有的必須變化,如:“Whats this? ”cried Dr. Sun.Dr.Sun asked in surprise what that was。時態(tài)變化的情況如果主句為過去的某種時態(tài)，則間接引語的時態(tài)應(yīng)相應(yīng)向前推一個時態(tài)，如下表所示：直接引語間接引語直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時一般將來時過去將來時一般過去時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時過去完成時e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”Tim said she usually got up at s

3、ix.蒂娜說她通常六點起床。(一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時)Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.馬丁告訴我說他昨天已經(jīng)給艾麗斯打電話了。(一般過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時)Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.尼娜告訴我麗莎正在國外學(xué)習(xí)。(現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時)Hayley said to me,“I will see you a

4、t the same place tomorrow.”Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.海莉?qū)ξ抑v她第二天要在同一地點見我。(一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時)Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”Nell said that she had worked out that problem.內(nèi)爾說她已經(jīng)做出了那道題目。(現(xiàn)在完成時改為過去完成時)Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I mo

5、ved out.”Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.鮑勃告訴我說他在那兒工作了多年才搬走。(過去完成時不變)（2）時態(tài)不需要變化的幾種情況一般說來當(dāng)直接引語轉(zhuǎn)為間接引語，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話依然有效或在當(dāng)時、當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述時，常常不改變時態(tài)。具體有以下幾種情況。直接引語有確定的過去時間時。e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.克勞說這個故事發(fā)生在二十

6、世紀三十年代。只著眼于轉(zhuǎn)述事實，而不側(cè)重動作先于轉(zhuǎn)述動作的時間時。e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.男孩說他在森林邊上發(fā)現(xiàn)了那條狗。所轉(zhuǎn)述的動作或狀態(tài)說話時仍在繼續(xù)，并對此點加以強調(diào)時。e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”The reporter said that the war is now still on.記

7、者說戰(zhàn)爭依然在繼續(xù)。Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.查理告訴我說他現(xiàn)在正在農(nóng)場幫他父親干活。所轉(zhuǎn)述的是自然現(xiàn)象、科學(xué)真理、名言警句等，并對此加以強調(diào)時。e.g.Our English teacher said,“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”O(jiān)ur English teacher told US that al

8、l work no play makes Jack a dull boy.我們的英語老師告訴我們只顧學(xué)習(xí)不休息，聰明的孩子也變傻。3指示代詞的變化直接引語中的this在變?yōu)殚g接引語時應(yīng)改為that，these改為those。e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this變?yōu)閠hat)托比告訴我說那就是學(xué)校計算機中心。Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years a

9、go.”Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these變?yōu)閠hose)克里告訴我說那些照片是十年前拍的。注意：在說話者的當(dāng)時、當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述時，this，that不用改變。Nora said,“Ill take this book.”What did Nora say just now?She said she will take this book.4時間狀語的變化直接引語間接引語now現(xiàn)在then那時today今天that day那天this evening今晚that evening那天晚上yeste

10、rday昨天the day before前天yesterday morning昨天上午the morning before前天早晨last night昨天晚上the night before前天晚上two days ago兩天前two days before兩天前next week下周the next weekthe following week第二周tomorrow明天the next daythe following day第二天the day before yesterday前天two days before兩天前the day after tomorrow后天in two days t

11、imetwo days after兩天后e.g.Nell said,“Im now visiting China.”Nell said that she was then visiting China.內(nèi)爾說她當(dāng)時正訪問中國。(now變?yōu)閠hen)Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.麗貝卡問我那天晚上是否有事。(this evening變?yōu)閠hat evening)Joanna said,“Prof

12、essor Black is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.喬安娜說布萊克教授第二周要做一場有關(guān)非典的講座。(next week變?yōu)閠he next week)特別提示在說話者的當(dāng)時、當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述時，所說的話在轉(zhuǎn)述時還起作用，時間狀語不變。e.g.Jimmy, well take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.吉米，明天我們到夏威夷去旅行。What did

13、Daddy say just now, Mummy?媽媽，爸爸說什么？He said well take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.他說明天我們?nèi)ハ耐穆眯小?地點狀語的變化常見的地點狀語變化是把here，變?yōu)閠here。另外over here應(yīng)變?yōu)閛ver there。e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.這個男孩說那是他第一次到那個地方。(here變?yōu)閠here)Ro

14、man told me,“I just put all the things over here.”Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.羅曼告訴我他剛才把所有的東西都放在那邊了。(over here變?yōu)閛ver there)特別提示在說話者的當(dāng)時、當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述時，here，over here不用改變。e.g.Will you come here, Jim?吉姆請到這邊來，好嗎？What does Robert say?羅伯特剛才說什么？He asked if you will come here.他問你是否可以到

15、這邊來。6方向性動詞的變化在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，表示方向性的動詞bring，come應(yīng)變?yōu)閠ake，go。e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs?”My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.我的姐姐問我能否把椅子拿到樓上去。(bring變?yōu)閠ake)Helen told me,“Id prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”Helen told me that she would prefer

16、 me to go to the party that weekend.海倫告訴我她愿意讓我那個周末去參加宴會。(come變?yōu)間o)特別提示當(dāng)某一地點成為說話者或聽話者談?wù)摰闹行臅r，盡管遠離雙方，在間接引語中依然用bring，come。e.g.Lisa said that shed like me to come to the party.麗莎說她愿意讓我去參加宴會。(the party為說話的中心)Terence asked me if I could bring my DV Camera on the trip.特倫斯問我旅行時是否可以帶著數(shù)碼攝像機。(the trip為說話的中心)(三)

17、不同句式的直接引語怎樣轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語人們在說話時常用四種不同的句式，即陳述句式、疑問句式、祈使句式和感嘆句式，在轉(zhuǎn)述這些不同的內(nèi)容時應(yīng)運用不同的句式。1陳述句將直接引語中的陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時變成由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，that可以省略。主句引述動詞主要為say(說)，tell(告訴)，repeat(重復(fù))，answer(答道)，reply(答道)，explain(解釋說)，think(認為)，believe(堅信)，suggest(建議)，advise(建議)等。e.g.Chad said,“Im going to take up literature this term.”Chad s

18、aid (that) he was going to take up literature that term.查德說他那個學(xué)期要選修文學(xué)。Perry told his parents,“What I want is not money, but love from you.”Perry told his parents (that) what he wanted was not money but love from them.佩里告訴他的父母說他想要的不是錢，而是來自父母的愛。Doctors usually advise,“People should live a free and eas

19、y life.”Doctors usually advise (that) people should live a free and easy life.醫(yī)生經(jīng)常建議人們應(yīng)該過得輕松愉快。2疑問句直接引語中的疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時必須用陳述句語序，句末用句號。主句引述動詞是say時，要改為ask(問)，wonder(想知道)，dont know(不知道)，want to know(想知道)，be not sure(拿不準)，be puzzled(納悶)等。e.g.Bridget said,“Do all of you often write to your parents?”Bridget a

20、sked if/whether all of us often wrote to our parents.布里奇特問我們是否經(jīng)常給父母寫信。(一般疑問句變?yōu)閕f/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句)Carmen asked me,“You are interested in computer studies, arent you?”Carmen asked me if/whether I was interested in computer studies.卡門問我是否對電腦研究感興趣。(反意疑問句變?yōu)閕f/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句)I asked Sally,“Will you stay wi

21、th me or go by yourself on a picnic?”I asked Sally whether/if she would stay with me or go by herself on a picnic.我問莎莉她是和我呆在一起，還是自己獨自去野餐。(選擇疑問句變?yōu)閣hether/ifor引導(dǎo)的賓語從句)“What are your parents and where do they live?”the policeman asked me.The policeman asked me what my parents were and where they lived.

22、警察問我父母是干什么的，住在哪里。(特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛商厥庖蓡栐~引導(dǎo)的賓語從句)3祈使句祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語時須將祈使句的謂語動詞變成不定式，作賓語補足語，原主句引述動詞say須改為ask(讓)，tell(告訴)，order(命令)，beg(乞求)，warn(警告)，advise(建議)等。否定句需要在不定式前加上not。有的祈使句表示建議需要改成“suggest/advise that+(should)+”結(jié)構(gòu)。e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down

23、.雪兒讓我們進來坐下。“Dont always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.One of them told John not to be so nervous.其中一個人告訴約翰不要緊張。“Try one more time and see what will happen”, the teacher said.The teacher advised that they should try one more time and see what would happen.老師建議他們應(yīng)再試一次看看結(jié)果如何。4感嘆句感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語時可用wh

24、at或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.They all shouted what a lovely day it was.They all shouted how lovely a day it was.They all shouted that it was a lovely day.（3）句型的變化:陳述句的直接引語變成間接引語時,將直接引語變成that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。一般疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句的直接引語變成間接引語時,要由if或whether引導(dǎo)一個陳述性的賓語從句,省略原有的助動詞do

25、，does，did，將動詞還原,注意詞序不能倒裝。如果直接引語是選擇疑問句,變成間接引語時用or連接選擇部分。反意疑問句應(yīng)用whether（if）.or not結(jié)構(gòu)直接引語是祈使句時,變成間接引語時要把直接引語變成一個不定式短語（作賓語補足語）,還要加上適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語（如E）部分第4題）。如果是否定的祈使句應(yīng)在不定式前加上not或never（如E部分第10題）。 特殊疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時,一般以原來的wh-詞為引導(dǎo)詞,用陳述語序。 （4）其它變化: 時間狀語變化:nowthen，todaythat day，this eveningthat evening，yesterdaythe day befo

26、re，yesterday morningthe morning before，last weekthe week before，agobefore，to-morrowthe next day，next week（month/year）the next week （month/year），the day before yesterdaytwo days before等。 地點狀語變化:herethere。 動詞變化:bringtake，comego。 指示代詞變化:thisthat，thesethose，有時需把this變?yōu)閕t（如E）部分第17題）,these 變?yōu)閠hey（如E）部分第18題

27、）。 人稱的變化:在直接引語中的代詞,應(yīng)根據(jù)語境與引述動詞的主語或賓語保持一致。 當(dāng)把間接引語變?yōu)橹苯右Z時,其時間、地點、人稱、句型的變化與直接引語變間接引語相反。直接引語是感嘆句時間接引語為what 或how 引導(dǎo)，也可以用that 引導(dǎo)。She said, "What a lovely day it is !"She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.5如果主句謂語動詞為各種現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，則間接引語中的動詞仍保持直接引語原來時態(tài)。如果主句謂語動詞為過去時，間接引語中

28、的動詞時態(tài)按下列變化：（1） 一般現(xiàn)在時變?yōu)橐话氵^去時（2） 現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時（3） 一般將來時變?yōu)檫^去將來時（4） 現(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時（5） 一般過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時（6） 過去完成時不變，仍為過去完成時注意（1） 如果直接引語是表示客觀真理時，變?yōu)殚g接引語，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2） 如果直接引語中有明確表示過時間的狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，一般過去時不

29、改為過去完成時。如：He said to me, "I was born in 1973."He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引語所述事實在當(dāng)時和目前同樣生效，變?yōu)殚g接賓語時，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4)如果直接引語中的謂語動詞表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣動作，在變?yōu)殚g接引時，一般現(xiàn)在時不改為一般過去時。如：The girl said, "I

30、get up at six every morning."The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引語中含有since, when, while 引導(dǎo)的表示過去時間的狀語從句，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，只改變主句中的謂語動詞，從句的一般過去時則不變。如：He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接

31、引語中含有情態(tài)動詞 must, need, had better以及情態(tài)動詞的過去式could, might, should, would,在變?yōu)殚g接引語時，這些情態(tài)動詞沒有時態(tài)的改變。例如：The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation." The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."He said that he could swim when he was only six.6.代詞等一般地應(yīng)