ENGLISH城市交通發(fā)展歷程

1、 the traffic of a metropolis is characterized with staged expansion, developing from traffic motorization through urban expansion till restructuring is a typical law to be followed by the growth of cities from home and abroad. the law of staged expansion of urban traffic underlies planning of urban

2、traffic on various developmental stages. the developmental stage of urban trafficcohesive developing stage of urban traffic dominated by non-motorized transporturban expansion stage on initial period of motorized traffic stage of urban restructuring and public transport growth under motorizationurba

3、n traffic developing stage giving priority to administration on the cohesive developing stage of non-motorization, trip distance in a city is very short, traffic demand is extremely low, much less resource of urban traffic system is occupied by any single trip, so with such a road system as formed o

4、n the basis of urban land, there is comparatively rich traffic supply capacity. the main features of urban traffic: mingled traffic composition and mixed vehicle flow leading to traffic disturbance; public transport depending upon conventional bus or trolley coach on ground; cohesive developing stag

5、e of urban traffic dominated by non-motorized transport(i) on initial period of motorization, a city has been gradually changing from mixture to zoning with clear functional partitioning, thus leading to the increase of trip distance and gross traffic demand combined with motorization, conflict betw

6、een traffic supply and demand is emerging and then attention shall be focused on increasing supply to satisfy urban expansion. the main features of urban traffic: rapid progress in motorization and critical mixing of traffic flow; drastic decline of public transport; fast increase of investment on t

7、raffic and significant achievement in infrastructure construction; in 1990s, urban sprawl has led to massive expansion of road, ground public transport and rail transport, in comparison with those in 1980s, road length and area have increased by 340% and 430% respectively and road area per capita ha

8、s increased by 260%; urban expansion stage on initial period of motorized traffic(ii) on motorization stage, urban sprawl demands much higher mobility and rapid growth of motorized traffic has promoted the drastic development of high-level urban traffic infrastructure dominated by express and elevat

9、ed road, express rail and express public transport, and bearing rapid transit. (iii) stage of traffic motorizationcityproposed expressway length (km)cityproposed expressway length (km)beijing380suzhou273shanghai300nanyang77tianjin200xiangfan80guangzhou880dalian143shijiazhuang153luoyang127express roa

10、d network within fifth circular highway in beijingthe main framework pattern of urban road network has fundamentally established and thus stimulated the growth of individual motorized traffic meanwhile. with the urban sprawl, motor vehicles are increasing rapidly and traffic flow is saturating, urba

11、n traffic congestion is emerging gradually, therefore, merely depending upon road construction alone to expand road network supply, the matter of urban traffic congestion could not be solved effectively; on later stage of urban traffic growth, in order to facilitate public travel and improve traffic

12、 efficiency, uniformly planning and coordinating the control and guide of trips by all vehicles in a city have become key and critical to the later stage of urban traffic growth. urban traffic developing stage giving priority to administration(iv)development trend index of the various transportation

13、s in beijing from1949 to 2007case studybeijing stage i stage iistage iiiindex of motorized vehicle stock per capita index of private motorized vehicle stock per capita index of non-motorized vehicle stock per capita index of taxi stock per capita index of public transit passenger volume per capita s

14、tage iv1. the stage of establishing urban road pattern and giving priority to non-motorized traffic (19491980)the city of beijing has rehabilitated and reconstructed originally backward urban road system and road traffic condition there has been obviously improved, thus a tessellate road network pat

15、tern taking second circular road formed by east-west changan street and north-south axis as well as around city wall location as its framework has been preliminarily established. case studybeijing with the acceleration of economic growth, public transport reform and developing process in beijing has

16、 been expedited, metro line 2 has been completed and opened to traffic and bicycle has become popular, thus a traffic structure giving priority to pubic transit and non-motorized traffic has been established gradually. till the end of 1990, volume of passengers by public traffic was 3.398 billion pe

17、rson-times; inventory of non-motorized vehicles was 8.72 million and that of motorized vehicles was 384,400. case studybeijing 2. the stage dominated by public transit and slow-moving traffic (19801990)3.the process of urban circle sprawl and rapid motorization (19902007)case studybeijing the 1990s

18、witnessed the climax of urban road system construction in beijing. as the elevated sections and interchanges of second, third, fourth and fifth circular roads have been fully completed and opened to traffic, a road network frame pattern consisting of circular highways plus radial roads has been esta

19、blished and thus stimulated the growth of individual motorized traffic meanwhile. the significant feature of this stage is that with the continued urban sprawl, motorized vehicles increase rapidly and the growth of public traffic and that of non-motorized traffic tend to be balanced. beijings south

20、axial road (brt)schematic diagram of rail transit in beijing3.the process of urban circle sprawl and rapid motorization (19902007)case studybeijing the 1990s witnessed the climax of urban road system construction in beijing. as the elevated sections and interchanges of second, third, fourth and fift

21、h circular roads have been fully completed and opened to traffic, a road network frame pattern consisting of circular highways plus radial roads has been established and thus stimulated the growth of individual motorized traffic meanwhile. the significant feature of this stage is that with the conti

22、nued urban sprawl, motorized vehicles increase rapidly and the growth of public traffic and that of non-motorized traffic tend to be balanced. the urban traffic infrastructure has been perfected basically, motorized traffic in the city is growing steadily, public transit has been substantially impro

23、ved, national policy and local traffic condition as well as applications of traffic technologies have been well established, so there are more options in taking measures or approaches to manage traffic demand;case studybeijing 4. the urban traffic growth stage giving priority to administration (2008

24、 till present)the strategy on managing traffic demand in beijingtraffic legislationlaws on right of way managementlaws on parkinglaws on emissionrevision on prevailing traffic laws and regulationsmeasures to manage traffic demandroad toll (regional toll)flexible working hourvehicle sharinggiving pri

25、ority to public transitmetered tollfuel dutyparking controlspeed limitationtaxi controltruck controlpedestrians traffic managementreasonably using bicyclecombination of land development and trafficcontrol of traffic to and from schoolthe urban traffic infrastructure has been perfected basically, mot

26、orized traffic in the city is growing steadily, public transit has been substantially improved, national policy and local traffic condition as well as applications of traffic technologies have been well established, so there are more options in taking measures or approaches to manage traffic demand;

27、case studybeijing 4. the urban traffic growth stage giving priority to administration (2008 till present)comprehensive traffic planning system a)tokyo has proposed 16 policy goals and 35 strategic measures for building a “world metropolis” in tokyo plan 2000, of which goal 2 is to mitigate urban tra

28、ffic congestion, improve traffic condition and build a convenient tokyo;b)london has taken changing growth pattern as its main objective and improving traffic condition as an important approach in landon development strategic plan (2004), and customized 11 short-term plans to mitigate traffic conges

29、tion, avoid traffic accidents, improve accessibility to suburb and integrating resource for public transit. the urban traffic problem is a shared difficulty confronted by urban growth. the world cities of new york, tokyo, london, paris have all undergone sever traffic congestion (occurred in 1940s70

30、s in succession) on their developing track, and so far the perplex of traffic congestion is hard to be eliminated actually. it is impossible to solve the traffic problem in one action. we should make unremitting effort based on the present situation, from a long-term perspective to plan the traffic

31、in advance so as to meet the need of building a world city;revelation from worldwide urban traffic development revelation from worldwide urban traffic development c)new york, in economic growth strategy of five administrative districts of new york, has taken avoid traffic accidents, reduce crime rat

32、e and fire control as primary conditions for building a livable city and pointed out that security is a basis for creating opportunities. d)paris, in the expansion plan grand paris, has taken traffic restructuring as a key objective for the development in the coming two decades, based on which, revi

33、sion the travel planning in the region of grand paris has been proposed and such specific issues as road width and limit in paris shall be considered and adopted by the parliament. the urban traffic problem is a shared difficulty confronted by urban growth. the world cities of new york, tokyo, londo

34、n, paris have all undergone sever traffic congestion (occurred in 1940s70s in succession) on their developing track, and so far the perplex of traffic congestion is hard to be eliminated actually. it is impossible to solve the traffic problem in one action. we should make unremitting effort based on

35、 the present situation, from a long-term perspective to plan the traffic in advance so as to meet the need of building a world city;optimizing traffic organization and strengthening traffic demand management are universal measures to be taken by worldwide cities to mitigate traffic congestion, espec

36、ially on the aspect of taking economic approaches to restrain the overuse of sedans or cars, each city has taken a wide variety of measures based on their respective circumstance, which are worthy for us to learn. new york: first is giving priority to one-way road; second is time-divided traffic org

37、anization; third is encouraging car sharing. in rush hours, any single-person vehicle is prohibited to use some bridge or tunnel access to the island. tokyo: high charge for parking plus heavy fine. the charge for parking on road side or inside a building proclaimed by tokyo governmental authority is