國際青年物理學(xué)家錦標賽IYPT賽題翻譯

1、problems for the 28thiypt 20151. packingthe fraction of space occupied by granular particles depends on their shape. pour non-spherical particles such as rice, matches, or m&mscandies into a box. how do characteristics like coordination number, orientational order, or the random close packing fr

2、action depend on the relevant parameters? 1.堆積(packing)被顆粒狀物體(particles)占據(jù)的小部分空間取決于它們的形狀。將例如米、火柴或m&m糖果的非球狀物體傾倒進一個盒子里，相關(guān)參量如何影響配位數(shù)(coordination number)、秩序性排列(orientational order)和隨機緊密堆積分數(shù)(random close packing fraction)這樣的特征？2. plume of smokeif a burning candle is covered by a transparent glass, th

3、e flame extinguishes and a steady upward stream of smoke is produced. investigate the plume of smoke at various magnifications.2.羽狀的煙/煙羽(plume of smoke)如果一支燃燒著的蠟燭被一塊透明玻璃板覆蓋，火焰會熄滅，并且產(chǎn)生一縷穩(wěn)定的向上流動的輕煙。研究在各種放大倍數(shù)下的羽狀的煙?！敬颂巔lume有羽狀之意，故不將題目翻譯為輕煙一縷】3. artificial muscleattach a polymer fishing line to an elect

4、ric drill and apply tension to the line. as it twists, the fibre will form tight coils in a spring-like arrangement. apply heat to the coils to permanently fix that spring-like shape. when you apply heat again, the coil will contract. investigate this artificial muscle.3.人造肌肉/偽肌肉(artificial muscle)將

5、一個多聚物釣魚線固定(attach)在電鉆上并使其繃緊。當它扭轉(zhuǎn)時，釣魚線纖維會形成像彈簧一樣排列的牢固的線圈。對線圈加熱使它定型，成為彈簧一樣的形狀。當你再次加熱時，線圈會收縮。研究這個"人造肌肉"。4. liquid film motorform a soap film on a flat frame. put the film in an electric field parallel to the film surface and pass an electric current through the film. the film rotates in its p

6、lane. investigate and explain the phenomenon. 4.液體膜發(fā)動機(liquid film motor)使一個肥皂膜在平整的邊框上形成。將膜放在平行于膜面的電場中并(and)通上貫穿(through)膜的電流。膜會在所在平面中旋轉(zhuǎn)。研究并解釋這個現(xiàn)象。ps.此處的 and 可能不表示并列而表示因果。5. two balloonstwo rubber balloons are partially inflated with air and connected together by a hose with a valve. it is found tha

7、t depending on initial balloon volumes, the air can flow in different directions. investigate this phenomenon. 5.雙氣球(two balloons)兩個橡膠氣球被不完全充滿氣并被一個帶閥的塑料管(hose)連接。會發(fā)現(xiàn)空氣由于初始氣球體積不同而流向不同方向這樣的現(xiàn)象。研究這個現(xiàn)象。6. magnus gliderglue the bottoms of two light cups together to make a glider. wind an elastic band arou

8、nd the centre and hold the free end that remains. while holding the glider, stretch the free end of the elastic band and then release the glider. investigate its motion.6.馬格努斯滑翔機(magnus glider)將兩個輕質(zhì)杯子的底部粘在一起來制作一個滑翔機。將一根彈性帶子(band)纏繞在滑翔機的中心并抓住余下的自由端。當握著滑翔機時，拉伸帶子的自由端然后釋放滑翔機。研究它的運動。7. shaded poleplace a

9、 non-ferromagnetic metal disk over an electromagnet powered by an ac supply. the disk will be repelled, but not rotated. however, if a non-ferromagnetic metal sheet is partially inserted between the electromagnet and the disk, the disk will rotate. investigate the phenomenon. 7.被覆蓋的磁極(shaded pole)將一

10、個非鐵磁性的金屬碟放在通交流電的電磁鐵上，金屬碟會排斥但不會旋轉(zhuǎn)。但如果一塊非鐵磁性的金屬薄片部分被部分插入兩者之間，金屬碟會旋轉(zhuǎn)。研究這個現(xiàn)象。ps.鑒于此處為電磁鐵故將 pole 譯為磁極。8. sugar and saltwhen a container with a layer of sugar water placed above a layer of salt water is illuminated, a distinctive fingering pattern may be seen in the projected shadow. investigate the pheno

11、menon and its dependence on the relevant parameters. 8.糖和鹽(sugar and salt)當一個將一層糖鋪在一層鹽上的容器被照明，我們可能在投射的背光處看到一種獨特的指紋形圖案(fingering pattern)。研究這個現(xiàn)象和與相關(guān)參量的依賴性。9. hovercrafta simple model hovercraft can be built using a cd and a balloon filled with air attached via a tube. exiting air can lift the device

12、making it float over a surface with low friction. investigate how the relevant parameters influence the time of the 'low-friction' state.9.氣墊船(hovercraft)將一張cd光盤和一個充滿氣的氣球通過一根管子連接。漏氣可以升起裝置使其以低摩擦漂浮在一個表面上。研究相關(guān)參量如何影響"低摩擦"狀態(tài)持續(xù)的時間。10. singing blades of grassit is possible to produce a so

13、und by blowing across a blade of grass, a paper strip or similar. investigate this effect.10.振鳴的草葉(singing blades of grass)橫過一片草葉或一張紙條或其他類似的東西吹氣從而發(fā)聲是可行的。研究這個現(xiàn)象。ps.題目中的singing解釋為唱歌略不妥，鑒于實際故譯為振鳴。11. cats whiskerthe first semiconductor diodes, widely used in crystal radios, consisted of a thin wire tha

14、t lightly touched a crystal of a semiconducting material(e.g. galena). build your own cats-whisker diode and investigate its electrical properties. 11.貓須接收器(cat's whisker)廣泛運用于礦石收音機的第一(first)半導(dǎo)體二極管包含一個輕觸在半導(dǎo)體材料(例如方鉛礦/加利納 galena )的晶體上的細導(dǎo)線。自制"貓須接收器"半導(dǎo)體元件并研究它的電學(xué)特性。12. thick lensa bottle fi

15、lled with a liquid can work as a lens. arguably, such a bottle is dangerous if left on a table on a sunny day. can one use such a lens to scorch a surface? 12.厚透鏡(thick lens)一個裝滿液體的瓶子可以用作透鏡。有人認為(arguably)如果將這樣的瓶子在晴天放在桌子上會造成危險。可以用這樣的"透鏡"來烤焦一個表面嗎？13. magnetic pendulummake a light pendulum wi

16、th a small magnet at the free end. an adjacent electromagnet connected to an ac power source of a much higher frequency than the natural frequency of the pendulum can lead to undamped oscillations with various amplitudes. study and explain the phenomenon. 13.磁力擺(magnetic pendulum)制作一個自由端有一個小磁體的輕擺。一個

17、臨近的通有頻率遠高于擺的固有頻率交流電的電磁鐵可以導(dǎo)致不同振幅的無阻尼振動。研究并解釋這個現(xiàn)象。14. circle of lightwhen a laser beam is aimed at a wire, a circle of light can be observed on a screen perpendicular to the wire. explain this phenomenon and investigate how it depends on the relevant parameters. 14.環(huán)形光(circle of light)當一個激光束瞄準一根金屬絲，在垂

18、直于金屬絲的屏幕上可以觀察到一個環(huán)形光線。解釋這個現(xiàn)象并研究其與相關(guān)參量的依賴性。15. moving brusha brush may start moving when placed on a vibrating horizontal surface. investigate the motion.15.移動的刷子(moving brush)將刷子放置在振動的水平表面，刷子可能會開始移動。研究這一運動。16. wet and darkclothes can look darker or change color when they get wet. investigate the phenomenon. 16.潮濕且黑暗(wet and dark)當衣服受潮時會看起來更暗或者改變顏色。研究這一現(xiàn)象。17. coffee cupphysicists like drinking cof