ESTchapter 2

1、2.1 Criteria of EST Translationn玄奘玄奘：既須求真，又須喻俗n嚴(yán)復(fù)嚴(yán)復(fù)（1853-1921）：Triple Principle of Translationn信（faithfulness）：忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確n達(dá)（expressiveness）：通順流暢n雅（elegance）：文字古雅n魯迅魯迅n信 （Faithfulness）n順 （Smoothness）n林語堂林語堂n忠實(shí)（faithfulness）n通順（smoothness）n美 （beautifulness）n傅雷傅雷n神似 （Resemblance in spirit ）：n以效果而論，文學(xué)翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一

2、樣，所求的不在形似而在神似。n錢鐘書錢鐘書n化境（reaching the acme of perfection）：n文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界是“化”，把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味。n劉重德劉重德n信、達(dá)、切 (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness):n信于內(nèi)容 (to be faithful to the content of the original);n達(dá)如其分 (to be as expressive as the original);n切合風(fēng)格 (to be as clo

3、se to the original style as possible).忠實(shí)nIn computing work done, it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distance that are multiplied must be in the same direction.n相乘的力和距離的方向必須相同，在所作的計算工作中，記住這一點(diǎn)往往是重要的。n改在計算所做的功時，用以相乘的力和距離必須沿同一方向，始終記住這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。nThe motion of ions is the motion of su

4、ch atoms as have gained, or lost electrons, which in most cases takes place in chemical solutions.n離子的運(yùn)動也就是原子得到或失去電子時的運(yùn)動，在大多數(shù)情況下，化學(xué)溶液中發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象。n改離子的運(yùn)動，也就是已經(jīng)得到或失去電子的原子的運(yùn)動，這種運(yùn)動大多發(fā)生在化學(xué)溶液中nEvery body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external forc

5、e.n每一物體如不受外力作用，將繼續(xù)保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)或做均勻的直線運(yùn)動。n改物體如不受外力作用，將繼續(xù)保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)或做勻速直線運(yùn)動。通順nMatter is anything having weight and occupying space.n物質(zhì)是有重量和占據(jù)空間的任何東西。n改凡是物質(zhì)，都具有重量和占有空間。nWhat is large and what is small is relative.n什么是大的和什么是小的是相對的。n改大和小是相對的。nThe report noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness an

6、d death from such diseases as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and gallbladder.n報告指出，過胖與疾病及諸如高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病和膽囊疾病引起的死亡有關(guān)。n改報告指出，肥胖容易引起疾病，容易導(dǎo)致由高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病和膽囊疾病等引起的死亡。2.1 Criteria of EST Translation n科技文章: 專業(yè)性強(qiáng)，邏輯嚴(yán)密，表達(dá)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)n標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 忠實(shí)，通順 n科技翻譯可以理解為一種科學(xué)的“語碼轉(zhuǎn)換”，科學(xué)性是第一位，科技譯文的正確性是最重要的。n忠實(shí) - 忠于原意，傳達(dá)信息準(zhǔn)確；n

7、通順 - 文從字順，譯文風(fēng)格貼近原文風(fēng)格。2.2 Qualifications for EST Translation n1 Good Command of English n2 Good Command of Chinese n3 Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology nThe report noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness and death from such diseases as high blood pressure, diabetes,

8、 heart disease and gallbladder. n報告指出，肥胖容易引起疾病，容易導(dǎo)致由高血壓，糖尿病，心臟病及膽囊炎疾病等引起的死亡。nA capacitor is a device consisting of two conductors separated by a nonconductor.n電容器是由絕緣體隔開的兩個導(dǎo)體組成的一種器件。2.3 Methods employed in the translation of Technical Terms n2.3.1 意譯法nTransformer 變壓器 conductivity 傳導(dǎo)性thermo-relay 熱繼電

9、器 fuzzy math 模糊數(shù)學(xué)n2.3.2 音譯法 （計量單位，新材料，新物質(zhì)，新的自然現(xiàn)象）nHenry hertz ohm calorie / radar, sonar/ nylon vaseline aspirin /logic gene hacker quark n2.3.3 形譯法n I-bar T-beam X-type O-ring T-joint X-ray n2.3.4 音意結(jié)合 Decimeter /decibel /centipois / kilovolt /curie point/ neon sign / Morse code / Doppler effect 2.

10、4 Diction （遣詞造句）nDiction ( choice of words ) : 詞義的選擇與引申nWhat is meant by “power”? By “power”, we meant the rate of doing work.nSpecial equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours.nThe third power of three is 27.nThis is a 20 power b

11、inocular microscope.nAluminum has a combining power of three.2.4.1 choice of words n2.4.1.1 根據(jù)詞類，確定詞義nLike charges repel; but unlike charges attract.n同電相斥，異電相吸。nLike a liquid a gas has no shape, but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in.n氣體像液體一樣沒有形狀，但又不同于液體，氣體會擴(kuò)散并充滿任何盛放它

12、的容器。nIt is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like. n正是原子構(gòu)成了鐵，水，氧等類物質(zhì)。2.4.1.2 根據(jù)上下文確定詞義nIn developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing. n進(jìn)行設(shè)計時，必須考慮加工的可行性。nLung fever develops from flu. n肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。nAlbert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, a

13、rrived at this theory through mathematics.n阿爾伯特愛因斯坦創(chuàng)立了相對論，他是通過數(shù)學(xué)獲得這一理論的。nLand animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. n人們認(rèn)為陸地動物是由海洋動物進(jìn)化而來的。nAccording to the theory developed in section 4-3, the apparent resistivity for a given layer stratification differs depending on the eccentrici

14、ty of the electrode configuration. n根據(jù)在4-3節(jié)所導(dǎo)出的理論，一定地層層位的視電阻率隨電極系的偏移程度而發(fā)生變化。nBefore it begins to work, the yeast is subject to disruption caused by fluctuations in temperature.n酵母在發(fā)酵之前，易受溫度變化的影響而產(chǎn)生分解。nIf you push hard against something and move it, you have done work.n如果用力推一物體而移動了，就做了功。nThe volume v

15、aries as the temperature increases. n體積隨著溫度增加而變化。nAs cotton is liable to absorb moisture, the insulation will be adversely affected.n由于棉花容易吸收水分，其絕緣性能會受到不利影響。nSmall as atoms are, electrons are still smaller.n原子雖小，但電子更小。2.4.1.3 根據(jù)搭配確定詞義nWhat is familiar to everybody is the direct proportion of the vol

16、ume of a gas to the temperature.n大家熟悉的是氣體的體積與溫度成正比。nThe building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of iron and steel industry.n這些巨型鋼鐵工廠的建立將會大大加速鋼鐵工業(yè)的發(fā)展。nThey have produced much pig iron from the blast furnace.n他們從高爐里煉出了許多生鐵。nAfter careful examination, he fou

17、nd that the screw had worked loose.n經(jīng)仔細(xì)檢查后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)螺釘松了。nThe major problem in manufacture is the control of contamination and foreign materials.n制造過程中的主要問題是如何控制污染和雜質(zhì)。nDuring the first half of the last century Einstein set forth a number of theories about the physical world.n上世紀(jì)前半葉，愛因斯坦提出了關(guān)于物質(zhì)世界的一系列理論。nW

18、e can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly.n我們可以把鋼材再次加熱到臨界溫度以下的某一溫度，然后再讓它慢慢冷卻。2.4.1.4 根據(jù)學(xué)科專業(yè)確定詞義nThe lathe should be set on a firm base.n車床應(yīng)安裝在堅實(shí)的底座上。nAs we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.n眾所周知，堿與酸反應(yīng)生成鹽。nLine AB is the base of

19、 the triangle ABC.nAB線是三角形ABC的底邊。nA base of logarithms must be a positive number, not equal to one.n對數(shù)的底數(shù)必須是一個不為1的正數(shù)。nThe chemist found that there were impurities in the solution.n這位化學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)溶液中有雜質(zhì)。nIn the electrolysis, we must make use of cell.n在電解過程中，我們必須使用電解槽。2.4.2 extension (詞義引申）n2.4.2.1 技術(shù)性引申nHow

20、rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen of air.n燃料的燃燒速度取決于燃料與空氣中氧氣的混合程度。nIron comes between manganese and cobalt in atomic weight.n鐵的原子量介于錳和鈷之間。nWhen an electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to a quartz crystal, the crystal will vibrate with the same freq

21、uency.n當(dāng)超聲頻率電流通到石英晶體上時，這塊晶體就以同樣的頻率震動。nHe then found that the mercury column measured the height predicted.n后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)，水銀柱升到了預(yù)計的高度。nWhy is the period of the pendulum independent of the size of the swing?n為什么單擺的周期與擺動角度的大小無關(guān)？2.4.2.2 修辭性引申nAlbert Einstein was the first man to realize the vast amount of energ

22、y locked in the atom.n阿爾伯特愛因斯坦是第一個認(rèn)識到原子內(nèi)部隱藏著巨大能量的人。nIn his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled.n伽利略在生前一直是激烈爭論的焦點(diǎn)，但是有關(guān)他的學(xué)說的爭論早已平息。nThe beauty of lasers is that they can do machining without ever physically touching the material.n激

23、光的妙處就在于它能進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工而不必實(shí)際接觸所加工的材料。nThere are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.n我們要完全掌握集成電路，必須經(jīng)過三個階段。nHowever, colours can give more force to the form of the product. n然而，色彩能使產(chǎn)品外形增添美感。nWith water present the chances of finding some sort of life on M

24、ars are much brighter.n由于存在水，在火星上找到某種生命的可能性就大得多了。2.4.2.3 具體化引申nOther things being equal, iron heats up faster than aluminum.n其他條件相同時，鐵比鋁熱得快。nPublic opinion is demanding more and more urgently that something must be done about noise.n公共輿論越來越強(qiáng)烈地要求為消除噪音采取某些措施。nThe vacuum tubes will see use in the outpu

25、t stage.n這些真空管將在輸出級得到應(yīng)用。nCeramic materials exhibit a tendency to craze and fracture under the extreme temperature changes.n陶瓷材料在溫度劇烈變化時，容易龜裂和破碎。nTo produce strong X-rays the tube had to be made a very good vacuum.n管子要產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)的射線，就必須制成高度的真空。nFaraday was unable to calculate the velocity of propagation of e

26、lectromagnetic waves, a task which required the mathematical precision of Maxwell, which Faraday entirely lackedn法拉第未能計算出電磁波的傳播速度，因?yàn)橐嬎氵@一任務(wù)需要有麥克斯韋爾精確的數(shù)學(xué)頭腦，而法拉第是根本不具備的。2.4.2.4 抽象化引申nA seconds thought tells you that air actually weighs quite a lot.n稍作思考，你就明白空氣實(shí)際上是有一定重量的。nDust has a very important part

27、 to play in the work of nature.n灰塵對于自然界的變化起很重要的作用。nDr John Smith made a thousand and one explanations of this strange phenomenon of nature.n約翰史密斯博士對這種奇怪的自然現(xiàn)象做了很多種解釋。nApplication of laser in medicine is still in its infancy.n激光在醫(yī)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用仍處于發(fā)展初期。nThe electrical age has been with us for many years, and pe

28、rhaps it will never completely disappear.n我們進(jìn)入電氣時代已有許多年了，這個時代也許永遠(yuǎn)不會結(jié)束。Exercises n1 The classical Greek civilization knew of seven metals: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury. n2 Now we have a better understanding of Einsteins special theory of relativity after attending a series of lec

29、tures on the topic. n3 The holographic image (全息照片）must be viewed by looking directly through the film. Consequently，the size of the film limits the size of the audience that may view it at one time.n4 Sodium hydroxide （氫氧化鈉）is a strong base.n5 The half-lives of certain radioactive substances are ve

30、ry long.n6. Friction is usually the main cause of wear.n7.A body will expand when heated and contract when cooled.n8. They got a heavy fine due to the breach of the contract.n9. The image forms on the plate and is then developed.n10.The next step would be to try to develop means for sending television pictures. Keys n1 The classical Greek civilization knew