初中英語句子成分結構

1、學習必備歡迎下載英語句子成分和英語句子結構講解英語中的詞可以根據詞義、語法功能和形式特征分為十大類，即名詞 noun(n.): 人或事物的名稱。例： girl, history代詞 pronoun(pron.) ：代替名詞，數詞等。例：they ， it形容詞 adjective(adj.) ：表示人或事物的特征。例：brave， small副詞 adverb(adv.)：表示動作特征或性狀特征。例: nicely,very動詞 verb(v.)：表示動作或狀態(tài)。數詞 numeral(num.) ：表示數目或順序。冠詞 article(art.) ：用在名詞前，幫助說明其意義。介詞 prepo

2、sition(prep.) ：用在名詞，代詞前說明與別的詞的關系。連詞 conjunctions(conj.) ：用來連接詞與詞或句與句。感嘆詞 interjection(interj.) ：表示說話時的感情或口氣。一、英語句子成分和英語句子結構講解：（一）句子成分1.主語（ subject）: 句子說明的人或事物。主語可以由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、主語從句和短語等來擔任。The sun rises in the east. （名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞）Twenty years is a short time in history. ( 數詞 )See

3、ing is believing. （動名詞）To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主語從句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It 形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）2.謂語（ predicate ） : 說明主語的動作、狀態(tài)和特征。We study English. He is asleep.3.表語（ predicative ） : 系動詞之后的成分，表示主語的性質、狀態(tài)和特征。He is a teacher. （名詞） Sev

4、enty-four! You don t look（it代.詞）Five and five is ten. （數詞）He is asleep. （形容詞）His father is in. （副詞） The picture is on the wall. ( 介詞短語 )My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞）To wear a flower is to say“ I m poor, I can（不定式t）buy a ring.The question is whether they will come.（表語從句）（常見的系動詞有: be, s

5、ound （聽起來） , look（看起來） , feel(摸起來， smell（聞起來） ,taste（嘗、吃起來）, remain （保持，仍是）, feel（感覺）.It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.4.賓語： 1）動作的承受者-動賓I like China. （名詞）He h

6、ates you. （代詞）How many do you need? We need two.（數詞）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you.（動名詞）I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down what he said?（賓語從句）學習必備歡迎下載2） 介詞后的名詞、代詞和動名詞-介賓Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 雙賓語 -間賓（指人）和直賓（指物

7、）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.5.賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱為賓語補足語。We elected him monitor.（名詞）We all think it a pity that she didncome here. （名）We will make them happy.（形容詞）We found nobody in. (副詞)tPlease make yourself at home. 介詞短語）Don t let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised hi

8、m to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（帶 to 不定式）Don t keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞）I ll have my bike repaired（.過去分詞）6.主補：對主語的補充，全稱為主語補足語。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher

9、.（名詞）He is our friend.（代詞）We belong to the third world.（數詞）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （形容詞）The man over there is my old friend.( 副詞 )The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. ( 介詞 )The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞）The trees planted last year are growing well

10、now.（過去分詞）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定語從句）8.狀語：用來修飾 v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示時間、地點、原因、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。（以下例句按上述順序排列）I will go there tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn Englis

11、h well.He didn t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.（二）句子結構簡單句的五個基本句型1.主語不及物動詞She came / My head aches.2.主語及物動詞賓語She likes English.3.主語 系動詞表語She is happy4.主語

12、 雙賓動詞間接賓語直接賓語She gave John a book.5.主語 賓補動詞 賓語 賓語補語She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be 句型There are some books on the desk.學習必備歡迎下載There lies a book on the desk.Exercises ：分析下列句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with y

13、ou3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city 翻譯練習：主謂結構 （ 主語 不及物動詞 ）1、You should study hard.2、She went home very late yesterday evening.練習：1、This box weighs five kilos.這個盒子重五公斤。2

14、、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。主謂賓結構（主語及物動詞賓語）1、I wrote a letter last night.2、I want to talk with you this afternoon.練習：1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.我們大家都相信Jack是一個誠實男孩。2、He did not know what to say.他不知道說什麼好。主系表結構（主語系動詞表語）1.My brothers are all college students. 2In win

15、ter, the days are short and the nights are long.2. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.練習：1、樹葉已經變黃了。The leaves have turned yellow.2、這個報告聽起來很有意思。The report sounds interesting.雙賓語結構（主語雙賓動詞間接賓語直接賓語）1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2.Grandma told me an

16、interesting story last night.練習：1、 請你給我弄一本新的，好嗎？Will you please get me a new copy?2、我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？Shall I call you a taxi?復合賓語結構（主語動詞 賓語 賓語補足語）1.We call her Alice.2.His parents named him John.練習：1、學校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學生要起立。The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我認為與那

17、個人談話是無益的。I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1.There isn t going to be a meeting tonight.2.There was only a well in the village.練習：1、鈴響了。學習必備歡迎下載2、一周有七天。二、英語句子種類講解：按照句子的用途，英語句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。按照句子的結構，英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。中考對句子的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面：1. 陳述句的構成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的構成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑問句

18、、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構成形式及基本用法；4. 由 what, how 引導的感嘆句的構成形式、用法及區(qū)別對于各種從句的用法我們在后面分別論述。(一 .) 陳述句的構成形式及基本用法1. 陳述句：陳述句是用來陳述一個事實或表達說話人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降調，句末用句號“。.”Tom has a new car.The flower isnt beautiful.2. 陳述句否定式的構成(1) 如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動詞、 情態(tài)動詞或連系動詞 be，則只需在這些動詞后加 not 即可構成否定式。(2) 如果陳述句的謂語動詞是實義動詞，而其中又沒有情態(tài)動詞或

19、助動詞時，則需根據人稱和時態(tài)在該實義動詞前加dont, doesn 或tdidn t。同時把該實義動詞變?yōu)樵?。He plays the violin well. （肯定）He doesn t play the violin well（.否定）She won the game. （肯定）She didn t win the game（.否定）(3) 如果句子是 there be 結構或謂語動詞是 have（有），除了 be 和 have 之后加 not 之外，句中如果有 some 要變?yōu)?any。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not a

20、ny water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.(4) 除 not 以外，否定詞no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可構成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.(二 .) 祈使句的構成形式及基本用法祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子，謂語動詞用原形，句末用感

21、嘆號或句號 “。.”朗讀時一般用降調?！?！”1. 肯定的祈使句：（ 1）祈使句主語是 you 時， you 常省略，但如果要特別強調對方或表達某種強烈的情緒時可以有主語或稱呼語。Be quiet.You be quiet!（2） “Do+祈使句 ”表示一種強烈的感情或請求，do 起強調作用。學習必備歡迎下載Do come back at once!Do be careful.（3） please 用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣，但其余部分分開。please 用在句末時，必須用逗號與Open the window, please.（4）Let引導祈使句時， 后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語，人稱代

22、詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。Let Jack wait a minute.Let s go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Let s和 Let us 是有區(qū)別的。內。這點從反意疑問句時可明顯看出。Let s包括說話者，而Let us 不包括聽話者在Let s go skating, shall we?（表示內部的建議）Let us try again, will you? （表示向別人發(fā)出請求）2. 否定祈使句通常以Dont或 Never 開頭。其結構通常是：“ Don t(Never)+動詞原形+其他成分” 例如：Don t do that again!Never leave toda

23、y s work for tomorrow!Don t be late next time!(三 .) 一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑問句：（1）一般疑問句的肯定形式一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be 動詞或have（有）開始，通常要求以yes，或no 來回答的疑問句，一般疑問句讀時通常用升調。Do you know Mr. Smith?Can you swim?（2）一般疑問句的否定結構在一般疑問句的否定結構中，把副詞not 放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not 的簡略形式 -nt，則須將 -nt與一般疑問句句首的際運用中，一般都采

24、用簡略式。be, have，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實Are you not a football fan?Aren t you a football fan?Will she not like it?Won t she like it?與漢語不同的是，英語一般疑問句否定結構的答語是否定還是肯定，全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的，則用yes 加肯定結構；若答語是否定的，則用no 加否定結構。Aren t you a football fan?你不是足球迷嗎？Yes, I am. No, I am not.Won t she like it?Yes, she will. No, s

25、he won t.2. 特殊疑問句特殊疑問句由“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+一般疑問句 ”構成，句子一般用倒裝語序，但如果主語是疑問代詞或由疑問代詞修飾時，用陳述句的語序。特殊疑問句不能用yes 或 no 回答，讀時用降調。例如：Who is on duty today?學習必備歡迎下載How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑問句詢問內容 疑問詞或句型職業(yè)， 身份 what姓名或關系who例 句What is your father?Who is t

26、hat boy?回 答He is a doctor.He is Jack.He is my brother相貌特征目的原因天氣顏色服裝尺寸幾點鐘星期幾幾號，日期年齡（多大）持續(xù)多長時間（多久）whatlike?whatfor?whyhowwhat like? what color ？ what size what time what daywhat is the date?how oldhow longWhat is she like?What does she look like?What did they come here for?Why did they come here?How i

27、s the weather today?What is the weather like today?What dolor is her skirt?What size does he wear?What time is it?What day is today?What is the date today?How old is he?How long have you been here?She is beautiful.To attend a meeting. Because they have a meeting to attend.It s fine.It s red.He wars

28、40.It s 7:30.It s Tuesday.It s May 2.He is 38.For five months.長度（多長）距離（多遠）頻度（多經常）時間經過（多快）數量（多少）價格高度（多高）how longhow farhow oftenhow soonhow many （可數名詞）how much （不可數名詞）how muchhow tall （人，樹）how high （山，建筑物）How long is the bridge?It s 500 metres.How far is it from here to theIt s 6 kilometres.zoo?How o

29、ften do you come back?Once a week.How soon will she arrive?In an week.How many jackets do you have?Three.How much coffee do you want?Two cups.How much is it?Five dollars.How much does it cost?How tall is she?She s 1.73 metres.How high is the tower?It s 450 metres.3. 選擇疑問句：選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況，讓對方

30、選擇回答的疑問句。其結構是“疑問句 +選擇部分 ”。選擇部分由or 連接， or 前面的部分讀升調，or 后面的部分讀降調。選擇疑問句不能用yes 或 no 回答，而必須具體的選擇答復。Is your bag yellow or black? It。 s black.Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do. 。學習必備歡迎下載Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4. 反意疑問句：反意疑問句 (tag question) 又叫附加疑問句，

31、 是在陳述句后， 對陳述句所敘述的事提出的疑問。其基本結構有兩種：一 “肯定陳述句 +簡略否定問句 ”；二 “否定陳述句 +簡略肯定問句 ”。反意疑問句的前后兩部分在時態(tài)，人稱和數上都要保持一致。It looks like rain, doesn t it?He doesn t need to work so late, does he?（1）肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問句，否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問句。I am your teacher, aren t I?He didn t study hard, did he?（2）當反意疑問句是“否定陳述句 +肯定附加問句”時，英語與漢語的回答習慣存

32、在差異。英語回答時只看實際情況，若答語的具體內容是肯定的就用 “Yes+肯定結構 ”，答語的具體內容是否定的就用 “No+否定結構 ”，而譯成漢語時，則必須把 yes 譯 “不是 ”，把 no 譯成 “是的 ”。 -You won t be away for long, will you?你不會離開太久，是嗎？ -Yes, I will.不，我會離開很久。-No, I won是的t.，我不會離開很久。-I don t think shell bycomebike, will she?我認為她不會騎自行車，會嗎？-Yes, she will.不，她會騎自行車來。-No, she won是的t.，

33、她不會騎自行車來。即：對反意疑問句的回答，是根據事實，而不是根據問題的提法。He isn t a doctor, is he ?他(不是醫(yī)生，是嗎？)Yes, he is . 不(，他是醫(yī)生。)No, he isn't. （是的，他不是醫(yī)生。 ）（3）陳述部分的主語是this, that 時，疑問部分的主語多用it;陳述部分的主語是these, those時，疑問部分的主語多用they 。This is a dictionary, isnt it?Those are shelves, arent they?（4）陳述部分是"there be" 結構的，疑問部分用th

34、ere 省略主語代詞。There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?There will not be any trouble, will there?（5）陳述句中含有not, no, hardly, neither, never, few, little, too等否定詞或具to有否定意義的詞時，疑問部分常用肯定形式。如：Few people knew the news, did they?Tom has never been to England, has he?（ 6）如果陳述句的主語是something, noth

35、ing, anything, everything疑問部分的主語多用it 。（ 7）如果主語是l m，后反意部分用aren t ll m late , arent l?等不定代詞時， 反意Attention:簡短問句的否定形式，要用縮寫形式，不能出現(xiàn)Her mother is a doctor , isnt she?not ，主語要用人稱代詞不能用名詞.學習必備歡迎下載There is a book on the desk, isn't there?Fill in the blanks:1、 The boy is Japanese, _he? The book isn't in

36、terest ing, _ it? He knows a lot about English names, _ he? The girl doesn't like apples, _ she? There are two birds in the tree, _ there? The man came to China last month, _ he? 2、(1)You re a farmer, _ _?(2)The weather isn t fine, _ _?(3)Kate came here last month, _ _?(4)I don t think Tom is at

37、 home, _ _?(5)There weren t enough nuts, _ _?(6)There s a pen in the pencil-box, _ _?(7)The man had bread for lunch, _ _?(8)Mary can speak little English , _ _?(9)Nothing is wrong with the watch, _ _?(四 .) 由 what, how 引導的感嘆句的構成形式、用法及區(qū)別感嘆句是表示喜、 怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。 句末用感嘆號 “！”，讀時用降調，感嘆句往往由 what 或 how 引導，

38、what 修飾名詞， how 修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞。1. what 引導的感嘆句：（ 1） what + a/an + 形容詞 +單數可數名詞 +陳述句（主語 +謂語）What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!（ 2） what+ 形容詞 +復數可數名詞 / 不可數名詞 +陳述句（主語 +謂語）What expensive watches they are! What terrible weather it is!2How 引導的感嘆句：（ 1） How+形容詞 / 副詞 +陳述句（主語 +謂語）How co

39、ld it is!How hard he works!（ 2） How+陳述句（主語 +謂語）How he loves his son!How I miss you!（ 3） How+形容詞 +a/an+ 單數可數名詞 +陳述句（主語 +謂語）How tall a tree it is!（ 4）上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉換。例如：What a clever boy he is!What a cold day it is!【實例解析】 How clever the boy is! How cold it is!1. _ useful computer it is!A. What B. What a

40、 C. What an D. How2. -_ is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou?-I m not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus.學習必備歡迎下載A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far3. -_ will it take us to get there by bus?-About two hours.A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick4. -Help! The

41、re is a snake near the house.-_ afraid. It will go away later.A. Don t B. Not C. Don t be D. Be綜合練習一. 單項填空1. -Excuse me, _ is the nearest bookshop?-Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.A. how B. what C. where D. who2. -_ is it from our school to the Bell Tower?-About half an hour s

42、bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much3. -Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _?-No. She got up too late.A. had she B. hadn t she C. did she D. didn t she4. -The room is so dirty. _ we clean it?-Of course.A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall5. -_, sir

43、?-Size 41, I thinkA. What size do you need B. What can I do for youC. How do you like this shirt D. What s the matter with you6. -_ good weather! Why not go out for a walk? A. What B. How C. What a D. How a7. -It s a nicecar. _ have you been in it?-Just to Shanghai.A. How much B. How long C. How soo

44、n D. How far8. -_ to the United States?-No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A. Have you been B. Have you gone9. -_ were you away from school last year?-About two weeks.A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When10. -_ do you want?-I want a CD of popular songs.A. Which CD B. How many CDs

45、C. What CD D. How much11. _ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor? A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose12. -_ is your mother today, Jim?學習必備歡迎下載-She is much better.A. How B. What C. Where D. How old13. -_he _ at this school last term?-Yes, I think so.A. Did study B. Does studyC. Was study D. Did studied

46、14. -_ did you begin to learn English?-Three years ago.15. -_ do you write to your pen-friend?-Once a week.A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often16. _ nice flowers! Where did you pick them? A. How B. What C. What a D. How a17. The sick man s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _

47、?18. _ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green.19. He found nothing in the room, _? A. doesn t he B. does heC. didn t he D. did he20. You haven t changed your mind, _? A. do you B. are youC. have you D. did you二. 句型轉換（按要求改寫下列句子）1. Bruce bought a dictionary yesterday. ( 改為否定句 ) Bruce _ _ a dictionary yesterday.2.Mr. Smith d