2016年西南民族大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語真題及參考答案

1、2016年西南民族大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)考試 英語真題及參考答案Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health pers

2、onnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement inlifeexpectancy . But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology“gadgeteering, " and a breakdown in d

3、octor-patient relationships.In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism “ everything has been tried and nothing works” whichsometimes borders on

4、cynicism or even nihilism.It is true that the automatic“pass through “ of rapidlyspiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of“the richest nation in the world,”produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereb

5、y every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing " without undue concern for the“ Medical Commons. ”The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have prolif

6、erated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly risingoperatingcosts

7、 .Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and

8、 frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited.Humpty Dumpty cannot always be putback together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything

9、 has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main , however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of convention

10、al practices and subsidized their shortcomings on amassive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealisticand dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair tocondemn as failures all attempted experiments;

11、it maybe more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47-48) differed from other plans by(A) encouraging capital investment(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor(C) providing incentives for cost control(D) employin

12、g only dedicated and idealistic doctors(E) relying primarily on public funding2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-cost reimbursement EXCEPT(A) rising operating costs(B) underused hospital facilities(C) overcapitalization(D) overreliance on expensive equipment(E) lack

13、of services for minorities3. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) light-hearted and amused(B) objective but concerned(C) detached and unconcerned(D) cautious but sincere(E) enthusiastic and enlightened4. According to the author, the“ pessimism " mentioned at line 35is partly attr

14、ibutable to the fact that(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to health-care services(D) advances in technology have made health car

15、e service unaffordable(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented(D) pro

16、of of the theory that no plan has been successful(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results6. It can be inferred that the sentence “ Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again " means that(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline(B) some people should not become

17、doctors(C) medical care is not really essential to good health(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful(E) medical science cannot cure every ill7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care services would the author most likely agree?(A) It is biase

18、d in favor of doctors and against patients.(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough(D) It is generally effective but can be improved(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care8. Which of the following best describes the logic

19、al structure of the selection?(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspectivethe points made in the first paragraph.(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the poi

20、nts made in the first paragraph.(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present two horns of a dilemma.(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possible solution.9. The author ' s primary concern is to(A) critici

21、ze physicians and health-care administrators for investing in technologically advanced equipment(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-careservices and assess their severity(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has not improved since World War II(D) analyze t

22、he reasons for the health-care industry ' s inability to provide quality care to all segments of the population(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the causes of spiraling medical costsPassage 72 (9/22)1. C2. E3. B4. B5. A6. E7. D8. C9. B10.Passage 71

23、(8/22)Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Humanbeings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate

24、for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermia: it r

25、emoves layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermo receptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and t

26、he ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument r

27、uns, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermo receptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the

28、 skin' s surface, but the energy of amicrowave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resultingtemperatureprofile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the d

29、eep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface tostimulate the appropriatereceptors, the organism does not a appreciate “ this stimulation in the same way that it aappreciates " heating and cooling of the skin. In theory , the inter

30、nal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalentplane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm 2 were considered

31、unequivocally to produce “thermal " effects; irradiations within the 22range of 10 to 100 mW/cmmight or might not produce thermal effects; 22/cin，2while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cmwere assumed to be “ nonthermal " in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an overs

32、implification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak 2as 1 mW/cmcan be thermogenic. Whenthe heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromi

33、sed. Yet surprisingly,notlong ago , an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as a evidence " of a thermal effect.1. The author is primarily concerned with(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodily temperature than innate mechanisms(B) critici

34、zing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects of microwave radiation on organisms(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of other forms of radiation(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodily temperature in a c

35、hanging thermal environment(E) discussing the importance of thermo receptors in the control of the internal temperature of an organism2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heat production?I. They are governed by thermo receptors inside the body of the organism

36、 rather than at the surface.II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III3. Which of the following wo

37、uld be the most logical topic for the author to take up in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals and human beings(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation(C) A proposal th

38、at the use of microwave radiation be prohibited9because it is dangerous(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beings(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species tocontrol hyperthermia4. The author ' s strategy in lines 39-42 is to(A) introduce

39、 a hypothetical example to dramatize a point(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent' s theory(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientificphenomenon5. The

40、 author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation acts on organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on(A) laboratory research(B) unfounded assumption(C) control group surveys(D) deductive reasoning(E) causal investigation6. The t

41、one of the passage can best be described as(A) genial and conversational(B) alarmed and disparaging(C) facetious and cynical(D) scholarly and noncommittal(E) scholarly and concerned7. The author is primarily concerned with(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory(B) developing a hyp

42、othesis to explain a scientific phenomenon(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe aphenomenonPassage 71 (8/22)1. C2. B3. A4. A5. B6. E7. A8.9.10.Pass

43、age 74 (11/22)Agricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their ownsubsistence and thatof their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses incre

44、ased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the sub

45、sistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war.Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England ' s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an uns

46、uccessful crusade, and his vassalsboth lay andecclesiastic took over spending where their sovereign stopped.Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for

47、instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux 川ustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests;the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product.Moreover, though all wa

48、rs by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year , we cannot precisely calculate their imp

49、act on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible div

50、idends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, nor expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a newwater m

51、ill . Above all,medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less d

52、emanding than is the modern state一nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of theamount needed for subsistence were used by medieval kings to(A) patronize the arts

53、(B) sponsor public recreation(C) wage war(D) build cathedrals(E) fund public education2. According to the passage, which of the following was an important source of revenue in medieval France?(A) Cheese(B) Wine(C) Wool(D) Olive oil(E) Veal3. The passage suggests that which of the following would hav

54、e reduced the assets immediately available for commercial investment in medieval France?(I) Renovation of a large cathedral(J) A sharp increase in the birth rate(K) . An invasion of France by Henry II(A) III only(L) I and II only(M) I and III only(N) II and III only(O) I, II, and III4. It can be inf

55、erred from the passage that more people could enter government and the Church in medieval France because(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas was beginning to increase(B) an increase in the volume of international trade had broughtan increase in the population of ci

56、ties(C) a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the army(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed to survive(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage of tenants ' annual yields5. The author implies that

57、 the reason we cannot expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill is that(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers(D) water mills divert funds from commerce(E) water mills mi

58、ght well be destroyed by war6. The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which of the following theoretical assumptions often made by economists?(A) Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expect to receive from public activity.(B) Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, or laborer controls a large enough share of the total market to influence market price.(C) A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumpt