高中英語講解不定式語法

1、高中英語語法講解不定式（The Infinitive）定義：動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨立作謂語，但它仍保持動詞的特點，既可以有自己的賓語和狀語。 E.g. He want his students to read the book aloud.A1不定式的構成 （以動詞do為例）主動形式被動形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing無完成進行式to have been doing無2J不定式的意義不定式的一般式(to do )一般式表示的動作或狀態(tài)，發(fā)生在謂語動詞表

2、示的動作或狀態(tài)的同時或之后My wish is to become a doctorHe seemed to be tired.She stopped to have a rest.不定式的被動式 (to be done)當不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動式.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.I am going to Beijing, I have something to take to my parents, do you have something to be t

3、aken to your parents? 如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時, 不定式表示動作正在進行,這時候不定式就要用進行式.（to be doing）They are said to be building another bridge across the street.They seemed to be talking about something important.When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.Im glad to be working with you.如果不定式所表

4、示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示動作或狀態(tài)之前，就用完成式 (to have done) ；若是在此基礎上的被動含義，就用完成被動式( to have been done).He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He thought it a pity not to have invited us.The assistant seemed to have been fired.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.Einstein is sa

5、id to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.如果不定式的動作是在謂語所表示的時間之前一直在進行的動作，就要用完成進行式.They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang.Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.2 / 26B. 用法：動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。因此在句中可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。一、不定式做主語：1、不定式做主語一般

6、表示具體的某次動作。=動名詞doing 表示習慣的，經(jīng)常的動作。e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult. To do such things is foolish. To see is to believe. (對等)注: 1). 不定式作主語時,謂語用單數(shù)2). 當主語較長，謂語較短時，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的后面。 it做形式主語，不定式放在謂語動詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構中：(1)It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to doIt is easy

7、/ difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary(3) it is +a +名詞+ to do.lIt is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / ones duty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job to do It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to dol It requires courage / patience / hard work to d

8、o*注意: probable 和 possible 均可作表語，但possible可以用不定式作真實主語， 而probable不能用不定式作真實主語。lIt is probable for him to come to the meeting.(錯）lIt is possible for him to come to the meeting.lIt is possible / probable that he will come to the meeting.二、不定式做表語主語是以aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish pu

9、rpose task 等為中心詞的名詞詞組 或以 what 引導的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容, 不定式作表語常表示將來或現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 三 動詞不定式作賓語以不定式結(jié)構為賓語的動詞有：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, hel

10、p, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用動詞不定式作賓語口訣（接不定式作賓語的動詞） 想要學習 早打算（ want learn plan） 快準備 有希望（ prepare hope wish expect） 同意否 供選擇（agree offer choose） 決定了 已答應（decide be determined promise） 盡力去 著手做（manage undertake） 別拒絕 別假裝（refuse pretend） 失敗不是屬于你（fail）

11、e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen. We hope to get there before dark. The girl decided to do it herself. *注意:某些及物動詞可用-ing也可用動詞不定式作賓語但意義不同的有 stop go on remember forget regret try mean cant help be used to四 動詞不定式做定語1. 不定式作定語需要后置。2. 作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞存在著兩種主要的邏輯關系，即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的邏輯主語 （邏輯上的主謂關系）或邏輯賓語（邏輯上的

12、動賓關系）1）不定式前的名詞是它的邏輯主語。 He is the doctor to do the operation.2) 不定式和它所修飾的名詞是邏輯上的動賓關系。 I have a lot of things to do.3）不定式前的名詞是它修飾的對象。 This is the right time to start.注意如果不定式所修飾的詞是way 或 place, 介詞可省略。 He has no way to go (by). This is the best place to work (at)五賓語補足語He want you to be his assistant. I s

13、aw her cross the street.注1 如果謂語動詞為感官動詞或使役動詞，則作賓補的不定式不可帶to，這些動詞有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?但如果句子是被動語態(tài)，則to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.注2 1.謂語動詞help后可接帶to或不帶to

14、的不定式作賓補。用不帶to的不定式表示幫助者直接參與動作；用帶to的不定式表示主語沒有直接參與動作。They helped me carry the boxes.This kind of soap will help you to wash the clothes more easily.2.在美式英語或非正式文體中，help后用作賓補的不定式均不帶to。3.help后可以直接用帶to或不帶to的不定式作賓語。 They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.注3look at及l(fā)isten to后用作賓補的不定式不帶to（這主要是美式英語）。We

15、have been listening to the radio tell a long story.六 表語補足語 當不定式與主語存在邏輯上動賓關系的時候，用主動表被動。 That is hard to say. The chair is comfortable to sit in.七 不定式做狀語不定式做狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、 條件等。1、表目的 e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best (主語一致) He came here to attend an important mee

16、ting. He came here in order to see Charlie. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于 其他功能的標志之一。* 但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to, in order to ，但卻不可以是so as to. ”,” To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.To get the best

17、results, use clean water. To be elected monitor of our class, he gave money to us.* 放在句末時， to do 表示目的， 不可有“，”若有用doing 表示伴隨的目的 e.g. He bowed to us to thank us for helping him find the way. He worked day and night, hoping to finish the work beforehand.注：1. 不定式結(jié)構表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語 (主語一致)e.g.He bough

18、t a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.例外 e g He opened the door for the children to come in. They sent a man to mend the window.2、表結(jié)果不定式結(jié)構表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型 so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to

19、believe that. adj./adv. + enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.（5）only to find , only to be told 出乎意料之外的結(jié)果 3 原因不定式可以用于動詞、形容詞或-ed分詞后表示原因。 He was too excited to get high marks.八同位語 Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished? 九獨立

20、成分 To tell you the truth, I dont like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact. 類似的有：to be frank坦率地說，to hear him talk聽他說話的口氣，to cut a long story short 長話短說，等等。C不定式的各種結(jié)構 1賓格詞 + 不定式 1）普通結(jié)構 此結(jié)構中的賓格詞為名詞或代詞的賓格，賓格詞是謂語動詞的賓語，同時又是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式和賓格詞一起構成復合賓語。I want Henry to come. She expects this to be

21、true. I heard them sing yesterday.2) “there to be + 賓格詞”結(jié)構 此結(jié)構的賓格詞仍是不定式的邏輯主語，只是它位于不定式to be 的后面。I dont want there to be any misunderstanding.3) 各種形式的不定式都可以用于此種結(jié)構中。The judge wanted the man to be punished.He expected each of his students to be working hard for the coming exam. 2主格詞 + 不定式當上一種結(jié)構變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，就

22、出現(xiàn)了此種結(jié)構，此結(jié)構中，不定式都要帶to，主格詞是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式在句中作主語補足語。They are allowed to go. We allowed them to go.He was seen to enter the store. I saw him enter the store. 3for + 賓格詞 + 不定式此結(jié)構中，賓格詞是不定式的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構在句中可作：1） 主語 It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign language. 2）賓語 I consider it necessary for her t

23、o learn French. 3）表語 The best thing is for us to make our own decision.4）定語 There is a lot of work for us to do.5）狀語 He opened the door for the car to enter. The book is too easy for them to read. 4with/without + 賓格詞 + 不定式此結(jié)構在句中常作原因狀語，賓格詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。With so much work to do, I shall not be able to watc

24、h the match with you.Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 5疑問詞 + 不定式 此結(jié)構相當于名詞詞組，在句中可作：1） 主語 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet.2） 賓語 We must know how to operate this machine.3） 表語 The problem now is how to collect enough money.4） 同位語 The problem what to do next is unknown.注意 int

25、end, plan, hope, expect, mean, promise, want, think, wish, were (was), would like, should like + 不定式完成式，可表過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望，期待和計劃。He intended to have come. = He intended to come, but he didnt.She wished to have bought a car. = She wished to buy a car, but she didnt.JI meant to have called on you, but I was

26、too busy.JShe hoped to have passed the exam. (but she didnt)I would like to have gone abroad. (but I didnt)D不定式的否定式 通常是在不定式前加not，表示較強的否定意義時可用never。 I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.E特殊動詞不定式的“省略與保留”一、不定式符號的省略與保留    1. 在had better, would rat

27、her, would rather.than, would sooner.than, cannot but, why (not)等結(jié)構后面的不定式符號to通常被省略。如:    Youd better tell her the truth. 你最好告訴她真相。    2. 動詞不定式短語作介詞but, except, besides的賓語,且介詞之前有行為動詞do或它的其它形式時,不定式符號to通常被省略。如:    What do you like to do besides swim?  &

28、#160;  除了游泳,你還喜歡干什么?    My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.   媽媽只好等著醫(yī)生的到來。    Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her. (本句中不定式符號to不可省略)    當時他毫無選擇的余地,只好告訴她了。    3.兩個或多個不定式短語表示并列關系時,后面不定式短語

29、的不定式符號to通常被省略;如果表示對比關系,則不定式中的不定式符號to通常要保留。如:    They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(對比關系)    他們沒有告訴我是繼續(xù)下去還是停止。    She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列關系)    她讓孩子待在那里等她回來。    4.在某些感官動詞或使

30、役動詞(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充當賓語補足語的不定式中,不定式符號to總是被省略,但在被動語態(tài)的句子中,不定式符號to通常要保留。如:    They made that man work all the morning.     他們讓那個人干了一個早晨。    That man was made to work all the morning.     那個人被要求干了一個早晨。&#

31、160;   5. 不定式短語作表語,不定式符號to常常要保留,但當what引導的名詞性從句作主語,或all, everything等后接定語從句作主語,從句謂語部分含有動詞do或do的其他形式時,作表語的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符號to。如:     The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.    最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。    The only thing I can do now

32、 is (to)go on by myself.    我現(xiàn)在唯一能做的就是靠自己繼續(xù)進行下去。二、不定式符號后面動詞的省略與保留    1. 為了避免重復,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等動詞及習語后面出現(xiàn)與上文相同的不定式時,常保留不定式符號to,而把其它部分省略。如:    Ms King lied

33、to us because she had to.    金女士跟我們?nèi)隽酥e,因為她不得不這樣做。    I heard that you would go to Dalian for your holiday.      我聽說你要去大連度假。    I planned to, but I have some important business to deal with.      我原計劃去的,但有重

34、要的事情要處理。    2.當不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等動詞后面充當賓語補足語時,為了避免重復,常保留不定式符號,而把后面的動詞省略。如:    She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to.    她想來,但她的父母不允許。    If he doesnt want to go th

35、ere, dont force him to.    如果他不想去那里,別強迫他。    He didnt come, though we had invited him to.     雖然我們邀請了他,但他沒來。    Did your husband give up smoking?        你丈夫戒煙了嗎?    No. He was advised to, but he

36、wouldnt listen.    沒有。有人勸過他,但他就是不聽。    3. 在特定的上下文中,為了避免重復,如果不定式為一般式to be.或完成式to have done時,則不定式符號to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:Arent you the headmaster?  你難道不是校長嗎?    No, and I dont want to be.    我不是,而且我也不想當。    Hasnt

37、he finished writing the report?     難道他還沒寫完報告嗎?    No, but he ought to have.     是的,但他本來應該寫完。F 常見的含有動詞不定式的句式主要有以下幾種：一. It takes sb. some time （money）to do sth. 某人花費多少時間（金錢）做某事。例如： 1. It often takes me half an hour to watch TV every evening. 每天晚上我常常用半小時看電視

38、。 2. It took me ten yuan to buy the book last week. 上周我花了10元買那本書。 3. How long will it take them to finish the work? 完成那項工作需要花費他們多少時間？ 在使用該句式要注意的是：sb. 如果代詞表示用賓格；take隨時態(tài)改變；句中的時間用段時間，對此提問用how long。 例：It takes us more than two hours to do our homework every day. It took us more than two hours to do our

39、homework yesterday. It will take us more than two hours to do our homework tomorrow. How long did it take you to do your homework yesterday? 二. Its time to do sth. 該做某事了，同義句為： Its time for sth. / doing sth. 例： Its time to go to school. 該上學了。 （Its time for school.） Its time to get up. 該起床了。 （Its time

40、 for getting up.） 此句可以擴展為：Its time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的時間了。 for sb. to do sth. 是動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構。例： Its time for me to work. 到我工作的時間了。 Its time for you to go to school. 到你們上學的時間了。三. 主語be（not）+adj.+enough to do sth. （某人、某物）足夠（不能）做某事。例： The boy is old enough to go to school. 這個孩子到了上學年齡。 Im tall enough

41、 to reach the top of the tree. 我夠高能夠到樹頂。 *1. 此句是肯定句時，可以用主besoadj.that的句型（即so,that表示的結(jié)果狀語從句）來替換。 The boy is so old that he can go to school. Im so tall that I can reach the top of the tree. 2. 此句是否定句式時，既可以用sothat引導的結(jié)果狀語從句來替換，還可以用tooto句式替換。例： He is not old enough to go to work. 他太小不能去上班。 He is so youn

42、g that he cant go to work. He is too young to go to work. 再如： The box is not light enough for me to carry. 這個箱子太重我搬不動。 The box is too heavy for me to carry. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. 四. sb. +be ready + to do sth. （某人樂意做某事） He is always ready to help others. （他總是樂于幫助別人） Im always read

43、y to make new friends. 我總是樂于結(jié)交新朋友。五. Its +adj. + for / of sb. to do sth. 對某人來說做某事例： Its dangerous for children to play football in the street. 對孩子來說在街上踢足球是很危險的。 Its good for us to take more exercise. 對我們來說多運動是有益的。 Its very kind of you to say so. 你這樣說真是太好了。 Its very kind of you to help me. 你真好，肯幫我。 該

44、句式中，引導動詞不定式的邏輯主語的介詞用for還是of，主要取決于前面的形容詞。如果形容詞是描述動詞不定式的行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的。如：kind, good, nice, wrong, right, clever, careless, foolish等，應用of；如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物，不是對動詞不定式的行為者的品質(zhì)進行評價的，就用for. 常見這類形容詞有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous等。 Its wrong of you to do it. 你做這件事是錯的。 Its hard for you to be a lawyer. 對你來說

45、做律師很困難。六. 主+would like / love to do sth. 喜歡（想做某事） Id like to go there with you. 我很想和你一起去那。 Id love I like to help you study English. 我很愿意幫你學英語。 此句式還可以擴展為： would like / love sb. to do sth. “喜歡/想讓某人做某事?！?Id like you to stay here. 我想讓你留在這。 Id like them to help me. 我想讓他們幫助我。七. had better do sth. （最好做） I

46、ts very cold outside, youd better put on your coat. 外面很冷，你最好穿上大衣。 Wed better go right now. 我們最好馬上去。 had better do 的否定式為had better not do. （在better后加not即可）例： Youd better not speak when your mouth is full of food. 滿嘴食物時你最好別講話。八. Why dont you +動詞原形+？（Why not動詞原形？）你為什么不？ 這本書有點難，為什么不讀些容易的？ This book is a

47、 bit hard, why not read something easier? Its warm here, why dont you take off your coat? 這很暖和，你為什么不脫掉外衣？ There is a seat, why not sit down? 還有座位，怎么不坐下？九. Would / Will / Could you please 動詞原形？ 請你好嗎？（用來請求對方為自己做某件事） Would you please bring some water with you? 請你帶點水來好嗎？ Will you please help her with he

48、r maths? 請你幫她學數(shù)學好嗎？十. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 寧愿也不愿 I prefer to stay at home rather than go out. 我寧愿呆在家里，也不愿出去。 She prefers to be poor rather than get money in such a way. 她寧愿受窮也不愿以這種方式掙錢。十一. Its ones turn to do sth. 該輪到誰做某事了。 ones用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格來替換。例： Its my turn to be on duty. 該輪到我值日

49、了。 Its Li Pings turn to clean the blackboard. 該輪到李平擦黑板了。 Its our turn to do the cleaning. 該輪到我們做掃除了。 Its Dannys turn to give a talk. 該輪到Danny做報告了。十二. 主語be形容詞to do sth. 做某事如何。例： Im sorry to hear that. 聽到這事很難過。 Im glad to see you again. 再次見到你我很高興G1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise. A. dont

50、B. not C. will not D. not to 2. Our master often told us _ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didnt take D. not to make 3. Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.

51、 A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. The workers wa

52、nt us _ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen

53、her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cryD. to cry；cry 13. He was made _. A. g

54、o B. gone C. going D. to go 14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to choo