化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯

1、普通化學(xué)術(shù)語中英文對(duì)照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron(abbr.e)離子ionan陽離子cation陰離子anion分子molecularmlekjl單質(zhì)element化合物compound純凈物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化學(xué)式量relativeformulamass物質(zhì)的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德羅常數(shù)Av

2、ogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩爾mole摩爾質(zhì)量molarmass實(shí)驗(yàn)式/最簡式/經(jīng)驗(yàn)式empiricalformula氣體摩爾體積molarvolume阿伏加德羅定律AvogadrosLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve濃度concentration質(zhì)量/體積分?jǐn)?shù)mass/volumeconcentration濃縮concentrate稀釋dilute蒸餾distillation萃取extraction化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式chemicalequation反應(yīng)物reactant生成物product固體solid液體liquid氣體gaseous溶液aqueous配平bal

3、ance化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)stoichiometry酸acid堿base/alkali(referstosolublebases)鹽salt酸式鹽acidsalt離子方程式ionicequation結(jié)晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated無水的anhydrous滴定titration指示劑indicator氧化數(shù)oxidationnumber氧化還原反應(yīng)redoxreaction氧化反應(yīng)oxidationreaction還原反應(yīng)reductionreaction歧化反應(yīng)disproportionationreaction歸中反應(yīng)comproportionation(sy

4、mproportionation)reaction氧化劑oxidisingagent還原劑reducingagent電子層(殼)(electron)shell電離能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一， 第二，第三等電離能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)電子親和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效應(yīng)electronicshielding(screening)原子軌道atomicorbital電子云electroncloud電子亞層sub

5、-shell能層layer能級(jí)energylevel電子排布electronconfiguration電子云重疊shelloverlap洪特規(guī)則Hundsrule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基態(tài)groundstate激發(fā)態(tài)excitedstate躍遷transition手性chiralitykai-化學(xué)鍵chemicalbond鍵長bondlength鍵級(jí)bondorder鍵角bondangle鍵能bondenthalpies離子鍵ionicbond供體donor受體acceptor靜電吸引electrostaticattraction巨型離子結(jié)構(gòu)giantionic

6、structure共價(jià)鍵covalentkvelntbond巨型共價(jià)結(jié)構(gòu)giantcovalentstructure共用電子對(duì)sharedpair/bondingpair孤對(duì)電子lonepair/non-bondingpair鍵-bond鍵-bond鍵-bond極性共價(jià)鍵polarbond非極性共價(jià)鍵non-polarbond配位鍵dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond電負(fù)性electronegativity極性polarity偶極子dipole分子間作用力intermolecularforces氫鍵hydrogenbond范德華力vande

7、rWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce誘導(dǎo)力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金屬鍵metallicbond離域delocalisationdi:,luklaizein延展性malleability,mlblti可鍛性ductilitydktlt導(dǎo)電性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序數(shù)protonnumber同位素isotopeastp核素nuclidenjuklad同量異位素isobaras()b金屬m

8、etal非金屬nonmetal堿金屬alkalimetal堿土金屬alkalineearthmetal鹵素halogen稀有氣體noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活潑active穩(wěn)定noble分解反應(yīng)decompositionreaction化合反應(yīng)combination(synthesis)reaction取代反應(yīng)displacementreaction復(fù)分解反應(yīng)saltmetathesismtsisreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitationpr,spte()n官能團(tuán)functionalg

9、roup碳?xì)浠衔?烴hydrocarbon飽和烴saturatedhydrocarbon不飽和烴unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烴aliphatic,lftkhydrocarbon脂環(huán)烴alicyclicsaklk; hrdrocarbon同系物homologoushmlgsseries異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象isomerismaismrizm同分異構(gòu)體isomerideaismraid同素異形體allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula結(jié)構(gòu)式displayedformula結(jié)構(gòu)簡式structuralformula鍵線式

10、skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission異裂heterolyticfission親核試劑nucleophilenjuklifail親電子試劑electrophile加成反應(yīng)additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反應(yīng)additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer單體monomer鏈節(jié)repeatunit縮合聚合反應(yīng)condensationreaction縮聚物condensationpolymer取代反應(yīng)substitutionreaction脫水dehydration水解hydrolysis鹵代反應(yīng)halo

11、genationreaction酯化反應(yīng)esterificationreaction親核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反應(yīng)eliminationreaction裂化反應(yīng)cracking(reaction)石油分餾fractionaldistillation燃燒combustion發(fā)酵fermentation氟氯烴chlorofluorocarbons產(chǎn)率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy紅外光譜學(xué)infraredspectroscopy質(zhì)譜分析massspectroscopy光譜spectrum揮發(fā)性volatility冷凝回流reflux

12、反應(yīng)機(jī)理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy熱力學(xué)thermodynamic:mudai-焓enthalpy(abbr.H)enlpi焓變enthalpychange(abbr.H)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.H)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.Hr)燃燒熱heatofcombustion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燃燒焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.Hc)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr

13、.Hf)放熱反應(yīng)exothermiceksu-reaction吸熱反應(yīng)endothermicreaction熱化學(xué)方程式thermochemical:mu-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比熱容specificheatcapacity鍵焓bondenthalpy平均鍵焓averagebondenthalpy蓋斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理論collisiontheory反應(yīng)速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)reactionkinetics催化劑catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzymeenzaim波爾茲曼分

14、布律theBoltzmanndistribution化學(xué)平衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi-可逆反應(yīng)reversiblereaction動(dòng)態(tài)平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常數(shù)chemicalequilibriumconstant濃度冪concentrationpower平衡移動(dòng)shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.G)阿累尼烏斯方程theArrheniusri:nisEquation自發(fā)反應(yīng)spontaneousspnteinisreaction熵entropy(abbr.S)溫室效應(yīng)greenh

15、ouseeffect吸附作用adsorption綠色化學(xué)greenchemistry溶解度solubility離子反應(yīng)ionicreaction電離ionisation電解質(zhì)electrolyte電離平衡ionisationequilibrium電離常數(shù)ionisationconstant離子積ion-productconstant氫離子濃度指數(shù)hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentieldhydrogne)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibriumdslu()n ekw溶度積solubilityproduct原電池galva

16、nic(voltaic)cellglvnk鹽橋saltbridge電極electrode正極/陽極anode負(fù)極/陰極cathode標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢(shì)standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干電池drycell一次電池primarycell(battery)二次電池/蓄電池secondarycell/storagebattery充電charge放電discharge燃料電池fuelcell電解electrolysis電解池/電解槽electrolyticcell電鍍galvanisation,lvnaizein電偶腐蝕/電化腐蝕galvaniccorrosion分子空間

17、構(gòu)型moleculargeometries雜化hybrid軌道orbital晶格lattice晶體crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆積作用sedimentation,sedmnten常見元素氫hydrogen(abbr.H)haidrdn氦helium(abbr.He)hi:lim鋰lithium(abbr.Li)liim硼boron(abbr.B)b:rn碳carbon(abbr.C)k:bn氮nitrogen(abbr.N)naitrdn氧oxygen(abbr.O)ksidn氟fluorine(abbr.F)fluri:n氖neon(abbr.Ne)ni:n鈉sodiu

18、m(abbr.Na)sudim鎂magnesium(abbr.Mg)鋁aluminum(abbr.Al),lminim硅silicon(abbr.Si)silikn磷phosphorus(abbr.P)fsfrs硫sulfur(abbr.S)slf氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)kl:ri:n氬argon(abbr.Ar):n鉀potassium(abbr.K)ptsim鈣calcium(abbr.Ca)klsim鈦titanium(abbr.Ti)taiteinim鉻chromium(abbr.Cr)krumjm錳manganese(abbr.Mn)mni:z鐵iron(abbr.Fe)

19、an鈷cobalt(abbr.Co)kub:lt鎳nickel(abbr.Ni)nikl銅copper(abbr.Cu)kp鋅zinc(abbr.Zn)zik砷arsenic(abbr.As):snik溴bromine(abbr.Br)brumi:n銀silver(abbr.Ag)silv錫tin(abbr.Sn)tin碘iodine(abbr.I)氙xenon(abbr.Xe)zenn鋇barium(abbr.Ba)berim鎢tungsten(abbr.W)tstn鉑platinum(abbr.Pt)pltinm金gold(abbr.Au)uld汞mercury(abbr.Hg)m:kju

20、ri鉛lead(abbr.Pb)led常見單質(zhì)氫氣、氮?dú)?、氧氣、氟氣、氯氣、液溴、固態(tài)碘的名稱同元素名稱金剛石diamonddaimnd石墨graphitegrfait臭氧ozoneuzun紅磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常見根離子(commonradicals)氫化的hydridehaidraid硼酸boric(acid)adj.boratebret碳化的carbideka:baid碳酸carbonickbnk (acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氫根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitridenaitraid疊氮化的a

21、zidezaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亞硝酸nitrousnatrs (acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxideksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-三氧化的trioxidetraksad過氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxidepksaid超氧化的superoxidesjupksaid氫氧根hydroxylhaidrksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氫離子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏鋁酸meta-aluminicmetljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminateljumnet四羥基

22、合鋁酸hydroxyl-aluminichaidrksil-(acid)硅酸silicicsilisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氫根dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸氫根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氫根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氫根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亞硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亞硫酸氫根bisulp

23、hite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphateaiu-焦硫酸根persulphatep:-氯化的chlorideklraid氫氯酸/鹽酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亞氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氫溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亞溴酸、次溴酸名稱參見氯碘化的iodideaidaid氫碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亞碘酸、次碘酸名稱參見氯鹵

24、化的halide銨根ammoniummunim高錳酸根permanganate錳酸根manganate氰根cyanidesainaid硫氰根thiocyanateaiusaineit鉻酸根chromate重鉻酸根dichromate常見無機(jī)化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氫化鈉sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane-硅烷silanesi-磷化氫phosphine硫化氫hydrogensulphide氮化鎂magnesiumnitride四氧化三鐵iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氫hydrogenchlori

25、de氯化亞鐵iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化鐵iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亞錫tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羥基合鋁酸鈉sodiumaluminate磷酸二氫鈉monosodiumphosphate磷酸氫二鈉disodiumphosphate氯化銨ammoniumchloride硫氫化鈉/硫氫酸鈉sodiumhydrosulphide系統(tǒng)命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七h(yuǎn)epta-八octa-九

26、nona-十deca-烷烴alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)甲meth-乙eth-丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non-癸dec-十一undec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七h(yuǎn)eptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正構(gòu)型normal-(n-)異構(gòu)型iso-(i-)新構(gòu)型neo-(n-)聚poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基et

27、hyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)環(huán)烷烴cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烴alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烴allene(suffix-adiene)環(huán)烯烴cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)炔烴alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)順式異構(gòu)preffixcis-(Z-)反式異構(gòu)preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)芐基benzy

28、l(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)帶鹵素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylicka:bksilik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix

29、-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)脂ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionof Natomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffix

30、carbamoyl-andamido-,suffixamideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常見有機(jī)化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)finl

31、feili:n石蕊litmus溴酚藍(lán)bromophenoblue百里酚藍(lán)thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龍膽紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform異戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemairsi:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龍poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴綸orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蟻酸methanoicacid/f

32、ormicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid軟脂酸/棕櫚酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸鈉sodiumstearate檸檬酸citricacid檸檬酸鈉sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸鈉sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脫氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脫氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麥芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,su