非謂語動詞學(xué)案

1、初中非謂語動詞 學(xué)案一、 什么是非謂語動詞在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞（它不受人稱和數(shù)的限制）非謂語動詞使用條件一個句子當(dāng)中，已經(jīng)存在一個主句（謂語動詞）,又沒有連詞的情況下, 還有別的動詞出現(xiàn)時。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.二、 中考考點(diǎn)非謂語動詞是每年中考的必考內(nèi)容，主要集中：1.主要集中在對動詞不定式和動名詞的考查2.It 作形式主語、形式賓語的用法3. 感官動詞后不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語和動詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法4.掌握一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?/p>

2、語態(tài)時就要帶to。5.了解有些動詞既可以接不定式也可以接動名詞-ing形式作賓語。三、非謂語動詞形式:非謂語動詞分為三種形式：o 不定式：to+動詞原形 o 動名詞：動詞原形+ingo 分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）動詞不定式（一）動詞不定式（The Infinitive）動詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成：由不定式符號to加動詞原形構(gòu)成。其否定式由not+不定式構(gòu)成肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth. （二）、動詞不定式的句法作用法動詞不定式有副詞，形容詞和名詞的特征，因此在句中可作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語定語、狀語等成份。指出下列不定式的句子成分：1.To do that s

3、ort of thing is foolish2.I want to see you this evening3.All you have to do is to finish it quickly4.We found a house to live in.5.She came here to study English.6.I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.(1)作主語 不定式做主語時，可以直接放在謂語動詞之前。A.To see is to believe B. Not to get there in

4、 time is your fault.注：常用it做形式主語，將to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。1. 句型1：It + 謂語 + to doIt takes us an hour _ get there by bus.2. 句型2：Its + n. + to doIts our duty _ help the poor.It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains3. 句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.It is + adj + for sb to do sth （是形容

5、事物的性質(zhì)的 ）It is + adj + of sb to do sth （是形容人的品質(zhì)的 ）例子：It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is very kind of you to give me some help.(2)作賓語 1). 接不定式做賓語決定想做計劃需要同意，能做被用來做的事decide to do sth. 決定做某事want would like to do sth. 想做某事plan to do sth. 計劃做某need to do sth. 需要做某事agree to do sth. 同意做某事

6、afford to do 能做某事be used to do 被用來做2.迫不及待下決心做過去常常未能做的事cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事make up ones mind to do 下決心做某事used to do 過去常常做某事 fail to do 未能做某事2）常跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語的動詞:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see(understand)He taught us how to use the tool

7、.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.I dont know how to get there.I havent decided whether to go or stay. (3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語 ：(與賓語之間的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系)接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞口訣：1）.請求與命令ask sb. to do sth. 請求某人做某事 tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事2）.想要邀請期待鼓勵與建議 want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事

8、 invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth. 建議某人做某事 3）.答應(yīng)告誡允許提醒和幫助 promise sb. to do 答應(yīng)某人做某事warn sb. not to do sth. 告誡某人做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事4）. 省略to的情況:（1） 使役

9、動詞和感官動詞后：一感二聽三讓四看feel/ hear, listen to/ let,make, have, / look at, see, watch, noticehad better （not）do sth. 最好(不)做why not /why dont you do sth為什么不做?help sb.（to）do sthWould rather寧愿做would you please（2）情態(tài)動詞+do（3）助動詞+do5）. 感官動詞: see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel感官動詞+ do表示動作的完整性，感官動詞+d

10、oing 表示動作的進(jìn)行性。6）.（feel/ hear, listen to/ let,make, have, / look at, see, watch, notice）當(dāng)這類動詞轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時，其后的不定式則要加上“to”如： Sb be seen /watched /looked at/heard/listened to /felt/noticed to do7）. it作形式賓語I find/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with him注意：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語

11、補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，而用it作形式賓語Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it +adj/n + to do sth. 練一練：（1）Wethought_better_startearly. （2.）Doyouconsider_betternot_go?（3.）Ifeel_myduty_changeallthat. （4）.We think _ important _ obey the law.（5.）I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.用括號內(nèi)所給動詞

12、的適當(dāng)形式填空，使句子完整、正確。 1.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowers.2.Little Sandy would love _(take) to the cinema this evening. 3. Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he was made _(cry) by his deskmate.4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. wentB. goingC. to goD. has gone5. Tell the boy _ out

13、 of the window.A.not to look B. to not lookC. dont lookD. not look （4）作定語1）不定式與它所修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系Do you have anything to wash today?Do you have anything to be washed today? 不定式用來說明所修飾詞的內(nèi)容 I have no chance to go there. 被修飾詞是不定式的邏輯主語 She is the last to leave the room. 不定式為不及物動詞時，須加介詞 He is looking for a room

14、 to live in. 練一練：1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. to cut the fruit withB. to cut the fruitC. cutting the fruitD. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece

15、 of paper （寫上） 4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （寫）注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。如： He is looking for a room to live in Please give me a knife to cut with(5)作狀語表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody ther

16、e . To look at him，you would like him動名詞（gerund）一. 動名詞的基本構(gòu)成主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式doingbeing done二. 動名詞的性質(zhì)動名詞既具有動詞的特點(diǎn)有具有名詞的特點(diǎn)，具體表現(xiàn)為1.動名詞可以被定冠詞和物主代詞修飾I hope you dont mind my saying it.2. 動名詞可帶有自己的賓語和狀語Are you for or against having the meeting.I insisted on leaving at once.三、 不定式和動名詞的用法：1.可作主語Seeing is believingR

17、eading newspapers can increase our knowledge.no use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no + doing.例子：It is no use crying.It is no good objectingLooking after the patients is a nurses job.Its dangerous playing with fire.Its a waste of time copying ot

18、hers homework.There is no joking about the matter.2.可作賓語 S. + vt.+ doingHave you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.在某些動詞后要求用動名詞作賓語，不能用不定式，常見的這類動詞有：避免錯過 (少) 延期 avoid miss delay/postpone建議完成 (多) 練習(xí) suggest / advise finish practise喜歡想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist

19、/cant help承認(rèn) 否定 (與) 嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脫 冒險 (莫) 原諒 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand keep / keep on mind注：在動詞advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允許）等后，如果沒有人稱賓語，后跟動名詞；如果有人稱賓語則后跟不定式。例如 We dont allow people to fish here. 我們不準(zhǔn)人們在這兒釣魚。We dont allow smoking here.我們這里不準(zhǔn)吸煙。作介詞/短語動詞的賓語:S. +

20、 v. + prep. + doingprefer.to. look forward to be used to put off give up S. + keep on + doing succeed in cant help feel like be busy be worthbe good at have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) e.g.（1）She sat there without (speak)（2）I look forward to (see) him again.（3）Are you used to (live) there alone?

21、（4）When my father heard the news, he couldnt help (laugh).（5）I dont feel like (go) to see the film.（6）He was busy (prepare) his lessons.主動表被動:want (需要) need (需要) require (需要) Sth. + + doing/to be done be worth (值得)使用動名詞作賓語時，用主動形式表達(dá)被動含義使用不定式作賓語時，依然用被動形式表達(dá)被動含義試試對比下列句子：(1) The room wants cleaning /to b

22、e cleaned(clean). （2）The method needs improving/to be improved. （3） This pair of shoes require (mend).（4）The problem needs (work out). （5）The question is well worth (discuss) 動詞 “l(fā)ike, love, hate, prefer”后接動名詞表示“習(xí)慣性動作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具體動作”。當(dāng)用在 should, would之后時，只跟不定式。例如：I like swimming, but I dont like

23、 to swim this afternoon.What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？特殊詞精講：to do doing remember forger (do在后) 要做（do在前）做過stop go on （兩個字）兩件事 （一個字）一件事likehatelove一次性 長期 try 盡力做 嘗試做 startbegin一樣 一樣 stop to do停下來去做另一件事，stop doing停止正在做的某事。Eg:他們停下來吸煙。 They stop to smoke.我必須戒煙了 I must stop smoking.forget to

24、 do忘記要去做某事，forget doing忘記做過某事。Eg：辦公室的燈還在亮著，他忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。（已做過關(guān)燈的動作） He forgot turning the light off. remember to do 記得去做某事remember doing記得做過某事記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Remember to go to the post office after school. 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?Dont you rem

25、ember seeing the man before?go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事，go on doing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。Eg：做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完這個練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)Go on doing other exercises after you have finished this one.try to do sth. 努力, 盡力做某事Although maths is difficult, I will try to stu

26、dy it .try doing sth. 試著做某事The machine couldnt work. Lets try repairing it.此to 非彼tolook forward to doing sth. （盼望）pay attention to doing sth. （注意）be used to doing sth. （習(xí)慣于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜歡）devote to doing sth （致力于）make a contribution to doing （做貢獻(xiàn)）一些特殊的用法1.prefer+to do sth（更喜歡做某事

27、）= would rather do sth（寧愿做某事）2.prefer doing sth to doing sth=prefer to do A rather than do B 比起做B更喜歡做A3.Would rather do than doR非謂語動詞課堂練習(xí)1. Dont let him _ out aloneat night. He is young and will be frightened. A. go B. goes C. to go D. going2. My father is not good at mother _. A. to help him B. to

28、be helped C. not to help him D. how to help him3. In order to win the first place in the contest, he practiced _ the English song, but he found it difficult _ the lyrics.A. to sing; to remember B. to sing; rememberingC. singing; to remember D. singing; remembering4. Mr Green asked us to stop _. So w

29、e stopped _to him at once. A. talking; listening B. to talk; listening C. talking; to listen D. to talk; to listen5. What should we do to fight H1N1 flu? -We should wash hands often,avoid _ to crowded places and so on. A. go B. going C. gone D. to go6. John, my computer doesntwork. -Why not ask Mr L

30、iu _ it? A. to buy B. not to buy C. to check D. not to check7. Whats your plan for the summer holidays? -Ive no idea, but Ive decided_ at home and have a good rest first. A. stay B. to stay C. stayed D. staying8. We are going for a picnic tomorrow. Ill call Wendy to make sure _. A. why to start B. w

31、hen to start C. what to start D. which to start9. My brothers ill in hospital. -Im sorry _ that. A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. to hear10. She spends much time _English every day. A. read B. reading C. to read D. have read11. Would you mind me _? -_. Do it as you like, please. A. to play the piano;

32、Good idea B. playing the piano; Of course not C. playing the piano; Of course D. play the piano; All right12. Oh, terrible! I forgot _ thewindow. Its windy. -Really? Lets go back home quickly. A. closing B. to close C. closed D. close13. After the discussion, the students asked their teacher_ next.

33、A. which to do B. what to do C. how to do D. why to do14. On her way home Lucy saw a thief _ in a shop. She stopped _110 at once. A. steal; callB. to steal; callC. stealing; to callD. stealing; calling15. Youd better _ too much time playing computer games. A. dont pay B. not to pay C. to not spend D

34、. not spend16. Do you know Armstrong? -Yes. He is the first man_ on the moon. A. walk B. walks C. to walk D. walked17. Is Jack in the library? -Maybe. I saw him _ outwith some books just now. A. going B. go C. to go D. went18. Dad, why should I stop _ computer games? -For your health, my boy,Im afra

35、id you _. A. to play; must B. playing; have to C. to play; can D. playing; may18. Dad, why should I stop _computer games? -For your health, my boy,Im afraid you _. A. to play; must B. playing; have to C. to play; can D. playing; may19. How about _ in the river with us? -Sorry, I cant. My parents oft

36、en tell me _ that. A. swim; dont do B. swim; to do C. swimming; not do D. swimming; not to do20. Im tired these days because of studying for physics. -Why not _ music? It can make you _. A. listen to; to relax B. listen to; relax C. listening to; relaxD. listening to; to relax21. Why did you buy a r

37、adio? -_English. A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Be learning22. Why not _ your teacher for help when you cant finish _ it by yourself? A. ask; write B. to ask; writing C. ask; writing D. asking; write23. If people _ cutting down the forest, they will haveno place _. A. keep; to live in B. will k

38、eep; to live in C. keep; to live D. will keep; to live分詞：Participles一 分詞的概述1. 分詞是“非謂語動詞”的另一種形式，它有兩種形式：現(xiàn) 在分詞（Present Participle）和過去分詞（Past Participle）。 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞：doing 過去分詞：規(guī)則動詞 V+ed 不規(guī)則動詞 3.分詞在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用。在句中 作表語、定語狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別：1.語態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動Do you know the woman talking to Tom?The so

39、ldier wounded in the war has become a doctor2. 時態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行，過去分詞表完成Developing country boiling water發(fā)展中國家 正燒開的水Developed country boiled water發(fā)達(dá)國家 燒開了的水二、分詞的作用 1、作定語分詞作定語有兩種形式。它可以放在被修飾的名詞之前，稱為前置定語。有的放在被修飾的名詞之后，稱為后置定語?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動作。如果是單詞，放在被修飾的名詞前；如果是短語，放就放在被修飾的名詞之后。（1）前置定語He is a promising young man.Make

40、 less noise. Theres a sleeping child.We only sell used books.我們只賣用過的書。（2）后置定語The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上個月建造的那座橋需要修理。（3）分詞短語作定語必須置于被修飾詞之后， 相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如： Those who wish to join the club should sign he

41、re(Those wishing to join this club should sign here.The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.) (The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. （4）過去分詞作定語在意義上有兩種可能：表示被動和完成，只表完成。如：the question discussed yesterday昨天討論的問題（既表示被動也表示完成）the fallen leaves落下的樹葉(只表示完成，不表示被動)2、作表語分詞作表語表示主語的某種性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。如：Sh