大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作講座一：修辭

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作講座大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作講座 ：修辭：修辭1. Figures of Speech Semantically ( 語(yǔ)義修辭語(yǔ)義修辭) 1. 1 明喻明喻 (simile)： 用用like, as, as.as, as if(though) 或用其他詞語(yǔ)或用其他詞語(yǔ)指出兩個(gè)不同事物的相似之處指出兩個(gè)不同事物的相似之處 That boy is as dumb as an oyster Intelligence is like a river. The deeper it is the less noise it makes.He jumped as if he had been stung.

2、1. 2暗喻 (metaphor)： 用一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外用一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物一個(gè)事物 . Life is the flower for which love is the honey. She is a social butterfly. The news you bring is a dagger to my heart. 1. 3 轉(zhuǎn)喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名稱(chēng)代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事用某一事物的名稱(chēng)代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱(chēng)。物的名稱(chēng)。 The order came directly from the W

3、hite House. The pen is mightier than the sword. Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 1.4 提喻 (synecdoche)指用部分代表整體或者用整體代表部分，以特殊代指用部分代表整體或者用整體代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊表一般或者用一般代表特殊. He earns his bread by writing. He is the Newton of this century. Australia beat Canada at cricket. 1.5 擬人 (personification) 把事

4、物或者概念當(dāng)作人或者具備人的品質(zhì)的寫(xiě)法把事物或者概念當(dāng)作人或者具備人的品質(zhì)的寫(xiě)法叫擬人。叫擬人。 My heart was singing. The wind whistled through the trees. This time fate was smiling to him. 1.6 Transferred Epithet (移就)用修飾別的事物的形容詞來(lái)修飾另一事物用修飾別的事物的形容詞來(lái)修飾另一事物. We had a sleepless night.At the evening party Mary sang a song with a sweet voice.While tra

5、veling alone to Beijing, I passed many an anxious hour. 1.7 委婉 (euphemism) 用溫和的、間接的詞語(yǔ)代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語(yǔ)，用溫和的、間接的詞語(yǔ)代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語(yǔ)，以免直接說(shuō)出不愉快的事實(shí)冒犯別人或者造成令以免直接說(shuō)出不愉快的事實(shí)冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫、沮喪的局面。人窘迫、沮喪的局面。 His uncle passed away last month. We should be considerate to the elderly.Where can I wash my hands? 1.8 雙關(guān) (pun) 用同音異

6、義或者一詞二義來(lái)達(dá)到詼諧幽默的效果：用同音異義或者一詞二義來(lái)達(dá)到詼諧幽默的效果：表面上是一個(gè)意思，而實(shí)際上卻暗含另一個(gè)意思，表面上是一個(gè)意思，而實(shí)際上卻暗含另一個(gè)意思，這種暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。這種暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。 A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. Seven days without water make one weak (week).What does that lawyer do after he dies?Lie still. 1.9 夸張（hyperbole）運(yùn)用豐富的想

7、象，過(guò)激的言詞，渲染和裝飾客觀(guān)運(yùn)用豐富的想象，過(guò)激的言詞，渲染和裝飾客觀(guān)事物，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。事物，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。 My blood froze. When I told our father about this, his heart burst. My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughters voice on the phone. 1.10 矛盾修飾 (oxymoron) 把相互矛盾的兩個(gè)詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用把相互矛盾的兩個(gè)詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用詞義表面的相互矛盾使表層的不和諧統(tǒng)一在思想詞義表面的相互

8、矛盾使表層的不和諧統(tǒng)一在思想內(nèi)容的深層，從而揭示事物對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的本質(zhì)特征，內(nèi)容的深層，從而揭示事物對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的本質(zhì)特征，達(dá)到加深印象的目的。達(dá)到加深印象的目的。 The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 1.11疊言（rhetorical repetition）在特定的語(yǔ)境中，將相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，相同意義詞組在特定的語(yǔ)境中，將相同的結(jié)構(gòu)，相同意義詞組成句子重疊使用，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣和力量。成句子重疊使用，以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣和力量。 It must

9、be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in God, who believe in man , and who believe in the future, Good technique in medicine and surgery means more quicklycured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 1.12 平行 (Parallelism) 用兩個(gè)以上句式結(jié)構(gòu)相

10、同的句子進(jìn)行描述和論述用兩個(gè)以上句式結(jié)構(gòu)相同的句子進(jìn)行描述和論述.Life brings tears, smiles, and memories. The tears dry. The smiles fade. But the memories last forever.A gossip is someone who talks to you about others. A bore is someone who talks to you about himself. A brilliant conversationalist is someone who talks to you about

11、 yourself. 1. 13 頂真 ( Gradatio ) 用下一句的開(kāi)頭的詞重復(fù)并強(qiáng)調(diào)上有一句結(jié)尾的用下一句的開(kāi)頭的詞重復(fù)并強(qiáng)調(diào)上有一句結(jié)尾的詞的一種表達(dá)方法詞的一種表達(dá)方法.When I was a child, I want to be an adult. When I am an adult, I want to be a child. Who controls Berlin controls Germany; who controls Germany controls Europe; who controls Europe controls the world. 1.14 遞進(jìn)

12、 ( Climax ) 用詞和組織句子時(shí)用詞和組織句子時(shí), 逐漸提升其分量和重要性的表達(dá)逐漸提升其分量和重要性的表達(dá)方法方法. The thief stole my wallet, my cell phone, and my car. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 1.15 突降 (Anticlimax) 與遞進(jìn)相反與遞進(jìn)相反, 突降使詞語(yǔ)的范圍縮小突降使詞語(yǔ)的范圍縮小, 重要性下降重要性下降 的的表達(dá)方法表達(dá)方法. You ask me

13、to help you at the cost of my life, my house, my wife and my cat.He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen. He loves her very much, her red lips, her shiny eyes and her lovely freckles.2. Figures of Speech Phonologically ( 語(yǔ)音修辭)2.1 頭韻 ( Alliteration ) 句子中幾個(gè)單詞的開(kāi)頭音節(jié)相同或相似句子中幾個(gè)單詞的開(kāi)頭音節(jié)相同或相似.A s

14、trong man struggles with the storms of fate.2.2 尾韻 ( Consonance )句子中幾個(gè)單詞的結(jié)尾音節(jié)相同或相似句子中幾個(gè)單詞的結(jié)尾音節(jié)相同或相似. Thinking is one of the most wonderful and powerful tools we have.2.3 擬聲 ( Onomatopoeia) 用擬聲詞描寫(xiě)特定的情景用擬聲詞描寫(xiě)特定的情景.I can hear the water splashing , the bees humming, and the frogs croaking . A sound mind

15、 in a sound body. 健康的思想寓于健康的身體。 Spare the rod and spoil the child. 省了棍子，慣壞了孩子。 The more women look in their glass, the less they look to their house. 婦女照鏡越多，照管家務(wù)就越少。 He that would the daughter win, must with the mother first begin. 要想贏(yíng)得女兒的歡心，必須先從她母親著手。 He that will thrive must rise at five. 五點(diǎn)起床，百事興

16、旺。 Birds of a feather flock together. 物以類(lèi)聚，人以群分。 Haste makes waste. 欲速則不達(dá)。 1. Just_, so you cant judge a person by his appearance.正如你無(wú)法憑封面評(píng)價(jià)一本書(shū)的好壞一樣, 你不能以貌取人. 2. Every man_. 每一個(gè)人都是自身幸福的建筑師。 3. _and memory the mother. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)是知識(shí)之父，記憶是知識(shí)之母。4._. 滴水穿石。5._. 黑暗之中總有一線(xiàn)光明；禍中有福。as you cant judge a book by its cove

17、ris the architect of his own fortuneExperience is the father of wisdomConstant dropping wears the stoneEvery cloud has a silver lining 6. _lasts till the grave. 嬰孩時(shí)期學(xué)到的東西，老死不會(huì)忘記。 7._. 生活是美好的；(人無(wú)不好生惡死) 8._. 歷史自身常重演。 9. Fortune often _those that have patience to wait for her.耐心候好運(yùn)，好運(yùn)常會(huì)來(lái)。10. Fortune _e

18、very mans door. 人人都有走運(yùn)的一天。What is learned in the cradleLife is sweetHistory repeats itselfrewards with interestknocks once at least at 11. She read the long-awaited letter_. 她含淚并微笑著讀那封盼望已久的信。 12. This is really _這種想法可真是偉大的愚蠢 13. On the news of success_.聽(tīng)到成功的消息我欣喜若狂 14. Those who _are frequently prep

19、ared to do everything for money. 相信金錢(qián)萬(wàn)能的人，往往會(huì)一切為了金錢(qián)。 15. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and_.讀書(shū)使人充實(shí)；交談使人機(jī)智；寫(xiě)作使人精確。with a tearful smilea great stupid ideaI went mad with joybelieve money can do everythingwriting an exact man16._. 謀事在人， 成事在天 17._. 壺小易熱，量小易怒。 18. Wise men have their

20、mouth in their heart,_. 聰明人嘴在心里，愚蠢人心在嘴邊。 19._; but wise men learn much from fools. 愚人不能從智者那里學(xué)到什么；而智者卻能從愚人那里學(xué)到很多。 20. _blood, toil, tears and sweat. 除了熱血,苦力,眼淚和汗水, 我沒(méi)有什么貢獻(xiàn)的。Man proposes, God disposesA little pot is soon hotfools their heart in their mouthFools learn nothing from wise menI have nothin

21、g to offer butFive Ball of Life Imagine life as a game in which you are juggling some five balls in the air. You name them work, family, health, friends and spirit and youre keeping all of these in the air. You will soon understand that work is a rubber ball. If you drop it, it will bounce back. But

22、 the other four balls family, health, friends and spirit are made of glass. If you drop one of these, they will be irrevocably scuffed, marked, nicked, damaged or even shattered. They will never be the same. You must understand that and strive for balance in your life. How? Dont undermine your worth

23、 by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different that each of us is special.Dont set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you. Dont take for granted the things closest to your heart. Cling to them as they would be your life, for without the

24、m, life is meaningless. Dont let your life slip through your fingers by living in the past or for the future. By living your life one day at a time, you live ALL the days of your life. Dont give up when you still have something to give. Nothing is really over until the moment you stop trying. Dont b

25、e afraid to admit that you are less than perfect. It is this fragile thread that binds us to each together. Dont be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we learn how to be brave. Dont shut love out of your life by saying its impossible to find. The quickest way to receive love is

26、to give it; the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly; and the best way to keep love is to give it wings. Dont run through life so fast that you forget not only where youve been, but also where you are going.Dont forget, a persons greatest emotional need is to feel appreciated. Dont be afraid to learn. Knowledge is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily. Dont use time or words carelessly. Neither can be retrieved. Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored each step of the way. Yesterday is history, Tomorrow is a myst