Gramma虛擬語氣r

1、GrammarSubjunctive Mood Subjunctive Mood 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣一一. 語氣的分類語氣的分類1. 1.陳述語氣陳述語氣(The indicative Mood)(The indicative Mood)用來陳述一個事實用來陳述一個事實, ,或或提出一種看法提出一種看法, ,有肯定，否定，疑問或感嘆等形式。有肯定，否定，疑問或感嘆等形式。 I am not interested in what you said.I am not interested in what you said. Have you ever been to France? Have you

2、 ever been to France? What a splendid palace! What a splendid palace!2.2.祈使語氣祈使語氣(The Imperative Mood)(The Imperative Mood)用來表示請求，邀用來表示請求，邀請，命令，警告或勸告等請，命令，警告或勸告等. . Lets have a talk. Lets have a talk. Dont jump in the queue. Dont jump in the queue.英語的動詞一般可帶三種不同的語氣英語的動詞一般可帶三種不同的語氣: :陳述語氣陳述語氣, ,祈使語祈使語

3、氣氣和和虛擬語氣虛擬語氣. .不同的語氣用動詞的不同形式來表示。不同的語氣用動詞的不同形式來表示。WhatWhat will will you do if ityou do if it rainsrains tomorrow?tomorrow?I I will will stay at home if itstay at home if it rains rains tomorrow.tomorrow.關(guān)于祈使語氣關(guān)于祈使語氣3.3.虛擬語氣虛擬語氣(The Subjunctive Mood)(The Subjunctive Mood)表示說話人所說的表示說話人所說的話不是事實話不是事實, ,

4、而是一中假設(shè)而是一中假設(shè), ,愿望，懷疑或推測愿望，懷疑或推測. .虛擬語氣虛擬語氣主要用于主要用于if if條件狀語從句條件狀語從句, ,也可用于名詞性從句等也可用于名詞性從句等. .If I If I werewere you,I you,I would not leavewould not leave her alone. her alone.If it If it were towere to rain tomorrow, they rain tomorrow, they would not would not go picnic. go picnic. If Jack If Jack

5、 had scoredhad scored that goal, we that goal, we would have wonwould have won the the match.match. One day, a father and his little son were going home. At this age, the boy was interested in all kinds of things and was always asking questions. Now, he asked, Whats the meaning of the word Drunk, da

6、d? Well, my son, his father replied, “Look, there are two policemen standing over there. If I regarded the two policemen as four, I would be drunk. But, dad, the boy said, theres only ONE policeman! What can we infer from the dialogue? A. The father must have been drunk. B. The son was rather stupid

7、. C. The son was good at finding others mistakes. D. The father was a policeman. Response Ability A newspaper organized a contest for the best answer to the question: “If a fire broke out in the Louvre(盧浮宮盧浮宮 ), and if you could only save one painting, which one would you carry out? Which of the fol

8、lowing do you think is the the winning reply ? A. The one nearest the exit. B. The most expensive one. C. The lightest one. D. The oldest one. New Discovery A guy was visiting the big city for the first time. Entering an office building, he saw a pudgy（矮胖的） older woman step into a small room. The do

9、ors closed, lights flashed, and after a while the door slid open and a beautiful young model s t e p p e d o f f t h e e l e v a t o r . Blinking in amazement, the guy drawled(慢吞吞地說), I should have brought my wife!“ Which of the following is wrong according to the passage? A. The guy knew little abo

10、ut the big city. B. His wife was not attractive enough. C. His wife couldnt be more beautiful. D. He believed his wife would become young and slim if she had entered the small room. 克林頓和希拉里在加油站碰到了希拉克林頓和希拉里在加油站碰到了希拉里的初戀男友。克林頓調(diào)侃說：里的初戀男友?？肆诸D調(diào)侃說： If you had married him, you would be a wife of a gas stat

11、ion attendant 希拉里反擊說希拉里反擊說 My dear, if I had married him, he would be the president and you would be the gas station attendant. 一一. . 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在if if 條件句中條件句中的用的用法法二二. . 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在wishwish后后賓語從句中賓語從句中的用法的用法三三. . 虛擬語氣其他的用法虛擬語氣其他的用法Subjunctive Mood 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣一一. . 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在if if 條件句中條件句中的用的用法法Subjuncti

12、ve Mood 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣真實條件句真實條件句 : : 真實條件句用于陳述語氣真實條件句用于陳述語氣, ,假設(shè)的情況假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生可能發(fā)生, , 其中其中if if 是是“如果如果”的意思。的意思。 時態(tài)關(guān)系時態(tài)關(guān)系句型句型: : 條件從句條件從句 主句主句一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時 shall/will + shall/will + 動詞原形動詞原形If he If he comescomes, he , he will bringwill bring his violin. his violin.The volleyball match will be put off if it Th

13、e volleyball match will be put off if it _._. A. will rain A. will rain B. rains B. rains C. rained D. is rained C. rained D. is rained答案答案B. B. 真實條件句主句為將來時真實條件句主句為將來時, , 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。a. a. 表示表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反與現(xiàn)在事實相反 的假設(shè)的假設(shè)b. b. 表示表示與過去事實相反與過去事實相反 的假設(shè)的假設(shè)c. c. 表示表示與將來事實相反與將來事實相反 的假設(shè)的假設(shè)一一. . 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在if

14、 if 條件句中的用條件句中的用法法a. a. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反 條件從句 主句 一般過去時一般過去時 diddid （bebe多用于多用于werewere） would/should/could/would/should/could/mightmight動詞原形動詞原形例如：例如：If I If I werewere you, I you, I should acceptshould accept the invitation. the invitation. 如果我是你，我會接受邀請的。如果我是你，我會接受邀請的。 If I If I hadhad time, I ti

15、me, I would gowould go there. there. 如果我有空，我就去那兒。如果我有空，我就去那兒。虛擬語氣在非真實性條件句與主句中的用法虛擬語氣在非真實性條件句與主句中的用法What What wouldwould you do if you you do if you wonwon the lottery? the lottery?If I If I wonwon the lottery, I the lottery, I wouldwouldIf I If I wonwon the lottery, I the lottery, I wouldwould buy a

16、n expensive car. buy an expensive car. If I If I had had a lot of money, I a lot of money, I wouldwould buy a villa. buy a villa.If I If I hadhad a lot of money now, I a lot of money now, I wouldwould travel travel around the world.around the world.a. If they _ (be) here, they _ (take) your a. If th

17、ey _ (be) here, they _ (take) your advice.advice.b. If the world-war _ (burst) out again, what b. If the world-war _ (burst) out again, what _ (happen) to our people on earth?_ (happen) to our people on earth?c. If the policeman _ (be not) in that room, it c. If the policeman _ (be not) in that room

18、, it _ (be) very dangerous._ (be) very dangerous.d. If I _ (be) in your position, I _ (ask) d. If I _ (be) in your position, I _ (ask) for teachers help.for teachers help.werewerewould takewould takeburstburstwould would happenhappenPRACTICE 1: Fill in the blanks.were notwere notcould becould bewere

19、werewould askwould askb. b. 與過去事實相反與過去事實相反 條件從句 主句 過去完成時過去完成時 would/should/could/would/should/could/mightmighthave donehave done 如果你早點來，你就不會錯過那輛公共汽車了。如果你早點來，你就不會錯過那輛公共汽車了。If you If you had comehad come earlier, you earlier, you couldnt have missedcouldnt have missed the the bus.bus.如果他昨天見到了你，他就會還你的書

20、的。如果他昨天見到了你，他就會還你的書的。If he If he had seenhad seen you yesterday, he you yesterday, he would have returnedwould have returned your book.your book.If he _ more carefully, he If he _ more carefully, he _ the car accident _ the car accident yesterday.yesterday.had driven had driven would not have had wo

21、uld not have had If I _ how to swim,If I _ how to swim,I _ trapped in this I _ trapped in this island.island.had learnthad learnt would not have beenwould not have been a. If Tom _ (be) more careful in the a. If Tom _ (be) more careful in the exam, he _ (pass) it already.exam, he _ (pass) it already

22、.b. If you _ (get) up earlier, you b. If you _ (get) up earlier, you _ (catch) the first train._ (catch) the first train.c. If I _ (meet) you yesterday, we c. If I _ (meet) you yesterday, we _ (go) to the concert together._ (go) to the concert together.had beenhad beenwould have passedwould have pas

23、sedhad gothad gotwould have caughtwould have caughtPRACTICE 2: Fill in the blanks.had methad metwould have gonewould have gonec. c. 與將來事實可能相反與將來事實可能相反 條件從句條件從句 主句主句 一般過去時一般過去時 (be(be多用多用were)were)should doshould dowere to dowere to do would/should/couldwould/should/could might might動詞原形動詞原形If heIf h

24、e were towere to come, whatcome, what shouldshould we say to himwe say to him？If heIf he shouldshould see me, hesee me, he wouldwould know me.know me.假如他來了假如他來了, 我們對他說什么呢？我們對他說什么呢？假如他看見我假如他看見我, 就會認識我。就會認識我。a. If there _ (be) no natural resource a. If there _ (be) no natural resource any more, we _ (

25、make) use of any more, we _ (make) use of nuclear power .nuclear power .b. What _ (happen) if you b. What _ (happen) if you _ (get up) too late tomorrow?_ (get up) too late tomorrow?c. If Robots _ (control) the world c. If Robots _ (control) the world some day, here _ (be) no friendship.some day, he

26、re _ (be) no friendship.should beshould beshould makeshould makewould happenwould happenshould get upshould get upPRACTICE 3: Fill in the blankswere to controlwere to controlwould bewould be條件從句條件從句 If If 從句的從句的 謂謂語形式語形式主句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在過去過去 將來將來過去時過去時(were)(were)would/could/should/might would/coul

27、d/should/might +V. (+V. (原原) )虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在條件狀語從句條件狀語從句中的用法中的用法過去完成時過去完成時would/could/should/might would/could/should/might + have+ p.p.+ have+ p.p.1. 1.過去時過去時2.should+V.2.should+V.3. were to do3. were to dowould/could/ should/ might would/could/ should/ might +V. (+V. (原原) ) 2、虛擬條件句的省略倒裝句、虛擬條件句的省略倒裝句 如

28、果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有were，had和和should時，可省略時，可省略if，把，把were，had和和should放到從句主語前面去，構(gòu)成倒裝，多放到從句主語前面去，構(gòu)成倒裝，多見于書面語。見于書面語。省略省略if 把把were，had或或should提前提前構(gòu)成：構(gòu)成：If he had known your telephone number yesterday, he would have telephoned you.= HadHad he he knownknown your telephone number your telephone number

29、yesterday, he would have telephoned you.yesterday, he would have telephoned you.If I were in your position, I would do it better.= WereWere I in your position, I would do it better. I in your position, I would do it better. If it should rain, the crops would be saved.= Should it rain, the crops woul

30、d be saved.If it were not for the expense, I would go to Paris.=Were it not for the expense, I would go to Paris.Were I you, I would try it again.= If I were you, I would try it again.Had he been there yesterday, he would have seen the film.= If he had been there yesterday, he would have seen the fi

31、lm.Should it snow tomorrow, we wouldnt go out.= If it should snow tomorrow, we wouldnt go out. _five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off. A. If you should arrive B. If you arrive C. Had you arrived D. Should you arrive _it rain tomorrow, we should put off the visit to the Science Museum. A

32、. could B. should C. would D. might3、混合條件句、混合條件句(錯綜時間條件句錯綜時間條件句) 當條件從句當條件從句謂語動詞謂語動詞與主句與主句謂語動詞謂語動詞所表所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。應(yīng)的調(diào)整。主句和從句的主句和從句的謂語動詞謂語動詞并不相互并不相互呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句。 較多見的混合型條件句是較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完從句用過去完成時（指過去行為），而主句用一般時成時（指過去行為），而主句用一般時（指目前狀態(tài)）。（指目前狀態(tài)）。If the staf

33、fIf the staff had beenhad been more careful,more careful, the mallthe mall would not bewould not be on fire on fire nownow. .如果你之前努力學習了，你現(xiàn)在就是一名大如果你之前努力學習了，你現(xiàn)在就是一名大學生，四年后就會大學畢業(yè)了。學生，四年后就會大學畢業(yè)了。 If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in

34、 four years.如果你采納了她的建議，你現(xiàn)在就會是個百如果你采納了她的建議，你現(xiàn)在就會是個百萬富翁了。萬富翁了。 If you had taken her advice, you would be a millionaire now.假如我是你，我當時就會采納她的建議。假如我是你，我當時就會采納她的建議。 If I were you , I would have taken her advice then. Little Robert asked his mother for two cents. What did you do with the money I gave you ye

35、sterday?, Mother asked. I gave it to a poor old woman, he answered. Youre a good boy, said the mother proudly. Here are two cents more. But why are you so interested in the old woman? “If she had not been the one who sold the candy, I would not have given her my money and I would not be so intereste

36、d in her.” he answered. What can we know from this passage?A. Robert paid the old woman for the candy. B. Robert was a good boy.C. The old woman gave Robert the candy for free. D. The old woman didnt sell the candy. Dentist: Im sorry, Madam, but I shall have to charge you twenty dollars for pulling

37、your boys tooth.Women: Twenty dollars! Why，I understand you to say that youll charge only four dollars for such work! Dentist: Yes, if your son hadnt yelled so terribly, I would have four other patients now. What does the dentist mean? A. The boy didnt yell because he was brave. B. The dentist wants

38、 to ask for his loss. C. He will have four other patients. D. He has four other patients now.4、含蓄條件句、含蓄條件句 虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。 含蓄條件句大體有兩種情況含蓄條件句大體有兩種情況: 條件暗含在介詞條件暗含在介詞 短語短語 連詞連詞 副詞副詞 如如without, but for, but, or, otherwise中中 條件暗含在上下文中條件暗含在上下文

39、中 解題時要把握語境，分析與何種事實（過去、解題時要把握語境，分析與何種事實（過去、現(xiàn)在和將來）相反。現(xiàn)在和將來）相反。 Without air, we would not live even for five minutes. _, we would not live even for five minutes. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. _, we should have arrived earlier. Jack cant have arrived yet; otherwise he would have tel

40、ephoned me.=Jack cant have arrived yet; _, he would have telephoned me. = If there were no air=If it had not been for the stormif he had arrived 條件暗含在介詞條件暗含在介詞 短語短語 連詞連詞 副詞中。副詞中。 條件暗含在上下文中條件暗含在上下文中。 You might stay here forever. (可能暗含可能暗含if you wanted to) We would have succeeded. (可能暗含可能暗含if we had k

41、ept trying) Your reputation would be ruined. (可能暗含可能暗含if you should accept it) I would appreciate a little of your time. (可能暗含可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)Customer: Waiter, this lobster(龍蝦龍蝦) has only one claw（鉗）（鉗）. Waiter: Im sorry. It must have been a loser in a fig

42、ht, or it would have two claws now. Customer: Well, bring me the winner then. What can we learn from this dialogue?A. The lobster lost one claw in a fight. B. The lobster will get two claws in a fight.C. The waiter wants to find an excuse for the mistake. D. The lobster has two claws now. 例如：例如：Shou

43、ldShould it rain/ it rain/werewere it to rain tomorrow, the it to rain tomorrow, the meeting meeting would bewould be put off. put off. = If it = If it shouldshould / / were towere to rain, the meeting rain, the meeting HadHad he seen you yesterday, he he seen you yesterday, he would have would have

44、 returnedreturned your book. your book.= If he = If he had seenhad seen you yesterday, he you yesterday, he 虛擬語氣在條件從句中虛擬語氣在條件從句中if if的省略的省略如果條件句中有如果條件句中有were, had, shouldwere, had, should 等助動詞，可將等助動詞，可將if if省略，而把省略，而把were, hadwere, had或或shouldshould置于句首置于句首, ,來表達以來表達以if if引引導的條件句的相同意思。導的條件句的相同意思。虛擬語

45、氣虛擬語氣(The Subjunctive Mood)(The Subjunctive Mood)表示說話人所說的話表示說話人所說的話不是事實不是事實, ,而是一中假設(shè)而是一中假設(shè), ,愿望，懷疑或推測愿望，懷疑或推測. .虛擬語氣虛擬語氣主主要用于要用于if if條件狀語從句條件狀語從句, ,也可用于名詞性從句等也可用于名詞性從句等. .If I If I werewere you,I you,I would not leavewould not leave her alone. her alone.If it If it were towere to rain tomorrow, they

46、 rain tomorrow, they would not would not go picnic. go picnic. If Jack If Jack had scoredhad scored that goal, we that goal, we would have wonwould have won the the match.match.Our teacher suggested that we Our teacher suggested that we gogo to to lab lab this afternoon.this afternoon. 主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同

47、的時間主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間, , 這時這時主、從句位于動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不主、從句位于動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同同而不同, , 這叫做這叫做混合條件句混合條件句。 If youIf you had askedhad asked him yesterday, youhim yesterday, you wouldwould knowknow what to do what to do nownow. .例句中例句中從句從句與與過去事實過去事實相反相反, , 主句主句與與現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在事實事實相反。相反。If the staffIf the staff had beenhad

48、been more careful,more careful, the mallthe mall would not bewould not be on fire on fire nownow. .二二. . 虛擬語氣在其他從句中的用法虛擬語氣在其他從句中的用法1. 1. 在動詞在動詞wishwish后的后的賓語從句賓語從句中中, , 表示與表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反, , 或?qū)淼幕驅(qū)淼闹饔^愿望主觀愿望, , 從句通常從句通常省略連詞省略連詞thatthat。(1) (1) 表示對表示對現(xiàn)在情況現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬的虛擬: : 從句動詞用從句動詞用過去式過去式或或過去進行

49、式過去進行式 (be(be動詞一般用動詞一般用were) were) 。(2) (2) 表示對表示對過去情況過去情況的虛擬的虛擬: : 從句動詞常用從句動詞常用“hadhad過去分詞過去分詞”。(3) (3) 表示對表示對將來的主觀愿望將來的主觀愿望: : 從句動詞形式為從句動詞形式為 “ “ wouldwould動詞原形動詞原形”。I wishI wish I I werewere as tall as you. as tall as you.I wishI wish every day every day werewere my birthday. my birthday.I wish I

50、I wish I hadnt eatenhadnt eaten so much so much watermelon.watermelon.The party was terrible, I wish The party was terrible, I wish I I had never gonehad never gone to it. to it.I wish itI wish it wouldwould rain tomorrow.rain tomorrow.2. 2. 在動詞在動詞suggest, decide, request, ordersuggest, decide, requ

51、est, order，insist insist 等后面的等后面的賓語從句賓語從句中中, , 謂語動詞習謂語動詞習慣上用慣上用“should + should + 動詞原形動詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。但要注意構(gòu)。但要注意suggestsuggest ( (表表暗示或說明暗示或說明), ), insist insist ( (表表堅持認為堅持認為) )時，不用虛擬語氣。時，不用虛擬語氣。3. 3. 由由as if (as though)as if (as though) 或或even though even though (even though)(even though) 引導的狀語從句表示

52、比引導的狀語從句表示比較或方式時較或方式時, , 從句謂語形式為動詞的過從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式去式(be(be用用were)were)或或 “ “hadhad過去分詞過去分詞”。He behaves He behaves as ifas if he he ownedowned the house.the house.She talks about Rome She talks about Rome as thoughas though she she had had beenbeen there herself. there herself.他那樣對待我他那樣對待我, 好像我是陌生人似的。

53、好像我是陌生人似的。He treats me He treats me as ifas if I I werewere a stranger. a stranger.注意注意: 如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生, 那那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳陳述語氣。述語氣。Even ifEven if she she werewere here, she here, she couldcould not solve not solve the problem.the problem.例如：例如：Without/But forWithout/But for

54、 his help, we his help, we wouldnwouldnt have t have mademade such great progress. such great progress.If there If there hadnt beenhadnt been/we /we hadnt gothadnt got his his help, we help, we wouldnwouldnt have madet have made such great such great gress.4. 4. 含蓄條件句與主句。即用含蓄條件句與主句。即用wit

55、hout without (=but for)(=but for)代替代替if if 從句。從句。5. 5. 幾個特殊的句型。幾個特殊的句型。 I I would ratherwould rather sb sb diddid sth sth. . Its (high) time sb Its (high) time sb diddid sth sth. . If onlyIf only I I were were 20 years younger.20 years younger. If onlyIf only I I had comehad come to the party yester

56、day. to the party yesterday. What ifWhat if I I shouldshould fail? fail? = What (should I do) if I should fail? = What (should I do) if I should fail? 語法全解，語法全解， P 270-277P 270-277書本，書本，P86-87P86-87關(guān)于虛擬語氣關(guān)于虛擬語氣 辯析辯析1 1關(guān)于虛擬語氣關(guān)于虛擬語氣 辯析辯析2 2關(guān)于虛擬語氣關(guān)于虛擬語氣 辯析辯析3 3關(guān)于虛擬語氣關(guān)于虛擬語氣 辯析辯析4 4關(guān)于虛擬語氣關(guān)于虛擬語氣 辯析辯析5 5虛擬

57、語氣高考鏈接虛擬語氣高考鏈接1. 1. Alice, why didn Alice, why didnt you come yesterday?t you come yesterday? I _, but I had an unexpected visitor. I _, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did A. had B. would C. was going to D. did析析: :此題此題A A、D D明顯不合上下文，因為乙方?jīng)]有去。明顯不合上下文，因為乙方?jīng)]有去。B B選選

58、項若為項若為would havewould have則成立，可以理解為則成立，可以理解為I would have I would have come if I hadncome if I hadnt had an unexpected visitor.t had an unexpected visitor.的簡略式。的簡略式。但此處是但此處是would,would,故應(yīng)排除。只有故應(yīng)排除。只有was going towas going to可得體可得體地表達地表達“我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造訪我原本打算去的，但是有不速之客造訪”這這一意思。一意思。 正確答案為正確答案為C C. .2.

59、If there were no subjunctive,English_much 2. If there were no subjunctive,English_much easier. (NMET) easier. (NMET) A. will be B. would have been A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be C. could have been D. would be析：觀察題干，可知全句表達的是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的析：觀察題干，可知全句表達的是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣。故答案為虛擬語氣。故答