初中英語時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)

1、.九種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)狀: often , usually , sometimes, always, every (day等), once/twice a (week等), on (Sunday等), never, in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人

2、的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) 表示十分確定會發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車) 在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if

3、,unless引導(dǎo))，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)，句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動作，動詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfi

4、eld player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活動和感官動作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)二、 一般過

5、去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),這種動作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有： yesterday ，ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)

6、陌生人正和他父親談話)表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every da

7、y he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)三、 一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。用will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí)

8、,表示動作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)?！皊hall”用于第一人稱,“will” 用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了)“am/is/are going to+動詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special

9、 baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)) “be to +動詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this s

10、pecial boy.四、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有： now, this , these等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說) 表示即將發(fā)生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：Im c

11、oming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作，常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)五、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人

12、稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具) 用于賓語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延

13、續(xù)時(shí)間較長。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時(shí)唱了很多歌) 也可以表示過去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)六、 現(xiàn)在

14、完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的、對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動作。在完成時(shí)由“助動詞have (has)+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。表示發(fā)生在過去的對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(

15、可能延續(xù)下去)的動作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)

16、表示人在這里。如：-Where is Mr Li? He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國。)/ -Do you know something about Beijing? Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過那里三次。)在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動詞(一次性動作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動詞改為延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。具體變化見下表：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主語(人)+謂語(過去時(shí))+過去時(shí)間狀語 注意 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似

17、問題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)七、 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。簡言之, 過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。過去完成時(shí)由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時(shí)句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也

18、會有for 或since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)過去完成時(shí)常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.

19、(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)八、 過去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)由“助動詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時(shí)的助動詞一律用“would +動詞原形”。過去將來時(shí)常由于賓語從句中,時(shí)間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。如：He promised that

20、 he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻€(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)表示純粹的將來時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me t

21、hat she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)過去將來時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過去經(jīng)常性的動作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會隨身帶一把雨傘)九、 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold

22、 water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)被動語態(tài)：(1)被動語態(tài)定義：如果主語是動作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動語態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動語態(tài)。在英語中只有及物動詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的詞組才有被動語態(tài)的形式。(2)英語中被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be +動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動語態(tài)后的by短語有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表： 注 p.p.表示過去分詞。(3) 被動語態(tài)的用法： 不知道誰

23、是動作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時(shí)用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如： A man was killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)不說或者眾所周知是誰做時(shí),用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)(4) 主動語態(tài)如何改寫為被動語態(tài)：主動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + 賓語(人/物) + 其他 + 狀語 (動作的執(zhí)行者) (各種時(shí)態(tài)形式) (動作的承受者) 被動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 狀語 (動作的承受者) (be +過去分詞) (動作的執(zhí)行者) (5) 注意點(diǎn) “動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時(shí)