語法講義練習(xí)文檔

1、非謂語動詞的用法：三種：不定式，動名詞和分詞。不定式 1 做主語，既可位于句首，又可用先行詞it作形式主語，尤其當(dāng)主語較長，謂語動詞為被動語態(tài)時。It is difficult to solve such a complicated problem.2作賓語。能以不定式而不以動名詞作賓語的詞。afford, agree, aim, ask, beg, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, fail, fear, happen, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, p

2、repare, pretend, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want.某些不定式和動名詞在動詞后作賓語時可替換：attempt, begin, bother, cease, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start, promise.3不定式作介詞賓語：主要是except, but。如果句子中的except 或者but 之前有實意動詞do的限定形式或非限定形式，其賓語為不帶to的不定式。 would rather than than后要接省to的不定式。It was so serious a

3、matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.I felt so embarrassed that I could not do anything but sit there when I first met my present boss.As a matter of fact, they would rather leave for BeiJing than stay in ShangHai. I would rather you had returned the book yesterday.不定式作狀語。目的狀語：in or

4、der to, so as to. To become a teacher in a high school, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. So as to,結(jié)果狀語。I got to the station, only to find that the train had left.方式狀語。 通常由as if/as though 引導(dǎo)。He stood up as if to leave.作賓語補(bǔ)足語。常用動詞。表示思維活動的動詞。accept, acknowledge, admit, affirm, assume,

5、 believe, consider, find, suppose, think. I consider him to be my best friend.V+it+adj./N+to do /that I think it a pity that he can not come.I find it necessary to answer the question.表示命令、建議、要求、允許、意愿的動詞。advise, allow, ask, beg, command, direct, dislike, expect, invite, intend, like, love, order, pe

6、rmit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish.We formally invited the General Manager of the Hope Group to attend our Opening Ceremony.某些使役動詞。cause, compel, drive, enable, enforce, get, lead,I am going to get my fiend to drive me to the airport.不定式做形容詞補(bǔ)語。I am sorry not to have met y

7、ou at the airport.I am sorry to have you waiting here for a long time.It is said that he has been abroad.He is said to have been abroad.Basketball is known to have been invented in America.做獨立成分。To tell the truth,To be brief, to be exact, to be frank, to be sure, to begin with, to conclude, to sum u

8、p, to tell the truth.不定式的時態(tài)。The power station is reported to be built (build) within three years.某些動詞，如wish, hope, intend, mean, plan 以及be動詞的過去式后面跟一個不定式的完成時，可以表示并未實現(xiàn)的行為。I was to have returned you the book, but I was too busy yesterday.動名詞。動名詞作賓語。以動名詞作賓語，常見的動詞有：acknowledge, admit, advise, anticipate,

9、 avoid, consider, delay, dislike, dread, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, practise, prevent, quit, recommend, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate.有些動詞不定式和動名詞都可以作賓語，但不能替換。所表達(dá)的意義不一樣。如remember, forget, regret, mean, try, stop, need, require, want. remember, forget, regret, 不定式表示后于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作。動名詞表示先于謂語動詞的動作。Mean

10、to do 打算。 mean doing , 表明，意味著。In some parts of the city, missing a bus means waiting for another hour.Try to do sth 試圖，盡力做。 Try doing 嘗試Need, want, require后，主動語態(tài)的動名詞表示被動意義，主動語態(tài)的不定式表示主動意義。Your hair wants cutting.I want to have my hair cut.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動名詞可以與其邏輯主語一起構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：名詞所有格/代詞所有格+動名詞。I dont m

11、ind your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.分詞。 分詞作定語。從語態(tài)角度看，如果被修飾的中心詞與分詞的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞，如果被修飾的中心詞與分詞是被動關(guān)系，用過去分詞。The developing countries ，the developed countries I am still unable to make myself understood in the discussion, which worries me a lot.分詞作賓補(bǔ)。通常為感官動詞和使役動詞，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，

12、過去分詞表示被動。如have sb. do/have sth done.Are you going to fix the car yourself, or are you going to have it fixed?分詞作狀語。分詞作狀語要與其邏輯主語保持一致，如果分詞與邏輯主語的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞，如果是被動關(guān)系，用過去分詞。Given the time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem.分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。多用于書面語，在句子中作狀語，表示時間，原因，條件或伴隨

13、。它有自己的邏輯主語，區(qū)別于主語。The day being hot, we went swimming in the river.主謂一致。1Many a ( more than one) +N單，動詞為單數(shù)。2單數(shù)名詞或代詞作主語，其后跟有with 等引導(dǎo)的詞作定語時，謂語動詞為單數(shù)。作定語常用的短語有，with, together with, along with, like, as well as, in addition to, no less than, The teacher, together with her pupils, comes into the classroom

14、with a smile.3.pair of 謂語動詞與pair一致。如a portion of ,a series of, a kind of+N,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。4臨近一致。There be （there live, stand, lie, appear, seem, remain, exist）及變體, not only but also, neither nor, eitheror.5.and連接兩個帶有each等定語的單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Each, every, many a, no,6.兩個并列主語在意義上表示同一個人或事物，動詞用單數(shù)。Cf. the singer

15、and dancer a knife and fork7.名詞性從句或非謂語動詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。8集體名詞。Cattle, police, poltry.9.不定代詞，用單數(shù)，如，each, one, either, neither, little, a little, much, something,復(fù)數(shù)，both, few.All, none. All goes well.All have passed the final exam.10. the+adj. 表示同一類人，用復(fù)數(shù)，表示某以抽象概念或品質(zhì)，用單數(shù)。The rich are not always happy.The

16、beautiful gives pleasure to all of us.11事件，國名，機(jī)構(gòu)名稱，書名的名詞作主語時，位于動詞用單數(shù)。United nations, United states.情態(tài)動詞的用法。情態(tài)動詞表示能力、義務(wù)、必要、猜測等說話人的語氣或者情感。本身不能獨立使用，必須和動詞原型一起構(gòu)成謂語，無人稱和數(shù)的變化。(1). 情態(tài)動詞與完成式的連用。1Must +have+過去分詞。僅用于肯定句中，表示對過去的推測，譯為：一定曾、準(zhǔn)是.I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.2.can/could+have+過去分詞。表

17、示過去某事的否定或著疑問的推測。只能用在否定句或者疑問句中。-There are already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.- It couldnt have been a comfortable journey.3.should/ought to+have+過去分詞，表示該做而實際未做到的。意為，早該，本該。We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead.4. may/might+have+過去分詞,表示對過去

18、某事件可能性的推測。該結(jié)構(gòu)中may與might意義基本相同，只是might比may表示的可能性更小一些。He is late. He might have had an accident.“might+have+過去分詞”常用于虛擬語氣，表示過去本來可能作而實際上沒有做某事的一種責(zé)備。He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.“might+have+過去分詞”用于主語是第二人稱的句子，表示“本可以。而沒有”。You might have come earlier.“may+have+過去分詞”通常不用于疑問句

19、中。疑問句中通常用can表示。Can they have found the radio？Yes, they may have.句子的主要動詞如果是現(xiàn)在式，間接引語中用句型may+have+過去分詞或者might+have+過去分詞均可，但如果主要動詞使過去式，則間接引語中只能用句型might+have+過去分詞。We thought you might have had an accident or forgotten the day or something.5. neednt+have+過去分詞，表示“做了不必要做的事情”一般本結(jié)構(gòu)只用于否定句或者疑問句中。There was plent

20、y of time. She neednt have hurried.She neednt have come all the way to see me off yesterday.一致練習(xí)題 1）Bread and butter _ what Americans usually have for breakfast.A） are B） is C） was D） were2）Each boy and girl _given a gift on Christmas Day.A） is B） are C） were D） was3） Nobody but Jack and Jane _ made

21、 great progress in the class recently.A） have B） has C） had D） has been4） Jim is the only one of the staff members who _to be promoted.A） are B） have been C） is D） has been5） Many a child _to walk before he can speak。A） learn B） learns C） learned D） have learned6） Not only he but also I _to work har

22、d and pass the exam.A） want B） wants C） wanted D） wanting7） Every means _tried but with no end.A） have been B） have had C） has been D） are8） My house and home _ at 108 Maryland.A） are B） is C） were D） is being9） A horse and carriage _ not much used nowadays。A） is B） are C） were D） is to be10） Many a

23、 writer of newspaper articles _ to writing novels.A） has turned B） have turned C） being turned D） are going to turn11） Either the teachers or the president _ the meeting。A） attends B） attend C） are attending D） have attended12） Neither of your suggestions _ sense.A） makes B） make C） is made D） are m

24、ade13） None of your projects _.A） working out B） work out C） is worked out D） are worked out14） Going to bed early and getting up early _ a good habit.A） is B） are C） were D） was15） Statistics _ his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he wont pass the test.A） is B） are C） was D） wer

25、e16） Statistics _ that most of the published and quoted scientific articles are related to medical science.A） has shown B） is shown C） show D） shows17） Everyone who read Women in Love said it _ one of the best books by Lawrence。A） is B） was C） had been D） has been18） The teacher told us that to reme

26、mber details, it _ important to take notes while listening to the lecture.A） would be B） had been C） was D） is19） A series of debates between the major candidates _ scheduled for the Labor Day weekend last week.A） is B） are C） was D） were20） Two hundred and fifty pounds _ too unreasonable a price fo

27、r a second-hand car.A） is B） are C） were D） be21） Twenty minutes _ a long time for one who waits.A） seem B） seems C） seemed D） are seemed22） David is one of the boys who _ a driving license.A） has B） have C） isshavingsD） are having23） The audience _ their seats in the music hall.A） are taking B） is

28、taking C） are taken D） was taking24） The salesman told me that a good set of tires _ guaranteed to run at least fifty thousand miles.A） was B） were C） had been D） will be25） Up to now, the majority of the undergraduates _ enrolled for this selected course.A） has been B） have C） had been D） would hav

29、e been26） The police _ asked that anyone who saw the accident should get in touch with _.A） havethem B） hashim C） havehim D） hasthem27） I dont think one hundred dollars _ a big sum of money to him.A） will be B） would be C） is D） are28） None of the shops in the downtown _ before 8 pm.A） is going to b

30、e closed B） will be closing C） is closing D） are being closed29） Five multiplied by two _ten.A） is equal B） equals C） equal with D） equal to30） My friend and classmate Paul _ motorcycles in his spare time.A） race B） races C） is raced D） is racing1)B 2)A 3)B 4)C 5)B 6)A 7)C 8)B 9)A 10)A 11)A 12)A 13)

31、B 14)A 15)A 16)C 17)B 18)D 19)C 20)A 21)B 22)B 23)A 24)A 25)A 26)A 27)C 28)A 29)B30)B非謂語動詞練習(xí)1. The great hall was crowded with many people, _ many children _on their parents laps. A. including; seated B. including; seating C. included; sat D. included; sitting2. Its said that the Olympic Games _ in

32、Beijing in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A. holdingB. to be held C. heldD. to be holding3. _ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rainD. There being no rain4. Yesterday a street-beggar bo

33、ught a lottery ticket purposelessly, _ him a millionaire overnight. A. making B. makes C. to make D. made5. In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out_. A. to escape burning B. to escape being burned C. escaping burnedD. escaping from burni

34、ng6. Taking this medicine, if _, will of course do good to his health. A. continuedB. to continue C. continuesD. continuing7. The little boy still needs the _ 20 dollars to do with some things _. A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining; remaining to be settled C. remained; remained to sett

35、le D. remained; remaining to settle8. _ his age, the little boy read quite well. A. ConsideringB. Considered C. ConsiderD. Having considered9. _ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon. A. JudgedB. Judging C. Having judged D. To judge10. Tom enjoys _ basketba

36、ll on Sunday afternoons, doesnt he? Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys _. A. to play; dancing B. playing; to dance C. to play; to dance D. playing; is to dance11. His letter, _ to the wrong number, reached me late. A. having been addressed B. to have addressed C. to have been addressed D. bein

37、g addressed12. The Space Shuttle Columbia broke into pieces over Texas as it returned to the earth on February 1, 2003, _ all seven astronauts aboard. A. having killedB. killing C. being killedD. killed13. There are lots of places of interest _ in our city. A. needs repairing B. needing repaired C.

38、needed repairingD. needing to be repaired14. What caused the party to be put off? _ the invitations. A. Tom delayed sendingB. Toms delaying sending C. Tom delaying to send D. Tom delayed to send15. I was afraid _ to my customers because I was afraid _ them. A. of talking back; to lose B. of talking

39、back; of losing C. to talk back; to lose D. to talk back; of losing16. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but _ the flowing of the smog around me. A. enjoy B. enjoying C. enjoyed D. to enjoy17. Is Tom a good talker? No, he never speaks to me other than _ something? A. ask for B

40、. to ask for C. asked for D. asking for18. I cant get my car _ on cold mornings, so I have to try _ the radiator with some hot water. A. run; to fill B. running; filling C. running; to fill D. ran; filling19. The drunken husband knocked against the table and sent the bowls _ in all directions before

41、 he was sent _ by his wife. A. flying; to sleep B. flying; sleeping C. to fly; to sleeping D. to fly; to sleep20. When we got back from the cinema, we found the lamp _ but the door _. A. being on; shutB. burning; shutting C. burning; shut D. on; shutting21. We found the students seated at tables and

42、 had their eyes _ on the scene of the launch of Shenzhou V spaceship. A. fixed B. fix C. fixing D. to fix22. A doctor can expect _ at any hour of the day or night. A. callingB. to call C. being calledD. to be called23. The boy often gives a satisfactory answer to the teachers question,_ just a minut

43、e. So hes usually the teachers pet. A. thoughtB. having thought C. and to think D. thinking24. The policeman came up to the lonely house with the door _, _ there for a while and then entered it. A. open; to standB. opening; stood C. open; stoodD. opened; standing25. _ along the quiet road at forty m

44、iles an hour, and then an old man suddenly started to cross the road in front of me. A. DrivingB. I was drivingC. Having drivenD. When I was driving26. Mr. Smith was much surprised to find the watch he had had _ was nowhere to be seen. A. repairingB. it repaired C. repairedD. to be repaired27. What

45、did the librarian _ out of the library? A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being taken28. Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn? _ the boring time. A. Kill B. Killing C. To kill D. Having killed29. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was _

46、the joy with all the Chinese. A. shareB. shared C. having shared D. about to share30. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend _. A. playing with B. having played with C. with whom to play with D. with whom to play31. _ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _ out of life. A. Se

47、eing; frightenedB. Seeing; frightening C. Seen; frightenedD. To see; frightening32. The competitor never dreamed of _ for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. A. there was a chance B. there being a chance C. it being a chanceD. it was a chance33. _ everything to go wrong in advance, and

48、 you wont feel quite so bad when it does. A. Having expectedB. Expect C. To expectD. Expecting34. You _ part in the party on time. Sorry, I was delayed by the accident. A. are to takeB. have supposed to take C. were to have takenD. supposed to take35. _ with the size of the whole earth, the highest

49、mountain doesnt seem high at all. A. When compared B. To compare C. While comparingD. It compared36. _ in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself _ at the party. A. Dressed; noticed B. Dressing; noticing C. Dressed; noticingD. Dressing; noticed37. The matter _ your study surely requires _ care

50、fully.A. relating to; dealing withB. related to; dealt withC. related to; being dealt with D. relating to; having dealt with38. _ made her parents worried a lot. A. Her not to come backB. Not her to come back C. Her not coming backD. Not her coming back39. Everything _ into consideration, they belie

51、ved themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking40. He moved away from his parents and missed them _ enjoy the exciting life in New York. A. much so as to B. very much to C. too much toD. enough to41. What do you think of the plan? Its easier said tha

52、n _. A. carried outB. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out42. Many businessmen attended the Boao Forum (博鰲論壇)because they knew what _ from the forum. A. to get B. to be got C. got D. getting43. There was a famous person at the party whom everyone would like _ to themselves. A. to introduce B. t

53、o be introduced C. introducing D. being introduced44. Were you at home last Sunday? Yeah! I devoted the whole day to _ the English grammar. A. reviewB. reviewing C. be reviewedD. being reviewed45. Once _ at the shop, you will be dismissed immediately. A. caught stealing B. caught to steal C. catching stealingD. to catch to steal46. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are boughtB. bought C. been boughtD. buying47. _, John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation be