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1、Nouns (一)名詞概述名詞用來表示人或事物的名稱。名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞,普通名詞又可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)形式,不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不能與不定冠詞連用。在考試命題中,主要是考察可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)分,以及量詞修飾的使用??荚嚨念}型主要是選擇題和詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。另外,名詞的所有格也是重要的考查部分,主要是區(qū)分s和of的用法。1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成:1)規(guī)則變化(1)一般名詞后面加s。如:month-months,bird-birds。(2)以s,ss,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞,后面加es。如:bus-buses,boss-bosses,box-boxes,(3)

2、以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有的加es,如:patato-patatoes,tomato-tomatoes;有的加s,如:radio-radios,zoo-zoos。(4)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i再加es。如:city-cities。以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,直接加s,如:day-days。(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v再加es。如:knife-knives,(例外:chief-chiefs),scarf-scarfs或scarves。2)不規(guī)則變化(1)改元音字母,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如:man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,fisherman-fishermen,(例

3、外:German-Germans, human-humans)。(2)單復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣。如:sheep-sheep,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese,(3)詞尾變化。如:child-children。(4)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,無單數(shù)形式的名詞。如;clothes,trousers,glasses,shoes。(5)以man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),要采用雙復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:man tourist-men tourists,woman teacher-women teachers。Exercises matchtoybrushmangofactoryroofmat

4、chestoysbrushesmangoesfactoriesroofspianowolftoothmousewalkmandeerpianoswolvesteethmicewalkmansdeer2. 名詞的數(shù)量表達(dá)可數(shù)名詞:1、用數(shù)詞直接修飾,如:one book,three watches,200 years;2、與量詞連用,量詞與所修飾名詞都要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:three pairs of shoes,hundreds of years;3、與模糊數(shù)量詞連用,如:a few relatives,some people,many boys,a lot of/lots of computer

5、s,a large number of students。不可數(shù)名詞:1、與量詞連用,量詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而不可數(shù)名詞不能有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:two loaves of bread,a bottle of water;2、與模糊量詞連用,如:some work,a little milk,much advice/time/money,a lot of/lots of news,a large amount of information。模糊數(shù)量詞模糊數(shù)量詞修飾可數(shù)名詞,有如下幾個(gè):many,a few,few,a large number of。模糊數(shù)量詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞,有如下幾個(gè):much,a li

6、ttle,little,huge amounts of,a great deal of。模糊數(shù)量詞既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞又可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞,有如下幾個(gè):some,any,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,enough。主謂一致主謂一致是指 1) 語法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。 2) 意義上要一致,即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。 3) 就近原則,即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語, 一般來說,不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。 There is much water in the thermos. 但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)

7、名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù) Reading and writing are very important. 注意: 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.就就 進(jìn)進(jìn) 原原 則則1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí),謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 The

8、re is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2)當(dāng)either or 與neither nor,連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。 Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for

9、 you.謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致 當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.謂語需用單數(shù) 1) 代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語,或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù)。 Each of u

10、s has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 謂語需用單數(shù)2) 當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 天方夜譚是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書。 謂語需用單數(shù)3) 表示金錢,時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語 時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可,意思不變。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparatio

11、ns. Ten yuan is enough.指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù) 1) 在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。 All is right. (一切順利。) All are present.(所有人都到齊了。) 指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)2) 集體名詞作主語時(shí),謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。 His fam

12、ily isnt very large.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。 His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂愛好者。 但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Are there any police around? 指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。 A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。 A number of

13、books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致 1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞,代詞保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2) 在一些短語,如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但

14、由more than of 作主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過這本書。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來自這個(gè)城市。名 詞 所 有 格1)表示有生命的名詞所有格(1)單數(shù)名詞加s,如:Peters bag。(2)詞尾有s或es的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加“”,如:the teachers office。(3)不以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后仍加“s”,如:Childrens Day。(4)表示時(shí)間、距離,如:todays ne

15、wspaper,two hours walk。名詞所有格2)表示無生命的名詞所有格,用of+名詞所有格,如:the front gate of the City Hall,a map of China。雙重所有格3)表示有生命的名詞所有格,也可用of+名詞所有格,如:a friend of mine,a book of janes,a friend of Marys sisters?!咀⒁狻縋eter and Marys desk 表示“彼得和瑪麗合用的桌子”Peters and Marys desks 表示“彼得和瑪麗各自的桌子”Exercises The League secretary

16、and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. was C. are D. were 答案B. 注: 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí),先排除A.,C.。本題易誤選D,因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人,但仔細(xì)辨別, monitor 前沒有the,在英語中,當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人,所以應(yīng)選B?!镜湫屠}】(2008青島) British people eat _ a lot, and they ar

17、e usually cooked in different ways. A. chicken B. beef C. fish D. potatoes【解析】chicken, beef 和fish都是物質(zhì)名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,用代詞指代時(shí)用it單數(shù)形式;題干下文中用代詞they為復(fù)數(shù),potatoes為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),故用D項(xiàng)正確?!镜湫屠}】(2009孝感)All the teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday. A. man B. men C. woman D. women【解析】本題考

18、查的是名詞作定語的用法。當(dāng)man, woman作定語時(shí),如表示復(fù)數(shù)概念,man, woman和其修飾的名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù),因題意里提到三月八日是婦女節(jié),所以是所有的女教師慶祝她們的節(jié)日,故選擇D?!敬鸢浮緿【典型例題】(2008黃岡) Jenny gave us on how to improve English.A. some advices B. many advices C. some advice D. an advice【解析】advice此處為不可數(shù)名詞,“建議”之意,故不能出現(xiàn)advices和an advice形式?!敬鸢浮緾【典型例題】(2009綏化)How many are t

19、here in the kitchen?Only tow. A. bag of rice B. bags of rice C. bags of rices【解析】本題考查的是物質(zhì)名詞數(shù)量的表達(dá)法。其形式為“數(shù)詞或冠詞+量詞(s)+of+不可數(shù)名詞”,bag為量詞,并且是可數(shù)名詞,可加s, rice意為“米飯”,是不可數(shù)名詞,后面不能加s,故選擇B?!敬鸢浮緽 【典型例題】(2009沈陽) Whatsin the cupboard?A few ,but little . A. apples, coffee B.coffee, apples C.apple, coffees D. coffees,

20、 apple【解析】apple為可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)形式為apples; coffee為不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。a few意為“幾個(gè)”,用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù);little意為“少或幾乎沒有”,用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞。故由題意可知本題選A?!敬鸢浮緼【典型例題】( 2009昆明) Sonia eats two _ and a glass of milk. A. bread B. chicken C. eggs D. lettuce【解析】本題考查的是可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)別。根據(jù)題中的two可以判斷出此空應(yīng)該填可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,故選擇C?!敬鸢浮緾【典型例題】(2009深圳) _ that new b

21、ike over there?I think its _ . A. Whos; Sam B. Whos; SamsC. Whose is; Sam D. Whose is; Sams【解析】本題考查的是名詞所有格。根據(jù)句意“那邊的那輛新自行車是誰的?”判斷應(yīng)用whose(誰的)來提問,回答就要用名詞所有格Sams,故選擇D?!敬鸢浮緿【典型例題】(2009柳州)The man is _ father.A. Lily or Lucy B. Lily and LucyC. Lilys or Lucy D. Lily and Lucys【解析】本題考查的是名詞所有格。表示某人或某物為兩者或兩者以上共有時(shí),只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s,“那人是莉莉和露西(兩個(gè)人)的爸爸”,在最后一個(gè)名詞Lucy后加s,故選擇D?!敬鸢浮緿【典型例題1】(2009柳州) I often have egg and some bread for breakfast. A. a B. an C. the D. /【解析】本題考查的是不定冠詞的用法。以元音音素開頭的單詞前要用不定冠詞an,故選

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