Chapter9認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論演示文稿

1、認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)Cognitive Linguistic概述認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)經(jīng)驗(yàn)注意哲學(xué)是其哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，主要體現(xiàn)在：1、思維是不能脫離形體的(embodied)，即川來(lái)鏈接概念系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)門丁少 體經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并依據(jù)身體經(jīng)驗(yàn)而右意義。2、思維是想像的(imaginative),因 為那些不足直接來(lái)源丁經(jīng)驗(yàn)的概念足運(yùn)用隱喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻和心理意向的結(jié)來(lái)，這 種想象力也足不能脫離形體的，應(yīng)為隱喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻和心:向都足以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的。3.思維具冇完型特征(gesUdtproperties)因此不足原子的。認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)的工作假設(shè)1、語(yǔ)言能力是人的一般認(rèn)知能力的一部分，因此涪言不是一個(gè)自足的系統(tǒng)， 其描*；必須參鹽認(rèn)知過(guò)程；2

2、、語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與人類的概念知識(shí).巾體經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及 話語(yǔ)的功能有關(guān).并以它們?yōu)槔頁(yè)?jù)；3.句法不足個(gè)I足的組成部分，它 號(hào)語(yǔ)義、詞匯密不對(duì)分也就是說(shuō)，詞匯.形態(tài)和句法形成一個(gè)符號(hào)單位的 連續(xù)體，這個(gè)連續(xù)體任意地被分成了單獨(dú)的成份：4、語(yǔ)義不只是客觀的貞 值條件，還口人的丄觀認(rèn)劉和無(wú)限的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)密切和關(guān)。續(xù)認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法表征1、經(jīng)驗(yàn)觀(experiential view)語(yǔ)言使用者對(duì)爭(zhēng)物的描寫不丿限與客觀的描寫，述會(huì)對(duì)他們的總義提供豐富、更 自然的描寫，包括隱喻。2、突出觀(prominence view)語(yǔ)TF結(jié)構(gòu)中的信息的選抒與安排是有信息的突出成都決定的。The car crashed into t

3、he tree.3、注意觀(attentional view)我們用語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的實(shí)際匕只反映了事件中引起我們注意的那些部 分。認(rèn)知語(yǔ)法研究的新思路(王寅2007)語(yǔ)言與句法不是白治的(autonomous)，具有體驗(yàn)性。以語(yǔ)義(等于概念化)分析為基木出發(fā)點(diǎn)。依據(jù)兒種基本認(rèn)知能力和認(rèn)知方式來(lái)対語(yǔ)法作出統(tǒng)一解 釋。只設(shè)三個(gè)單位：語(yǔ)義單位、語(yǔ)音單位、象征單位。用“識(shí)解” (construal)來(lái)描寫語(yǔ)法。堅(jiān)持整合觀，接受部分組合觀。語(yǔ)法具有相似性。語(yǔ)法具有模糊性：詞素、詞匯、語(yǔ)法、句法構(gòu)成一個(gè)連 續(xù)體。通過(guò)典型事件模型解釋英語(yǔ)基本句型。認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的范圍（scopes） Prototypes an

4、d categories （典型與范疇） Levels of categorization （范疇的層次） Conceptual metaphors and metonymies （概念隱喻 與轉(zhuǎn)喻） Figure and ground （圖形與背景） The frame and attention approach （框架與注意） Other issuesIconicity （象似性）Grammaticalization （17V法化）Lexical change and Prototypicality （詞匯演變）Prototypes and categories prototype（原型

5、、典型）Category of a housecontinued Levels of categorizationBasic level categoryfurnjlureSupcrordinate level categorySubordinate level categoryConceptual metaphor and metonymy Conceptual metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain(target domain) in terms of another co

6、nceptual domain(source domain).Conceptual domain A is Conceptual do卩l(xiāng)ain Blarget domainHeisSource domain a tigerContinued TargetSourceangerdangerous animalargumentjourneyargumentwarcomm un icationsendingdeathdepartureideasplantslifetimedaylovewartimemoneyundersiandingseeingwordcoinworldlheatre/stage

7、Continued Structural analogies of the models BATTLE and ARGUMENTInitial positions of (he opponentsThey drew up their battle line. I braced myself for the onslaught.AttackShe attacked every weak point in my argument He shot down all tny arguments.DefenceThey defended their position ferociously.She pr

8、oduced several illustrations to buttress her argument.RetreatCounterattackVoctory/defeatHe withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.O.K., you win.He had to succumb to the force of her argument.continued Conceptual metonymyTHE PRODUCER FOR THE PRODUCT 今天喝伊利/蒙牛了嗎？THE PLACE FOR THE EV

9、ENT這成了他的滑鐵盧.THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION 唐寧街號(hào)拒絕評(píng)論這一事件.THE CONTROLER FOR THE CONTROLEDAN OBJECT USED FOR THE USERIconicity The structure of language reflects some way the structure of experience Types of iconicityIconicity of orderIconicity of distanceIconicity of complexity(details :P/254)Grammatic

10、alization The tenn grammaticalization was first used by French linguist Meillet. According to him, the aim of studying grammaticalization is to investigate the transition of autonomous words into the role of grammatical elements According to Heine (1991),the grammaticalization study is to show where

11、 lexical unit assumes a grammatical function, ore where a grammatical unit assumes a more grammatical ftmetion. ?元朝周們琦：大抵古人制字，皆從事物上起。今之虛 字，皆古之實(shí)詞。ContinuedHave 的法度斷強(qiáng) 涪程不增 Do you have a bank account? The house has three bedrooms You have a lot of patience.We have a lot of crime in this city.I have some work to do.I have to go to town this afternoon.The guests have arrivedTaylor :1996漢語(yǔ)詞類語(yǔ)法化舉例他要錢。他一丿C?耍出國(guó)留學(xué)。精神永在。他在公司。他在公司加班。英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法化舉例 I think that we are definitely moving towards being more techn