大學(xué)英語語法并列與從屬

1、并列與從屬是兩種不同的連接手段。從語義并列與從屬是兩種不同的連接手段。從語義上看，兩個分句所表示的意義，在說話人看上看，兩個分句所表示的意義，在說話人看來，如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把它們來，如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把它們并列起來，連成一個并列句。而從屬是語義并列起來，連成一個并列句。而從屬是語義上分清主次的手段，是把次要的思想內(nèi)容置上分清主次的手段，是把次要的思想內(nèi)容置于結(jié)構(gòu)上的從屬地位，從而突出句子的主要于結(jié)構(gòu)上的從屬地位，從而突出句子的主要思想。如：思想。如：We are prepared to make certain concessions.We find it hard to

2、 put up with the loss.next并列與從屬并列與從屬并列并列nextWe are prepared to make certain concessions but we find it hard to put up with the loss.語義重心在后半句語義重心在后半句從屬從屬Although/Though/Even though/While we are prepared to make certain concessions, we find it hard to put up with the loss.Although/Though/Even though/W

3、hile we find it hard to put up with the loss, we are prepared to make certain concessions.語義重心在主句語義重心在主句常用的并列連詞有：常用的并列連詞有：and, or, but, nor, so, yet, both and， either or, not but, not only but also, notnor, neither nor, as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, for（因（因為）為）, while（而）（而）, wherea

4、s 等。等。(見教材見教材P342-343)next限定從屬分句：限定從屬分句：從句相當于名詞、形容詞、從句相當于名詞、形容詞、副詞。副詞。1）從句當名詞用）從句當名詞用名名詞性從句，可作主語，賓詞性從句，可作主語，賓語，主語補語，介詞補足語，主語補語，介詞補足成分和同位語。成分和同位語。I just cant understand why Lady Gaga is so popular.2) 從句當形容詞用，做定語從句當形容詞用，做定語形容詞性形容詞性分句，即關(guān)系分句，定語從句分句，即關(guān)系分句，定語從句 It is the pig (which/that) Tina raises.next3

5、)從句當副詞用，做狀語從句當副詞用，做狀語副詞性分句，副詞性分句，即狀語從句即狀語從句When she was still a baby, she liked taking photos.nextnext1. Youll find it where it was.2. Tell me the place where he lives . 3. I dont know where he came from . 4. Where he has gone is not known yet . 5. This is where they once lived . (地點狀語從句地點狀語從句)(定語從句

6、定語從句)(賓語從句賓語從句)(主語從句主語從句)(表語從句表語從句)next從屬連詞，連接代詞，連接副詞，從屬連詞，連接代詞，連接副詞，關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞，關(guān)系副詞1.從屬連詞從屬連詞:用來引導(dǎo)狀語從句和名詞性從句用來引導(dǎo)狀語從句和名詞性從句(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的只有引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的只有that, whether，在，在句中不作成分）。句中不作成分）。2.連接代詞、連接副詞：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句連接代詞、連接副詞：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句3.關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句This is the book which I like most.I have no idea

7、which wine is best.I have no idea what wine is best. I dont know which wine is best. I believe that he will succeed. He is not the person _ he used to be.He is not _ he used to be. next范圍小，同位語從句范圍小，同位語從句范圍大，同位語從句范圍大，同位語從句賓語從句賓語從句that不充當成分，無意義不充當成分，無意義thatwhat在定語從句中在定語從句中在名詞性從句中在名詞性從句中which賓語、主語賓語、主語

8、定語（范圍?。┒ㄕZ（范圍小）what不用不用what定語（范圍大）定語（范圍大）主語、賓語、表語主語、賓語、表語 that 主語、賓語、表語主語、賓語、表語 不充當成分，無意義不充當成分，無意義 1：In some countries, is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. (CET-4, 1995年年6月月) A) which B) one C) that D) what2： is the center of our planetary system was a difficult con

9、cept to grasp in the Middle Ages.(CET-6，1993年年6月月) A) It is the sun and not the earth B) Being the sun and not the earth C) The sun and not the earth D) That the sun and not the earthnext主語從句主語從句DD1：The reason why he hasnt come is _. A) because his mother is ill B ) because of his mothers being ill

10、C ) that his mother is ill D ) for his mother is ill next表語從句表語從句C 1：The mere fact most people believe nuclear wars would be madness doesnt mean that it will not occur.(CET-4，1997年年6月月) A) what B) which C) that D) whynext同位語從句同位語從句C1：By success I dont mean usually thought of when that word is used.(

11、CET-4，1996年年6月月) A) what is B) that we C) as you D) all is2：This book will show the readers can be used in other contexts.(CET-6，1996年年1月月) A) how that they have observed B) that how they have observed C) how what they have observed D) that they have observednext賓語從句賓語從句AC1：Scientists say it may be

12、five or ten years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (CET-4，1995年年6月月) A) since B) when C) after D) before2：I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, something occurred which attracted my attention.(CET-4，1996年年1月月) A) unless B) until C) when D) while3：Stormy applause

13、 broke forth she appeared on the stage. A) the moment B) a moment C) at the moment D) in a momentnext狀語從句狀語從句DCAthe moment, the minute, the instant, the secondimmediately, instantly, directlyImmediately you begin to talk, he gives you his full attention.由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:1：It wasnt such a goo

14、d dinner she had promised us.(CET-4，1990年年1月月) A) that B) which C) as D) what2：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, is often the case in other countries.(CET-4，1998年年6月月) A) as B) what C) so D) thatnext定語從句定語從句CA由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:3: There is

15、no rule has exceptions. A) which B) that C) but D) unlessnext定語從句定語從句C比較下列句子中的比較下列句子中的but用法是否相同。用法是否相同。1. There was no one but knows that.2. There are very few but admire his talents.3. No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.4. Nothing is so hard but it becomes easy by practice.1、2句中的句中的th

16、at是關(guān)系代詞，相當于是關(guān)系代詞，相當于that not 或或whonot；3、4句中的是連詞，相當于句中的是連詞，相當于but that由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句:1：You are just the same as you were the day I first met you.(考研考研,1982年年) A) that B) which C) when D) how2：Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place .(CET-4，1999年年6月月) A) where Id like to visit B) I most

17、 want to visit C) in which Id like to visit D) what I want to visit mostnext定語從句定語從句CB限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句比較限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句比較 限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞之間一限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞之間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句（教材系副詞來引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語從句（教材P. 380）僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修

18、飾整個主句，不可用行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。 My daughter, who studies in the U.S., rang me yesterday.My daughter who studies in the U.S. rang me yesterday.（一）在定語從句中只用（一）在定語從句中只用 that 的情況的情況 1 先行詞為不定代詞先行詞為不定代詞all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等時等時 Is there anything that I can do

19、for you? 2 先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或all， any，much，few，some , little, no , every， the only , the very等修飾時等修飾時All the people that are present burst into tears. 3 先行詞為既指人又指物的兩個或兩個以上的名先行詞為既指人又指物的兩個或兩個以上的名詞時詞時The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. nextWhich與與that在定語從句中的區(qū)在定語從句中的

20、區(qū)別別4 關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做表語時關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做表語時 He is not the man that he was ten years ago.5 主句是以主句是以who 或或 which 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時 Who is the man that is standing there?(二二) 不用不用 that的情況的情況 1 在非限制性定語從句中在非限制性定語從句中 2 在介詞之后在介詞之后 nextWhich與與that在定語從句中的區(qū)在定語從句中的區(qū)別別1 _ you dont like him is none of my business.

21、A What B Who C That D /2_is a pity that you missed his speech. A That B This C What D It 3_was known to us all that Tom had broken his promise _he would give them a rise. A As, which B What，that C It ，that D It，whichnextCCD4Nobody believed his reason for being late _ his car broken down on the way.

22、A that B why C which D because5_ all the invention have in common is _ they have succeeded. A What what B That that C What that D That what6 She is no longer the person _she used to be. A that B which C what D who nextACAnext長難句分長難句分析析1This trend began during the Second World War, when several gover

23、nments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當時一些國家的政府下了結(jié)論，認為：政府向科研機構(gòu)國家的政府下了結(jié)論，認為：政府向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。 next長難句分析長難句分析2. What we

24、 should like to know is whether life originated as the result of some amazing accident or succession of coincidences, or whether it is the normal event for inanimate matter to produce life in due course, when the physical environment is suitable.我們想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某個驚人的我們想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某個驚人的事件，或是一系列的巧合呢事件

25、，或是一系列的巧合呢?還是當自然環(huán)境還是當自然環(huán)境適合，無生命的物質(zhì)經(jīng)過相當一段時間就自然適合，無生命的物質(zhì)經(jīng)過相當一段時間就自然而然地產(chǎn)生了生命呢而然地產(chǎn)生了生命呢?next長難句分析長難句分析3. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary-the dangers of drug interactions, for example-and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the ma

26、nufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 雖然警示語通常是合理和必要的，如有關(guān)藥物雖然警示語通常是合理和必要的，如有關(guān)藥物產(chǎn)生相互作用從而產(chǎn)生危險的警示語，而且許產(chǎn)生相互作用從而產(chǎn)生危險的警示語，而且許多警示語是州和聯(lián)邦法律要求的。但是，如果多警示語是州和聯(lián)邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費者受到傷害，這些警示語能否使產(chǎn)銷商免消費者受到傷害，這些警示語能否使產(chǎn)銷商免于責(zé)任還很難說。于責(zé)任還很難說。 next長難句分析長難句分析4Declaring that he was opposed to using this

27、 unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recom

28、mendations for a national policy on human cloning. 他宣稱他反對利用這種不同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術(shù)去克隆人，他宣稱他反對利用這種不同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術(shù)去克隆人，并下令禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金做這種實驗，并下令禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金做這種實驗，-盡管還沒有盡管還沒有人提出要這樣做人提出要這樣做-他建議成立一個由普林斯頓大學(xué)校他建議成立一個由普林斯頓大學(xué)校長哈法羅夏皮羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的獨立專家小組，在長哈法羅夏皮羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的獨立專家小組，在90天內(nèi)就克天內(nèi)就克隆人的國家政策問題提出建議并向白宮匯報。隆人的國家政策問題提出建議并向白宮匯報。next長難句分析長難句分析5. One ar

29、gument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall. 一種觀點認為工作時間將會持續(xù)下降。該觀一種觀點認為工作時間將會持續(xù)下降。該觀點用于支持以下看法，即就業(yè)將繼續(xù)是主要點用于支持以下看法，即就業(yè)將繼續(xù)是主要的工作方式；就業(yè)機會將

30、最終提供給所有想的工作方式；就業(yè)機會將最終提供給所有想就業(yè)的人。就業(yè)的人。next長難句分析長難句分析6Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that

31、 is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 盡管最高法院認為，憲法并沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人盡管最高法院認為，憲法并沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人安樂死的權(quán)利，但是實踐中最高法院支持安樂死的權(quán)利，但是實踐中最高法院支持“雙重效雙重效果果”的醫(yī)療原則。這個幾個世紀以來的醫(yī)療道德原的醫(yī)療原則。這個幾個世紀以來的醫(yī)療道德原則認為，如果一種行為具有雙重效果則認為，如果一種行為具有雙重效果-既有醫(yī)治既有醫(yī)治的良好效果又有可以預(yù)見的有害效果的良好效果又有

32、可以預(yù)見的有害效果-為了達成為了達成良好效果，應(yīng)當允許這一行為實施。良好效果，應(yīng)當允許這一行為實施。 next3題題1. whoever/whomever They always give the vacant seats to _ comes first. Give it to _ you like. 2. who/whoever _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the light. _ will give us a talk is unknown to us all.3. whoever/no matter who _ told you that was lying. Come out of there, _ you are. 連接代詞、連接副詞：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句連接代詞、連接副詞：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句.whoever whomever /whoeverWhoever WhoWhoever whoever /no matter whonext8題題1.We are trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. A. which B. that C. where D. whe