3外文翻譯 英文文獻(xiàn) 生態(tài)旅游對環(huán)境的影響

1、生態(tài)旅游對環(huán)境的影響（節(jié)選）原文來源：environment impacts of ecotourism;edited by ralf buckley international centre for ecotourism research,griffith university,australia caib publishing;oct,2008生態(tài)旅游由于其實(shí)際或潛在的積極影響受到社會和保護(hù)區(qū)以及公司和消費(fèi)者廣泛吹捧。例如，在討論進(jìn)入保護(hù)區(qū)方面，旅游說客和生態(tài)旅游經(jīng)營者宣稱他們不僅將會采取措施師環(huán)境影響減到最小,而且生態(tài)旅游還會產(chǎn)生利益。然而,保護(hù)區(qū)也為旅游業(yè)提供了非常重要的好處。每年被人

2、類消耗或污染的自然資源有很多。人類生存需要飲用水，可呼吸的空氣和可用的生物多樣性。自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是每個這些領(lǐng)域的主要的蓄水池。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)由于人類活動已被不同程度地廣泛地修改了。近原始的荒野地區(qū)和其他小改造的地區(qū)的環(huán)境正在不斷減少，像城市中心，垃圾堆放場，礦場和單一種植區(qū)幾乎完全修改的環(huán)境在繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。有很多沒有完全修改而又很重要的地方，如農(nóng)村住宅，布羅德?？四羺^(qū)和被采伐的原始森林在最少修改的地區(qū)也繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。為制止和扭轉(zhuǎn)這些趨勢，只在人類的社會結(jié)構(gòu)和人類行為發(fā)生大規(guī)模和深遠(yuǎn)的變化時才能成為可能。然而，如果在短期內(nèi)沒有這種變化，規(guī)模更大的混亂將逼近人類。 關(guān)于可持續(xù)能力和關(guān)乎人類生存的任何長期策略唯一最

3、重要的組分，能夠使世界各種各樣的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的代表性區(qū)域保持在一個合理的原封不動的和功能的狀態(tài)。當(dāng)然，這是保護(hù)區(qū)全局系統(tǒng)的主要目標(biāo)，包括世界遺產(chǎn)地區(qū)、生物圈儲備、國家公園和其他保護(hù)區(qū)域。 然而，這些公園還不能獨(dú)自地防止生物多樣性持續(xù)損失：首先，因?yàn)樗麄兪翘『筒怀浞值卮硇缘?；第二，因?yàn)樗麄儾怀浞值乇槐Ｗo(hù)。目前，有公開和私有土地其他地區(qū)在被保護(hù)區(qū)系統(tǒng)之外的，它們對保護(hù)生物多樣性和空氣和水的質(zhì)量有很大貢獻(xiàn)。它們包括：像極地，高山，沙漠和海洋生態(tài)系一樣很少人的地方；那些為木材和家畜產(chǎn)品使用的但其中很少使用牧場保留其原有的性質(zhì)功能和生物多樣性的森林地和牧場；人類的生活方式?jīng)]有介入對自然環(huán)境的密集的修改的

4、部族和社區(qū)土地。然后，隨著人口和資源消耗量的繼續(xù)增長，所有這些未保護(hù)的區(qū)域卻受到越來越多的開發(fā)和修改，例如采伐，農(nóng)業(yè)清除和類似的沖擊加速。特別是，其中一些區(qū)域涉及保護(hù)和儲備，而且逐漸增長的人口壓力正在導(dǎo)致土地清除和移民直到儲備界限，有時會在保護(hù)的過程中出現(xiàn)侵犯。在被保護(hù)區(qū)界限不是明確界定或沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)的地區(qū)，這樣侵犯也許一般包括偷獵，非法收獲，小規(guī)模移民和時而的軍事演習(xí)。然而，甚而在國家公園界限已建立和強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的區(qū)域，侵犯可能仍然發(fā)生。有時，相關(guān)的立法也許允許發(fā)展某些類在公園界限之外的可能在保護(hù)區(qū)的周長附近增加雜草、病原生物、野生動物、水污染和火來源的壓力，并且這些能不再人類進(jìn)一步的干涉下在保護(hù)區(qū)

5、里得到傳播。因此，代表性的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)不僅能夠通過增加保護(hù)區(qū)財產(chǎn)，改進(jìn)現(xiàn)存儲備的有效保護(hù)率，而且通過減少對儲備區(qū)以外土地的修改得到改進(jìn)，以便改進(jìn)它的保護(hù)價值。用純粹財政術(shù)語來說，以現(xiàn)在的市場價購買高保護(hù)價值所有剩余的區(qū)域，在更加富有的政府和公司看來是在世界范圍內(nèi)的，并且宣稱他們作為保護(hù)區(qū)。然而，由于許多政治原因，這是不太可能發(fā)生得。許多保護(hù)區(qū)管理代辦處沒有足夠的金錢來管理他們現(xiàn)有的財產(chǎn)，更不用說發(fā)展它。全世界國家公園和相似的儲備總面積繼續(xù)慢慢地增長，并且在最近幾年里給保護(hù)區(qū)的管理代辦處的一些資助增加顯著。然而，在全球范圍內(nèi)，公共的保護(hù)區(qū)越來越資金短缺。同時，他們不斷地受到人類的壓力，這種壓力

6、同時來自于從在它們的邊界之外的壓力和游客的人數(shù)和期望增長的壓力。結(jié)果，只有最大和最遠(yuǎn)的保護(hù)區(qū)能夠獨(dú)自地生存。大多需要持續(xù)的管理行動來控制持續(xù)的威脅；而這些管理行動要求活動資金。 注意，然而這筆資助的一個重大組成部分是要求管理游客，多數(shù)公園代辦處不可能為基本的保護(hù)管理，包括火災(zāi)控制、野生動物和雜草而通過關(guān)門和趕走游客來解決資助赤字。大多數(shù)公園都沒有門：如果沒有管理者來阻止他們，人們將能夠繼續(xù)地合法或非法地進(jìn)入和利用保護(hù)區(qū)。 另外，除了在非常異常的情況下，少量公園代辦處有一個對公眾完全地關(guān)閉公園的法律命令；雖然他們通常有權(quán)力強(qiáng)加各種各樣的具體制約。即使像限制數(shù)目或取締特殊歷史用途，例如騎馬術(shù)或雪上

7、電車的法律命令存在，公園代辦處在實(shí)踐上強(qiáng)加這樣制約是很困難的，除非他們首先召集從支持保護(hù)和低影響休閑的人群的強(qiáng)大政治支持。另外，雖然支持公園和他們的管理代辦處的法律和財政系統(tǒng)可能產(chǎn)生短期的政治反對，但是法律和預(yù)算是人類自己的社會結(jié)構(gòu)并且需要持續(xù)的政治支持才能在較長時期內(nèi)生存。 因此公園代辦處需要贍養(yǎng)的政治顧客他們面對的壓力越大，需要獲得的支持就越多。 這樣政治支持可能來自四個方面，即那些為存在價值，環(huán)境保護(hù)盒全球性生態(tài)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人；那些為了像飲用水供應(yīng)的地方生態(tài)系服務(wù)而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人；那些為了個人的消遣機(jī)會而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人；還有那些為了商業(yè)機(jī)會，例如旅游業(yè)而支持保護(hù)區(qū)的人。第一二這

8、些小組有對特定的保護(hù)區(qū)具有很少或沒有消極沖擊。然而，前者提供了相當(dāng)廣泛和廣義支持，卻很少涉及偏遠(yuǎn)選民或?qū)嶋H操作者。 environmentai impacts of ecotourism ecotourism is widely touted for its positive impacts, actual or potential, for communities and conservation as well as for companies and consumers. in arguing for access to protected areas, for example, tou

9、rism lobbyists and ecotourism operators commonly argue not only that they will take steps to minimize their environmental impacts, but that ecotourism also generates benefits. however, protected areas also provide very significant benefits for the tourism industry. every year more of the planets nat

10、ural resources are consumed or contaminated by its human population. human survival needs drinkable water, breathable air and usable biological diversity. natural ecosystems are the worlds primary reservoirs for each of these. ecosystems worldwide have been modified by human activities to various de

11、grees. areas of near-pristine wilderness and other little-modified environments are continually reduced. areas of nearly completely modified environments, such as city centres, garbage dumps, mines and monocultures, continue to expand. the much larger areas with significant but not total modificatio

12、n, such as rural residential, broadacre pastoral and logged native forests are also continuing to expand, and to encroach on the least-modified areas. to arrest and reverse these trends will only be possible with large-scale and far-reaching changes in human social structures and human behaviour. ho

13、wever,without such changes in the short term,far larger disruptions will be forced upon us. the single most critical component of any long-term strategy for sustainability, and indeed human survival, it hence to maintain representative areas of the worlds various ecosystems in a reasonably intact an

14、d functional state. this, of course, is the principal aim of the global system of protected areas, including world heritage areas, biosphere reserves, national parks and other conservation areas. however, on their own, parks are not enough to prevent continued loss of biological diversity: first, be

15、cause they are too small and not fully representative; and, secondly, because they are not fully protected. currently, there are other areas of public and private lands outside the protected area system, which contribute significantly to conservation of biodiversity and air and water quality. there

16、include:polar, high montane, desert and marine ecosystems where there are few people; forests,woodlands and rangelands which are used for timber and livestock production but which none the less retain much of their original character function and biological diversity; and tribal and community lands

17、where human lifestyles do not involve intensive modification to the natural environment. as human population and resource consumption continue to grow, however, all these unprotected areas are subject to increasing exploitation and modification, as logging ,agricultural clearance and similar impacts

18、 accelerate. in particular, some of these areas are contiguous with conservation reserves,and increasing population pressures are leading to land clearance and settlement right up to reserve boundaries, and sometimes encroachment within reserves themselves. in areas where protected area boundaries a

19、re not well defined or patrolled on the ground, such encroachment may commonly include poaching,illegal harvesting, small-scale settlement and sometimes military manoeuvres. however, even in areas where national park boundaries are well established and enforced, encroachments can still occur.in some

20、 cases, relevant legislation may allow certain classes of development outside park boundaries can increase the pressure of weeds, pathogens, feral animals, water pollution and fire sources around the perimeter of the the protected area, and these can the spread inside the protected area without furt

21、her human intervention. conservation of representative ecosystems can therefore be improved either by adding to the protected area estate, by improving the effectiveness of protection in existing reserves, or by reducing modification to land outside reserves so as to improve its conservation value.

22、in purely financial terms,it would be within the scope of the world economy for richer governments and corporations simply to buy all the remaining areas of high conservation value worldwide at current market prices,and declare them as protected areas.however, for many political reasons,this is very

23、 unlikely to happen.many protected area management agencies dont have enough money to manage their existing estate,let alone add to it.the total area of national parks and similar reserves worldwide has continued to grow slowly,and funding for some protected are management agencies has increased sig

24、nificantly over recent years.however,on a global scale,public protected areas are increasingly short of funds.at the same time,they are subject to increasing human pressures,both from around outside their borders,and from increasing visitor numbers and expectations.as a result,only the largest and m

25、ost remote protected areas can simply be set aside to survive on their own.most require continued management action to control ongoing conservation threats;and these management actions require operational funding. note that whereas a significant component of this funding is required for managing vis

26、itors,most parks agencies cannot solve funding shortfalls simply by closing their gates and keeping visitors out,for basic conservation management,including control of fire,feral animals and weeds.most parks dont have gates:and if there are no rangers to stop them,people will continue to enter and e

27、xploit protected areas,legally or not. in addition,few parks agencies have a legal mandate to close parks to the public completely,except in very unusual circumstances;though they generally do have the power to impose a wide variety of specific restrictions.even where the legal mandate exists, e.g.

28、to limit numbers or ban particular historical uses,such as horse-riding or snowmobiles,it can be difficult for parks agencies to impose such restrictions in practice,unless they first muster strong political support from groups who favour conservation and low-impact recreation only.in addition, although the legal and financial systems that support parks and their management agencies can survive short-ter