（推薦）中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必記知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1、中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法必記知識(shí)點(diǎn)(精挑細(xì)講完整版)來(lái)源:本站整理 發(fā)布時(shí)間:2010-05-11 字號(hào)：大中小 詞類(lèi):詞類(lèi) 英語(yǔ)名稱 意 義 例 詞名詞 The Noun (縮寫(xiě)為n) 表示人或事物的名稱 Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠詞 The Article (art) 用在名詞前幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或事物 a, an, the代詞 The Pronoun (pron) 用來(lái)代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞 They, his, him, mine, which, all形容詞 The Adjective (adj) 用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征 Long, e

2、mpty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry數(shù)詞 The Numeral (num) 表示數(shù)量或順序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second動(dòng)詞 The Verb (v) 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing副詞 The Adverb (adv) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞 Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes介詞 The Preposition (prep) 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系 From, with, at, into, b

3、ehind, between, for連詞 The Conjunction (conj) 用來(lái)連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句與句 And, or, but, so, because感嘆詞 The Interjection (interj) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear(一) 名詞：專(zhuān)有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .1.名詞 個(gè)體名詞：表示單個(gè)的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可數(shù)名詞集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物

4、的總稱。如 family, people, class, police .普通名詞物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可數(shù)名詞2.名詞的數(shù)?？蓴?shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)。3.名詞的格：名詞有三個(gè)格：主格(作主語(yǔ))、賓格(作賓語(yǔ))、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。(二)冠詞1.定冠詞-the .1 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。The students are very good.2 說(shuō)話人與聽(tīng)話人都知

5、道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?3 重復(fù)提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .4 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .5 形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .6 洋樂(lè)器的名稱前常用定冠詞-the 。I like playing the piano / violin .7 和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表某

6、一類(lèi)人。We should help the poor . 但play Erhu.8 放在某些專(zhuān)有名詞前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the Peoples Republic of China .9 放在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV .10 固定詞組中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .2.不定冠詞-a / an .1 指人或事物的某一種類(lèi)。A horse is a useful animal. A table has fo

7、ur legs.2 指某一類(lèi)人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.3 指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.4 不定冠詞還可以指“事物的單位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.3.零冠詞。1 泛指人類(lèi)或男女。Man will conquer nature .2 抽象名詞在

8、用來(lái)表示它的一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞。Knowledge begins with practice .3 有些個(gè)體名詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不加冠詞。We had better send him to hospital at once.4 在專(zhuān)有名詞前一般不用冠詞。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.5 在三餐飯、球棋類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱之前不用冠詞。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.6 在節(jié)假日、星期幾、月份、季節(jié)等名詞

9、前。September 10th is Teachers Day.7 稱呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞前不用冠詞。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.8 在語(yǔ)言名詞前，名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數(shù)詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can speak English .9 不用冠詞的慣用語(yǔ)。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。(三)形容詞1.形容詞的構(gòu)成。1 簡(jiǎn)單形容詞由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成。Good, long, green, large

10、, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .2 復(fù)合形容詞由一個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.2.形容詞的用法。1 修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。She is a beautiful girl .2 作表語(yǔ)。He is very strong.3 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Let the door open. You must keep your classro

11、om clean .4 “定冠詞+形容詞”表示一類(lèi)人或物，在句子中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。We should speak to the old politely.5 大多數(shù)形容詞既可作表語(yǔ)又可作定語(yǔ)，但少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，不能作定語(yǔ)。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。6 有些形容詞只能作定語(yǔ)而不能作表語(yǔ)。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。3.形容詞的位置。1 形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。A heavy box.2 與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語(yǔ)的后面。3 metres long. 12 kilometers away .3 與不定代詞

12、something, anything, everything, nothing 等連用時(shí)，可以放在這些詞之后。 Something important . nothing serious .4 當(dāng)名詞前有多個(gè)形容詞修飾時(shí)，一般按下面的詞序排列： 冠詞(包括物主代詞、序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞)-描述形容詞(brave, beautiful)-表示形狀(大小、長(zhǎng)短、高矮)的形容詞-表示年齡或新舊的形容詞-表示顏色的形容詞-表示國(guó)籍、出處或來(lái)源的形容詞-表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞-表示用途或類(lèi)別的形容詞-被修飾的詞。My nice small brown leather bag . those large ro

13、und black wooden tables .4.形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。(一般加 er / est ，不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表)1 原級(jí)的用法：“和相同”A. 肯定句：A + 動(dòng)詞 + as + 形容詞原級(jí) + as + B . He is as tall as me .B. 否定句：A + not as +形容詞原級(jí) + as + B (即A 不如 B 那么)A + not so +形容詞原級(jí) + as + B = A+ less + 形容詞原級(jí)+than + B .2 比較級(jí)的用法：A. A + 動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞的比較級(jí) + than + B . (A 比B 更 ，在這種句型中，比較級(jí)前面可用 m

14、uch, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修飾，表示“得多”，“甚至”，“更”，“一點(diǎn)兒”。B. “比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)”、 “more and more + 部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)的原級(jí)” 譯為“越來(lái)越”。3 最高級(jí)的用法：(個(gè)體用-of ，范圍用-in，最高級(jí)前面要用定冠詞-the)A. 三種最高級(jí)表示法。最高級(jí)：Shanghai is the largest city in China .比較級(jí)：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is

15、 larger than the other cities in China .原級(jí)： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .(四) 副詞1.副詞的種類(lèi)：1 時(shí)間副詞：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now 2 地點(diǎn)副詞：here, there, above, below,

16、outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere 3 方式副詞：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully 4 程度副詞：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 5 疑問(wèn)副詞：how, when, where, why 6 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why (引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)7 連接副詞：how, when, where, why, whether 8 頻率副詞：often, seldom

17、, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly 9 其他副詞：really, certainly, surely, maybe 2.副詞的用法：1 作狀語(yǔ) ： He can finish the work easily .2 作定語(yǔ)(要后置) ： The students here are from Harbin .3 作表語(yǔ) ： I must be off now .4 作賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .3.副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。

18、(一般加 er / est ,不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表)1 副詞的原級(jí)：A. as + 副詞的原級(jí) + as “與一樣”B. not as(so) + 副詞的原級(jí) + as “與不一樣”C. too + 副詞的原級(jí) + to do sth . “太而不能”D. so + 副詞的原級(jí) + that 從句 “如此以致于”E. 副詞的原級(jí) + enough to do sth . “足夠能做”2 副詞的比較級(jí)：A.A + 動(dòng)詞 + 副詞比較級(jí) + than + BB.副詞比較級(jí)前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修飾。C.比較級(jí) +

19、 and + 比較級(jí)，表示“越來(lái)越”，the more the more 表示“越就越”D.副詞的最高級(jí)前通常不加定冠詞 the .(五)數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞：1-12 13-19 20-90 100-1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand5 five 17 sevent

20、een 40 forty 1,000,000 a million6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty8 eight 70 seventy9 nine 80 eighty10 ten 90 ninety11 eleven12 twelve2.序數(shù)詞：1-10 11-19 20-90 100-1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 1

21、2th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 si

22、xth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90t

23、h1作主語(yǔ)：The first is better than the second .2 作賓語(yǔ)：He was among the first to arrive .3 作表語(yǔ)：He is the first to come to school .4 作定語(yǔ)：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .(六)代詞類(lèi) 別 作 用 例 詞 例 句人稱代詞 代替人或事物，主格作主語(yǔ)，賓客作賓語(yǔ) 數(shù)格 人稱 單 數(shù) 復(fù) 數(shù) I am a teac

24、her .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book to me .一 二 三 一 二 三主 格 I you he She it we you they賓 格 me you him Her it us you them物主代詞 形容詞性只作定語(yǔ)，名詞性可以作主、賓、表語(yǔ)等，表示所屬關(guān)系 詞義類(lèi)型 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我們的 你們的 他們的 My book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is broken .形容詞性 my your his

25、her its our your their名詞詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代詞 起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，只作同位語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ) 數(shù) 人稱 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 We ourselves did the work.He did the work by himself.單 數(shù) myself yourself himself herself itself復(fù) 數(shù) ourselves yourselves themselves相互代詞 表示相互關(guān)系，作賓語(yǔ) 賓 格 所 有 格 We should help each other.Please cor

26、rect each others mistakes .each other(兩者相互) each others(相互的)one another(三者或三者以上) one anothers(相互的)指示代詞 起指示作用，作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.My point is this .不定代詞 代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)量及不定范圍的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, e

27、ither, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.Neither answer is right.疑問(wèn)代詞 表示疑問(wèn)，構(gòu)成特殊問(wèn)句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.連接代詞 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位

28、語(yǔ)從句) what, who, that I know what you are doing .ats what I hope .(七)動(dòng)詞類(lèi) 別 意 義 例 子 例 句行為動(dòng)詞 含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。 及物動(dòng)詞 后面一定接賓語(yǔ) Open, visit, hear He visited Gaozhou yesterday.不及物動(dòng)詞 后面可以不接賓語(yǔ) Laugh, cry, live He lives in Beijing .連系動(dòng)詞(link v) 本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。 Be, become, grow, get, tur

29、n, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat smells bad .He is a student .助動(dòng)詞(v.aux.) 本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)或其他語(yǔ)法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would He doesnt speak English .We are playing football .He had gone to Beijing .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verb

30、s) 本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。 Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to She can speak English .May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now .注：動(dòng)詞(除情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只有原形和過(guò)去式)有原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、動(dòng)詞-ing、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞五種形式。(八)介詞1.介詞的種類(lèi)：1 簡(jiǎn)單介詞：in, at, of, from, since, around, to 2

31、合成介詞：onto, into, without, upon, within 3 短語(yǔ)介詞：because of, in front of, according to 4 分詞介詞：regarding, following, concerning 2.介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中的作用：1 作定語(yǔ)。I know the answer to the question .2 作狀語(yǔ)。The children are playing basketball in the playground .3 作表語(yǔ)。Mike is in the classroom .4 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He found himself in

32、 the middle of the river .5 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Tom was seen inside the cinema .3.常用介詞的基本用法：1 表示時(shí)間的介詞(at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within )2 表示位置，方位的介詞(in, at, on, to )3 表示交通方式的常用介詞(by, on, in )4 其他一些詞組搭配介詞(be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth )(九)連詞1.并

33、列連詞：1 表聯(lián)合關(guān)系連詞。(and, or, but, for, not onlybut also, as well as, bothand, neithernor .)2 轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。(but, while, yet, however .)3 選擇連詞。(or, or else, eitheror, otherwise .)2.從屬連詞：1 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的連用，主要有三個(gè)：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .2 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞：A. 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when, before, after, while

34、, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since B. 連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：although, though, even if, however C. 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句：as, because, since, now that, for D. 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that, so that, in order that E. 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if, unless, once, in case F. 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：sothat, suchthat G. 連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as, as if, as though H. 連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：w

35、here .I. 連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as, asas, not as/so as, than (十)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1.定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語(yǔ)以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？煞譃槿N：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。2.動(dòng)詞不定式：to + 動(dòng)詞原形(在某些情況下可以不帶to )。(沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化)1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to do , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)2 進(jìn)行式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be doi

36、ng , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：無(wú) (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)3 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前就發(fā)生)4 用法：A. 作主語(yǔ)：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = Its not easy to learn a foreign language .B. 作表語(yǔ)：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .C. 作賓語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)詞+to do . He decided

37、 to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford )b. 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+to do I dont know where to put the bike .c. 動(dòng)詞+形式賓語(yǔ)(it)+賓補(bǔ)+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .D. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell

38、, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage)b. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let)E. 作狀語(yǔ)：a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示結(jié)果：He is too tired to walk any farther

39、. They arent old enough to go to school .c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .F.作定語(yǔ)： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .5 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略：A. 在感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定式to。I often saw him go out of the room

40、 .- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。6 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有時(shí)也可以用-never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。3.動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)詞原形+ing 。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)2 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示

41、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I dont remember having ever seen the film .3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .4 用法：A. 作主語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)如果太長(zhǎng)，可以用形式主語(yǔ)it代替。Learning English is very important .- Its very important to learn English .b. No + 動(dòng)名詞表示“

42、禁止”。No smoking, No parking .B. 作賓語(yǔ)：He finished doing his homework .C. 作表語(yǔ)：His favourite sport is playing basketball .D. 作定語(yǔ)：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名詞的用途、功能等)E. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fangs opening the window ?4.分詞：動(dòng)詞原形+ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞一些特征。(可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞)現(xiàn)在分詞1 一

43、般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)2 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生)3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldnt explain the sentence .4 用法：A. 作表語(yǔ)。The result is surprising .B. 作定語(yǔ)。Developing countr

44、y (主謂關(guān)系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動(dòng)作)C. 作狀語(yǔ)。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .D. 作賓補(bǔ)。I found him lying on the grass.過(guò)去分詞1 形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞+ed，和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。2 過(guò)去分詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。3 用法：A. 作表語(yǔ)：My bike is broken . He is very

45、 worried .B. 作定語(yǔ)：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .C. 作狀語(yǔ)：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .D. 作賓補(bǔ)：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .(十一)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 語(yǔ)態(tài)定義：英語(yǔ)中表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式稱為語(yǔ)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)的

46、語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動(dòng)) English is taught in our school .(被動(dòng))2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：助動(dòng)詞Be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(be +p.p.)，be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。見(jiàn)下表：時(shí) 態(tài) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式 例 子一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) Am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 Colour TVs are made in the factory .一般過(guò)去時(shí) Was / were +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 My hometown was liber

47、ated in 1949 .一般將來(lái)時(shí) Shall / will + be +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The film will be shown again .現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Am / is / are + being +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The walls are being painted .過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) Was / were +being動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The tickets were being well sold then .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) Has / have + been + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 A new road has been built here .時(shí) 態(tài) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式 例 子過(guò)去完成時(shí) Had

48、+ been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 Much had been done before mother came back .含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 The composition must be handed in today .3. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中值得注意的問(wèn)題：1 帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，可以把任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變被動(dòng)，一般在間接賓語(yǔ)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .2 英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)

49、語(yǔ)態(tài)。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .3 在英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)“be + V-ed”結(jié)構(gòu)并不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。The mountains were covered with snow .4 在“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，要補(bǔ)留賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We found the door broken. / The door

50、 was found broken.5 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為省to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .6 如果短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .7 下列情況不能

51、用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：A. 不及物動(dòng)詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .B. 連系動(dòng)詞： The girl looks like her sister .C. 賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .D. 賓語(yǔ)為相互代詞：The students often help each other .E. 同源賓語(yǔ)：At that time, they lived a happy life .F. 表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yua

52、n .(十二)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài) 表示內(nèi)容 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 動(dòng)詞原形(包括第三人稱單數(shù)形式+s / es) often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon )等 He is often late for school.She usually goes to work on foot.一般將來(lái)時(shí) 將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形am / is / are going to + 動(dòng)詞原形am / is / are t

53、o + 動(dòng)詞原形am / is / are about to + 動(dòng)詞原形am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞-ing tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等 He will go to Shanghai next week.I am going to buy a book tomorrow.They are to see a film in a hour.She is about to mend the bike later.I am flying to Guangzhou next week.一般過(guò)

54、去時(shí) 過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式 (一般+ed , 特殊見(jiàn)課本不規(guī)則表) yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等 I finished my homework yesterday.He went to Gaozhou three days ago.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 now、Its six oclock.也可用look、listen 等詞提示 They are doing their homework now.Look! The boy is playing basketball.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 was / were + 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞 at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引導(dǎo)的從句 I was sleeping at 11 last night .They were cooking when the bell rang .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，已結(jié)束，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響;或者開(kāi)始在過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)