專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的基本特點(diǎn)

1、Environmental Engineering English for Special Purpose 環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 目的(Purpose) 提高環(huán)境工程專業(yè)學(xué)生閱讀和翻譯專業(yè)書 刊的能力； 掌握閱讀翻譯專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)資料的技巧 熟悉科技論文撰寫的基本知識(shí)，擴(kuò)大專業(yè) 詞匯量，為今后的工作學(xué)習(xí)中獲取專業(yè)信 息，掌握學(xué)科發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，參加國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交 流等奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。 內(nèi)容 （Contents） Part I The Basic Knowledge Unit 1 The Basic Character of English for Special Purpose Unit 2 The Transl

2、ation of English for Special Purpose Unit 3 Writing of Scientific and Technical Papers Part II Introduction to Environmental Engineering Part III Environmental Pollution and Control Technologies Part IV Environmental Monitoring Part V Environmental Management and Policy Part I The Basic Knowledge （基

3、礎(chǔ)知識(shí)） Unit 1 The Basic Character of English for Special Purpose （專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的基本特點(diǎn)） The Characters of Language(語(yǔ)言) The Characters of Grammar(語(yǔ)法) The Characters of Words and Expressions(詞匯) 1.1 The Characters of Language(語(yǔ)言) Accuracy (準(zhǔn)確) Brevity(簡(jiǎn)潔) Clarity(清晰) 1.2 The Characters of Grammar(語(yǔ)法) 非人稱的語(yǔ)氣和客觀的態(tài)度，

4、常使用It.結(jié)構(gòu) l Although the quantities of water used for potable reuse are limited, because it is a hotly debated subject to reuse reclaimed water that encompasses important issues related to advanced wastewater treatment, public health, and public acceptance. l 盡管適宜飲用的回用水的量有限，因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè) 熱門的爭(zhēng)議話題，它與高級(jí)廢水處理，公眾

5、健康， 公眾接受程度等重要問(wèn)題都有聯(lián)系。 較多使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) （讀者都知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或不需要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí) 行者） l Before any wastewater treatment engineering project can be designed, a investigation of water consumption and a survey at site must be made. 在設(shè)計(jì)任何廢水處理工程項(xiàng)目之前，必須先進(jìn)行用水 調(diào)查與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量。 大量使用不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞 （多數(shù)情況下是為了使句子簡(jiǎn)潔和精煉） l The total quantity of w

6、ater being increased, it is possible to reuse reclaimed water. 由于用水總量的增加，中水回用成為可能。 較多使用祈使語(yǔ)句和公式化表達(dá)方式 （在理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)中常采用Assume that., Suppose that., Let.等歧視語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)方式） l Suppose that P=0 at x=y. 假定當(dāng)x=y時(shí)P=0 條件語(yǔ)句較多 （多用于條件論述、理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)中，最常用 的是If條件句） l If substituting Eq.(1) into (7), we obtain F=xyz. 若把式（1）代入式（7

7、），則得到F=xyz. 長(zhǎng)句較多，但一般比較簡(jiǎn)潔清晰 l Unfortunately, it is universal that the polluted rivers can be found near densely populated areas all over the world, support no fish, are high in bacterial content (usually including pathogenic organisms), in extreme cases, the polluted rivers which appear muddily blue-

8、green from choking algae and stink from putrefaction an fermentation. 不幸的是，受污染的河流在世界許多人口稠密的地 方到處可見(jiàn)，水中無(wú)魚，且細(xì)菌（常為病原體） 含量很高，極端情況下，污染后的水體呈深綠色， 由于腐爛和發(fā)酵，水體發(fā)出惡臭氣味。 省略句較多 l If not well controlled, the inland water may be more deteriorate. 如果控制不善，水體還可能進(jìn)一步惡化。 常見(jiàn)的省略句型有： As already discussed(前已討論)；If possible(如果

9、可能的 話)；As described above (如前所述)；If so(倘若如此)； As explained before(前已解釋)；When (If) necessary(必 要時(shí))；As indicated in Fig.1(如圖1所示)；When needed(需要時(shí))；As previously mentioned (前已述及)； Where feasible(在實(shí)際可行的場(chǎng)合)；Where possible(在 可能的情況下)。 1.3 The Characters of Words and Expressions(詞匯) 專業(yè)詞匯（Special）和半專業(yè)詞匯（Semi-

10、special） l 專業(yè)（只一種專業(yè)意義） coagulation/flocculation (混凝/絮凝) ； activated sludge(活性污泥) l 半專業(yè)（大多數(shù)各專業(yè)通用） operation(操作、運(yùn)行、作業(yè)、效果等)； load(荷載、加載、裝入、輸入等) l 非專業(yè) study(研究、學(xué)習(xí)、讀書、書房)； characterization(表征、性能描寫) 詞性（Syntactical Functions）轉(zhuǎn)換 l 詞本身可以在句子中充當(dāng)另一種詞類； l 在譯文中被轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類。 例如： standard (n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn))standardize (v.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化) for

11、mer (adj.前面的) the former (n.前者) wide (adj.寬的) widen (v.加寬) 詞綴（Affix）和詞根（Etyma） Specialized English Affixes Commonly Used （專業(yè)英語(yǔ)常用詞綴） 縮寫（Abbreviation）、和數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào) （Mathematical Symbol）及其表達(dá)式（Expression） COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 化學(xué)需氧量 BOD (Boichemical Oxygen Demand) 生物需氧量 MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Soli

12、ds) 混合液懸浮固體 SVI (Sludge Volume Index) 污泥沉降指數(shù)I TSP (Total Suspended Particulate) 總懸浮顆粒物 Eq. (Equation) 方程（式） mL (milliliter) 毫升 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ) 世界環(huán)保組織 SCI (Science Citation Index) （美）科學(xué)引文索引 作業(yè) Water Supply and Drainage Engineering offers a

13、particular challenge because almost every process of wastewater treatment that is designed and built by engineers is unique. Be strict to the examination and approval of the new projects in Huaihe River basin, and carry out the environment influence assessment system. The projects which are not in a

14、ccord with the Tenth-Five year plan should not be approved. Once a project has been identified, the next step is a preliminary or feasibility study to consider in detail the implementation of alternatives, together with approximate costs. For example, water system study alternatives for a region might include：(1) possible service