英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文透過稱謂語的異同分析中西方文化差異

1、畢 業(yè) 論 文透過稱謂語的異同分析中西方文化差異畢 業(yè) 論 文透過稱謂語的異同分析中西方文化差異comparative study of address terms in chinese and english culturesa thesis submitted asa partial fulfillment for the degree ofb.a. in englishcollege of lirenyanshan universityjune 20th, 2011畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書 學(xué)號 學(xué)生姓名專 業(yè)班 級題目題目名稱comparative study of address terms

2、in chinese and english cultures(透過稱謂語的異同分析中西方文化差異) 題目來源 personal task主要內(nèi)容address terms are the first level and the most basic content of verbal communication. due to the different cultures, histories and social systems, habits of chinese and english address terms are different. it is helpful to comm

3、unicate for language learners by understanding these differences. in this paper, address terms are divided into the name address, kinship terms, social address and reference terms. chinese address terms system is complex and detailed, and includes hundreds of address terms. while english address ter

4、ms system is relatively simple, general, fuzzy and with a high degree of generality. the differences in patriarchal concept, ideas, values, economic ideology result in the differences between chinese and english address terms system. english learners can use address terms properly by comparing and c

5、lassifying chinese and english address terms and discussing cultural factors which lead to the differences. a comprehensive command of address terms can help to understand the differences between chinese and british culture, so that language learners could overcome communication difficulties resulti

6、ng from the cultural differences. it can also better promote economic and political exchanges between chinese and western, and encourage the cooperation and development with other nations, and thereby promote the smooth progress of cross-cultural communication.基本要求 language of academic discourse; ex

7、pressions, spelling , grammar, citation details, references are correct; be logical and clear in organization and presentation; be original .參考資料brown, roger & ford, marguerite. 1961. address in american english. journal of abnormal and social psychology. 62 (2), pp. 375-385.clyne, michael. 2009. ad

8、dress in international communication across languages. intercultural pragmatics. 6 (3), pp. 395-409.keshavarz, m. h. 2001. the role of social context, intimacy, and distance in the choice of forms of address. int l. j. soc. lang. 148, pp. 5-18.scott, j. c. 1998. understanding british forms of addres

9、s. business communication. 61 (3), pp. 50-61丁怡，1998，中英稱謂語比較【j】，廣州師范學(xué)院，第20卷，第3期，第77-79頁。董巖，舒奇志，2005， 英漢稱謂語的文化隱喻【j】，湘潭師范學(xué)院學(xué)報（社會科學(xué)版），第27卷，第2期，第128-132頁。董永華，2009，英漢社交稱謂語的主要形式及其選用原則【j】，內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報（社會科學(xué)版），第11卷，第3期，第212-214頁。顧平，2006，中西方傳統(tǒng)倫理觀念的差異對英漢稱謂語的影響【j】，南京大學(xué)學(xué)報（人文社會科學(xué)版），第6卷，第1期，第48-51頁。周 次14周58周912周1316周1

10、718周應(yīng)完成的內(nèi)容系級教學(xué)單位審批： 年 月 日摘 要 稱謂是言語交際的第一關(guān), 是言語交際策略中最基本的內(nèi)容。由于文化、歷史、社會體制的不同, 中文和英語的稱謂習(xí)慣也有所不同, 了解這些差異將有助于語言學(xué)習(xí)者更好地達(dá)到交際的目的。 本文將中英稱謂語分為姓名稱謂、親屬稱謂、社交稱謂和指代稱謂,漢語稱謂系統(tǒng)的劃分比較復(fù)雜、詳細(xì),涵蓋了幾百種稱謂語,而英語稱謂系統(tǒng)卻相對簡單、籠統(tǒng)、模糊,具有高度的概括性。在宗法觀念、思想觀念、價值取向、經(jīng)濟(jì)意識形態(tài)等方面的差異都很大,導(dǎo)致了漢英稱謂系統(tǒng)的差異。 通過對中英稱謂語分類比較,探討造成這些差異的文化因素,以便英語學(xué)習(xí)者能正確地使用稱謂語。全面掌握中英稱

11、謂語的不同有助于了解中英文化的差異,使語言學(xué)習(xí)者克服由于文化差異而導(dǎo)致的語言交際障礙,以便更好地推動中西經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治的交流,促進(jìn)各國的合作與發(fā)展,從而推動跨文化交際的順利進(jìn)行。關(guān)鍵詞：稱謂語；文化根源；跨文化交際 abstractaddress terms is the first level and the most basic content of verbal communication. due to the different cultures, histories and social systems, habits of chinese and english address te

12、rms are different. it is helpful for language learners to communicate with understanding these differences. in this paper, address terms are divided into the name address, kinship terms, social address and reference terms. chinese address terms system is complex and detailed, and includes hundreds o

13、f address terms. while english address terms system is relatively simple, general, fuzzy and with a high degree of generality. the differences in patriarchal concept, ideas, values, economic ideology result in the differences between chinese and english address terms system. english learners can use

14、 address terms properly by comparing and classifying chinese and english address terms and discussing cultural factors which lead to the differences. a comprehensive command of address terms can help to understand the differences between chinese and british culture, so that language learners can ove

15、rcome communication difficulties resulting from the cultural differences. it can also better promote economic and political exchanges between chinese and western, and encourage the cooperation and development with other nations, and thereby promote the smooth progress of cross-cultural communication

16、.keywords: address terms; cultural root; cross-cultural communicationabbreviationetc. et cetera contents摘 要iabstractiiabbreviationiiicontentsvintroduction1chapter one literature review31.1 address terms31.2 current domestic and international studies of address terms4 1.2.1 domestic research on addre

17、ss terms5 1.2.2 international research on address termschapter two comparison between chinese and english address terms72.1 comparison of name address72.2 comparison of kinship terms9 2.3 comparison of social address 2.3.1 general social address 2.3.2 professional titles 2.3.3 fictive kinship terms

18、2.4 comparison of reference terms 2.4.1 address pronouns 2.4.2 descriptive termschapter three comparison between chinese and english cultural root leading to the differences of address terms103.1 differences in family structure and lineages concept between china and western countries 3.1.1 chinese b

19、ig families with several generations together 3.1.2 western dink families3.2 different chinese and western ethical thoughts 11 3.2.1 confucianism in china 3.2.2 christianity in western countries3.3 influence of individualism and collectivism on chinese and western address terms15 3.3.1 collectivism

20、in china 3.3.2 individualism in western countriesconclusion25references26acknowledgements27introductionaddress terms reflect a persons role and status in particular relationships of the human society, and mirror the human relations in a certain socio-cultural or language-specific environment. people

21、 are social animals, everyone has corresponding relations with the people around them. address terms are the cultural symbols of interpersonal relationship, and the signals and bridges to communicate for the daily relationship. they are not only the simple phonetic symbols, but also the comprehensiv

22、e embodiment of customs of a country and a nation, traditional culture and social, political and economic relations, and imply the history of a nation and the cultural accumulation. they can help people cognize their roles in social groups, and also build, define and confirm the relationship with ot

23、hers. address terms reflect both the social attributes and values of parties in communication. this is closely related with their social, cultural and ethical values. from the usage of address terms we can see role and identity, social status, close or distant relations, depth of emotion of two part

24、s of communication. address terms are both a special part of the language and a cultural phenomenon, so to speak, each has a different level of cultural connotation and as well be dominated by human cultural practices and individual psychology. they are bound up with culture. english and chinese are

25、 different languages with different cultural origins. therefore, experienced over many years in the history of sedimentation and cultural development, both of them have formed their respective rules and customs, which, different or similar, are the refraction of the cultures and also the contact and

26、 interaction between different cultures and civilizations. chinese families are extend families which pay great attention to blood relationship. owing to large kinship networks, and by extension, social networks, coupled with the sense of hierarchy and the concept of traditional officialdom of confu

27、cianism, and also the ideology of collectivism, chinese address terms are relatively complex, detailed and highly creatable. however, there are almost dink families in western countries, relatively independent. influenced by equality ideology of christianity and individualism, english address terms

28、are simpler and more direct.in this paper, address terms are divided into four major categories: name address, kinship terms, social address and reference terms. by the classification and comparison of chinese and western address terms, it analyses the differences between the underlying chinese and

29、western cultures to promote our cross-cultural communication. chapter one literature review1.1 address termsto study address terms, we should first know what address terms are. according to contemporary chinese dictionary(2007: 170), address terms are appellations used in the mutual relations betwee

30、n relatives and other people, as well as to show statues, occupations and so on. while in longman dictionary of contemporary english (2004: 16), it refers to the correct title or name that you use for someone when you are speaking to them. in china, the word address term was used in biography of xia

31、o wu wen- empress dowager li in the book of the chin dynasty originally. although all people know it, but her title is just queen dowager. it is not enough to express the mind of his majesty and respectfully answer immortals. her name should be corrected venerably according to the past regulations (

32、biography of xiao wu wen-empress dowager li). the title or name referred in the sentence means appellation. terms of address are linguistic forms that are used in addressing others to attract their attention or for referring to them in the course of a conversation (m.h. keshavarz, 2001: 157). moreov

33、er, zhao and song (1996: 71) thought that address terms are words used to address oneself or others. while chen (2010) assumed that the social address forms, which plays the role of maintaining and strengthening personal relationship, are the recognization about the others identity, status, role and

34、 the relationship between each other. furthermore, zhu defined the system of address terms in broad and narrow sense. the former is applied to all humans and materials; and the latter is applied to especially all humans and refers to all kinds of appellations in social communication. address terms s

35、ystem in narrow sense is interpersonal system of address terms, which falls roughly into kinship terms, social addresses, names and reference terms.terms of address, as linguistic means to denote the speakers position in relation to their addressees, have been accepted as an essential part of most i

36、nteraction oriented utterances (kielkiewicz- janowiak 2000). beidelman (1963) pointed out that a change in relational roles should change the choice of address terms relational partners use. this suggests that address terms are meaningful and have functions in the building and maintaining of identit

37、y. li (2000) regarded address terms as an essential part of communication. they are directive for communicators and adsorbing for the relationship between communicators and utterances. ding (1995) added that address terms can also convey different meanings, emotions and tones through differentiating

38、 the relationship of people. however, fang considered the address terms as a start of communication and also a window of observing social ethic. confucius said, if the name is not correct, speech will not be heeded; if the speech is not heeded, nothing will come of it. (zi lu, the analects of confuc

39、iu 2009: 14) the discussed name refers to address term, incorrect use of which can hinder effective communication and cannot reach the anticipated purpose. address terms to some degree are reflection of different national culture, so they play an important role in developing intercultural communicat

40、ion (xu, 2003). xia (2004) concluded that as a special part of the language, address term, which is dominant formation, is closely related with the culture.1.2 current domestic and international studies of address termsthe chinese research of address terms has a long history. shi qin of erh ya is th

41、e earliest ancient book containing commentaries on classics, names, etc. with 3000-year history, it systematically recorded chinese ancient kinships and more than 200 kinship terms. for example, the sisters of father are aunt, while the brothers of mother are uncles. in modern times, domestic schola

42、rs researched address terms from various angles. for instance, from the perspective of social linguistics, chen (1984) studies the changes of non-relative terms between two generations in beijing, and pan and zhang (2001) made a social survey on extended usage of chinese kinship terms; from the angl

43、e of pragmatic function, zhu and ma (2003) analyzed the interpersonal function of address terms; from the cultural and ethical aspect, yang (1989) gave a discussion about address terms, and li (1990) talked about chinese traditional address terms and culture; from the side of interpretation and tcsl

44、 (teaching chinese as a second language), cui (1996) studied contemporary chinese system of address terms, and zhou (2001) touched upon teaching of chinese address terms.in western countries, the study on address terms was said originally by american anthropologist morgen, who analyzed the system of

45、 kinship and in-laws in nineteenth century. with the birth of social linguistics, linguists began to focus on address terms. brown discovered the referential usage of second person pronoun in indo-european language. lyons, fil-more and ingram tried to integrate address terms into grammatical categor

46、y. leviso and zwicky tended to regard address terms as deixis.1.2.1 domestic research on address termsaccording to address forms schema: the cognitive pattern of address form by li (2000: 10), address term not only plays the directive and absorbing roles, but is also a cognitive pattern- afs (addres

47、s form schema). it is made of the distinguished characters of the people types, and it expresses the expectations to the person who is addressed. afs comes out through three ways: character prompting, capacity prompting and semantic prompting. afs deeply controls the ways the social cognition on oth

48、ers and ourselves, so our conclusion is that, the time we address other people one title is just the time we socially recognize the others by the afs.through analysis of social cognition of address terms, wei (2010) considered that besides serving communication, address terms can also reflect the va

49、rious social psychology and value orientations. xu (2009) explored that the system of self-depreciatory address terms by politeness principle, and recognized that the purpose of using address terms is to attract addressees and maintain, relax and improve the relationships between communicators. ther

50、efore, she believed that politeness principle is the basic principle of using address terms. xia (1997) discovered that when using address terms, there are two noticeable relations- power relation and solidarity relation. liang (2009) proposed that address terms are closely connected with not only g

51、rammar, pragmatics and semantics, but rhetoric as well. he showed that intensifying the knowledge of the rhetorical function of address terms will heighten the effect if language expression.1.2.2 international research on address termsthe main objective of the present study is to investigate the imp

52、act of social context as well as intimacy and distance on the choice of forms of address in persian (m. h. keshavarz, 2001). he assumed that as social distance and degree of formality of context increase, the frequency of familiar terms of address decreases. it was also found that in informal situat

53、ions age is more significant than sex and social class in determining forms of address. in personal pronouns and forms of address in malay by karim (1995: 188), he put forward that basically there are two types of forms of address: titles and names. under the category titles are: (a) traditional tit

54、les for men and women; (b) kinship names; (c) class titles; (d) bestowed titles; (e) professional titles. under the category names are actual names of person, either in full forms or their abbreviated forms. a form of address is a socially acceptable way within the general british culture or busines

55、s subculture for identifying someone who is being addressed by written or oral means (scott, 1998: 51). he stated that in british society, the possession of letters and qualifications, including military decorations, academic degrees, and memberships in professional bodies is noteworthy, and some br

56、itish business persons may be offended if such designations are not placed after their names in written documents. for example, john smythe esq. vc mba mbim mp indicates that john smythe, who is held in high esteem as indicated by esq. for esquire, has been awarded the victoria cross, has earned an

57、mba degree, is a member of the british institute of management, and is a member of parliament. kellas (2008) inquired the step family address terms, and in the study she examined the use and meaning of stepfamily address terms in an attempt to understand how stepchildren use them and make sense of relational identities as well as potentially difficult stepfamily transitions. results of 39 in-depth interviews suggested that the variety of address terms may be grouped according to formal, familiar, and familial