優(yōu)質(zhì)Unit11P238問題和P248翻譯

1、Unit 11P238I Topics for group discussion.1. How is a professional paper defined? What s your understanding of a professional paper?A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It must conform to a specific format. It

2、differs from other non-professi onal essays in that it invo Ives the use of library sources from which facts, quotati ons, and the options of others are drawn to explain, support, or authenticates ideas in the paper. It usually concludes with a bibliography, and an alphabetical list of all sources c

3、ited.I think that the professional paper is a thorough research on the specific field. It deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the con clusi on that is draw n should be based on releva nt data, not on pers onal likes or dislikes. It does not matter who is con duct ing the ex

4、periment or investigation.2. How are papers classified? What are the similarities and differences between/among them?The four kinds of papers usually assig ned in uni versity and colleges.Similarities: professional paper, the task of the author: read on a particular topic, gather information about i

5、t and report the findings. Differences: 1) Report paper: Merely catalogs findings in a sensible sequence.2) Research paper: Draw new conclusions on the basis of obtained data .or observed facts, or to present the material in the light of a new interest.3) Course paper are written after a specific co

6、urse or at the end of a term. 4.) Thesis paper: Take a definite stand on an issue.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers(1) Formal StyleA professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on pers

7、onal likes and dislikes. It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing. The need to be formal comes from t

8、he fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomes a matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes. The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analys

9、is of the data, for example, instead of writing:I carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plantgrowth.It would be more conventional to say:An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually hig

10、h value on objectivity, meticulousness,accuracy, and restraint. It is directed to the reader msind and makes little efforts to appeal to his emotions. Its purposes are utilitarian, and it is usually intended for readers who already have, to some degree, a special interest in the subject matter or ar

11、e even experienced colleagues in the same trade. Consequently, though it places a high value on interest, it does not try to be so colorful and entertaining that it runs the risk of becoming flashy.(2) Specialized TermsThe terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Take the word “ norma

12、l a”s an example. Generally, it means “正常的” ;but in mathematics, it represents 法線”; “and in the field of chemistry, 當(dāng)量. ” Again the word“ power. ” In electronics, it is renderett力g or 電“源” ;in mechanics,動力 ”“;whereas in mathematics冪.”“Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary sl

13、ightly due to its different collocations, for example:filter 濾波器，濾色器tramp filter 干擾濾除器amplitude filter 振幅濾波器filter paper 濾紙primary filter 基色濾色器What is more, a great number of professional word and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields, e.g., decoder (譯碼器 ), photophor (磷光核), m

14、ulti-quantum transition (多量子躍遷 ), Read Only Memory ( 只讀存儲器 ) and conversation implicatures( 會話含義 ), etc. Examples like these are too numerous to mention one by one.(3) Rigid Sentence StructureAs we know, the function of professional papers is to reveal creative research achievements and exchange lat

15、est research information. The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected to meet this requirement.(4) Formatted ElementsThough there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finis

16、hed form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques,

17、 methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.4 Where can you search for different kinds of papers from varioussources?1) JournalsJournals are usually edited and published by learned societies or associations monthly, bi-monthly, or qu

18、arterly.2) ActaActa are mainly published by institutions of higher learning.3) Bulletins, Circulars or GazettesSuch bulletins are mainly edited and designated for the publication of briefs of research findings, preliminary results on some research programs, science news or notices of scientific semi

19、nars and conferences.4) Rapid CommunicationsThis kind of publication belongs to the public correspondenceand letter-form publications.5) ReviewsCommentary or summary articles are usually carried in specialized journals called Reviews.6) ProceedingsProceedings are collections of papers of the corresp

20、onding academic conferences at which these papers or commentaries are presented.7) Dissertation Abstract InternationalDissertation Abstract International(DAI) is published monthly by University Microfilms International and includes abstracts of doctoral dissertations submitted to UMI by 550 particip

21、ating institutions in North America and throughout the word.8) Comprehensive Dissertation Index(CDI)Comprehe nsive Dissertatio n In dex(CDI) provides citati ons from 1861.It in cludes intern ati onal coverage of engin eeri ng and tech no logical literature.9) On line Access to Dissertati onOn line A

22、ccess to Dissertati on describes searchi ng the Comprehe nsiveDissertati on In dex database on DIALOGP248n Translation1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the attributive clauses in English and the 的pattern in Chinese.(1) Late last century all the universities in the United Stat

23、es adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal.(1) 上個世紀(jì)末，美國所有大學(xué)已實(shí)行學(xué)分制，學(xué)生們從中受益匪淺。(2) While at a museum, one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will explain the objects on display as you move throughthe museum （2）參觀博物館時，常常可以租借一部小錄音機(jī)，以便一面參觀一面聽有關(guān)展品的錄音解說。(3) Now the in

24、tegrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.(3) 作為電腦的組合部件，集成電路現(xiàn)在已使電腦的尺寸減小了若 干倍，從而創(chuàng)造出了新一代的提攜式微電腦。(4) A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large t

25、hat hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.(4) 人們所知道的幾個星球并不比地球大多少，但絕大多數(shù)的星球 卻大得足以容納成千上萬個地球還綽綽有余， 我們到處都能遇見大得 足以包容千千萬萬個地球的巨星。(5) The increasing speed of scientif

26、ic development will be obvious if one considers that TV, space craft, and nuclear-powered ships, which are taken for granted now, would have seemedfantastic to people whose lives ended as recently as 1920.(5) 電視機(jī)、宇宙飛船和核動力艦艇對今天的人們來說不是什么新 鮮事物，但對于生活在本世紀(jì)二十年代以前的人來說， 似乎都是不可 思議的東西?？紤]到這一點(diǎn)，科學(xué)發(fā)展的速度之快也就顯而易見了。(

27、6) There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expensethan to have her guest so interested intalking politics or businesswith her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.(6) 最令女主人失望的是，她花了許多心神和費(fèi)用來招待客人，可 是這位客人只顧津津有味地與她丈夫談?wù)危?談生意，卻沒注意到香 噴噴的咖啡，松軟的糕點(diǎn)， 或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè)，而這些卻可能是她 感興趣并引以自豪的重要所在。(7) 全世界的科學(xué)家都在尋找凈化空氣、防止空氣受到各種有害工 業(yè)廢氣污染的有效方法。(7) The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for efficient methods to make the air