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啤酒桶清洗機的設(shè)計及PLC控制,啤酒,清洗,設(shè)計,PLC,控制

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感謝您瀏覽本設(shè)計資料，由于資料具有可復(fù)制性，購買之前請仔細查看預(yù)覽圖，慎重購買。購買之后不受理退款要求，謝謝合作。附錄：英譯漢LATHES & MILLINGA shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe can machine almost any type of product of suitable size.The basic machines that are designed primarily to do turning，facing and boring are called lathes. Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools，and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathe can do boring，facing，drilling，and reaming in addition to turning，their versatility permits several operations to be performed with a single setup of the workpiece. This accounts for the fact that lathes of various types are more widely used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. Lathes in various forms have existed for more than two thousand years. Modern lathes date from about 1797，when Henry Maudsley developed one with a leadscrew. It provided controlled，mechanical feed of the tool. This ingenious Englishman also developed a change gear system that could connect the motions of the spindle and leadscrew and thus enable threads to be cut. Lathe Construction. The essential components of a lathe are depicted in the block diagram of picture. These are the bed，headstock assembly，tailstock assembly，carriage assembly，quick-change gearbox，and the leadscrew and feed rod. The bed is the back bone of a lathe. It usually is made of well-normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides a heavy，rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways，inner and outer，are contained on the bed，usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways，whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets. Because several other components are mounted and/or move on the ways they must be made with precision to assure accuracy of alignment. Similarly，proper precaution should betaken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The ways on most modern lathes are surface hardened to offer greater resistance to wear and abrasion. The headstock is mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways at one end of the lathe bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the work at various speeds. It consists，essentially，of a hollow spindle，mounted in accurate bearings，and a set of transmission gearssimilar to a truck transmissionthrough which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from eight to eighteen speeds，usually in a geometric ratio，and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle，it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings，usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. A long- itudinal hole extends through the spindle so that long bar stock can be fed through it. The size of this hole is an important size dimension of a lathe because it determines the maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through the spindle. The inner end of the spindle protrudes from the gear box and contains a means for mounting various types of chucks，face plates，and dog plates on it. Whereas small lathes often employ a threaded section to which the chucks are screwed，most large lathes utilize either cam-lock or key-drive taper noses. These provide a large-diameter taper that assures the accurate alignment of the chuck，and a mechanism that permits the chuck or face plate to be locked or unlocked in position without the necessity of having to rotate these heavy attachments.Power is supplied to the spindle by means of an electric motor through a V-belt or silent-chain drive. Most modern lathes have motors of from 5 to15 horsepower to provide adequate power for carbide and ceramic tools at their high cutting speeds.The tailstock assembly consists，essentially，of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon，with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location. An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it on some type of keyed ways. This transverse motion permits aligning the tailstock and headstock spindles and provides a method of turning tapers. The third major component of the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder，usually about2 to3 inches in diameter，that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The open end of the quill hole terminates in a Morse taper in which a lathe center，or various tools such as drills，can be held. A graduated scale，several inches in length，usually is engraved on the outside of the quill to aid in controlling its motion in and out of the upper casting. A locking device permits clamping the quill in any desired position. The carriage assembly provides the means for mounting and moving cutting tools. The carriage is a relatively flat H-shaped casting that rests and moves on the outer set of ways on the bed. The transverse bar of the carriage contains ways on which the cross slide is mounted and can be moved by means of a feed screw that is controlled by a small hand wheel and a graduated dial. Through the cross slide a means is provided for moving the lathe tool in the direction normal to the axis of rotation of the work.On most lathes the tool post actually is mounted on a compound rest. This consists of abase，which is mounted on the cross slide so that it can be pivoted about a vertical axis，and an upper casting. The upper casting is mounted on ways on this base so that it can be moved back and forth and controlled by means of a short lead screw operated by a hand wheel and a calibrated dial. Manual and powered motion for the carriage，and powered motion for the cross slide，is provided by mechanisms within the apron，attached to the front of the carriage. Manual movement of the carriage along the bed is effected by turning a hand wheel on the front of the apron，which is geared to a pinion on the back side. This pinion engages a rack that is attached beneath the upper front edge of the bed in an inverted position.To impart powered movement to the carriage and cross slide，a rotating feed rod is provided. The feed rod，which contains a keyway through out most of its length，passes through the two reversing bevel pinions and is keyed to them . Either pinion cam be brought into mesh with a mating bevel gear by means of the reversing lever on the front of the apron and thus provide “forward” or “reverse” power to the carriage. Suitable clutches connect either the rack pinion or the cross-slide screw to provide longitudinal motion of the carriage or transverse motion of cross slide.For cutting threads，a second means of longitudinal drive is provided by a lead screw. Whereas motion of the carriage when driven by the feed-rod mechanism takes place through a friction clutch in which slippage is possible，motion through the lead screw is by a direct，mechanical connection between the apron and the lead screw. This is achieved by a split nut. By means of a clamping lever on the front of the apron，the split nut can be closed around the lead screw. With the split nut closed，the carriage is moved along the lead screw by direct drive without possibility of slippage.Modern lathes have a quick-change gear box. The input end of this gearbox is driven from the lathe spindle by means of suitable gearing. The out put end of the gear box is connected to the feed rod and lead screw. Thus，through this gear train，leading from the spindle to the quick-change gearbox，thence to the lead screw and feed rod，and then to the carriage，the cutting tool can be made to move a specific distance，either longitudinally or transversely，for each revolution of the spindle. A typical lathe provides，through the feed rod，forty-eight feeds ranging from 0.002 inch to0.118 inch per revolution of the spindle，and，through the lead screw，leads for cutting forty-eight different threads from 1.5 to 92perinch.On some older and some cheaper lathes，one or two gears in the gear train between the spindle and the change gear box must be changed in order to obtain a full range of threads and feeds.Milling is a basic machining process in which the surface is generated by the progressive formation and removal of chips of material from the workpiece as it is fed to a rotating cutter in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. .In some cases the workpiece is stationary and the cutter is fed to the work. In most instances a multiple-tooth cutter is used so that the metal removal rate is high，and frequently the desired surface is obtained in a single pass of the work.The tool used in milling is known as a milling cutter. It usually consists of a cylindrical body which rotates on its axis and contains equally spaced peripheral teeth that intermittently engage and cut the workpiece. In some cases the teeth extend part way across one or both ends of the cylinder. Because the milling principle provides rapid metal removal and can produce good surface finish，it is particularly well-suited for mass-production work，and excellent milling machines have been developed for this purpose. However，very accurate and versatile milling machines of a general-purpose nature also have been developed that are widely used in job-shop and tool and die work. A shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe can machine almost any type of product of suitable size.Types of Milling Operations. Milling operations can be classified into two broad categories，each of which has several variations：1.In peripheral milling a surface is generated by teeth located in the periphery of the cutter body；the surface is parallel with the axis of rotation of the cutter. Both flat and formed surfaces can be produced by this method. The cross section of the resulting surface corresponds to the axial contour of the cutter. This procedure often is called slab milling.1. In face milling the generated flat surface is at right angles to the cutter axis and is the combined result of the actions of the portions of the teeth located on both the periphery and the with the face portions providing a finishing action.The basic concepts of peripheral and face milling are illustrated in Fig. Peripheral milling operations usually are performed on machines having horizontal spindles，whereas face milling is done on both horizontal-and vertical-spindle machines.Surface Generation in Milling. Surfaces can be generated in milling by two distinctly different methods depicted in Fig. Note that in up milling the cutter rotates against the direction of feed the workpiece，whereas in down milling the rotation is in the same direction as the feed .As shown in Fig., the method of chip formation is quite different in the two cases. In up milling the c hip is very thin at the beginning, where the tooth first contacts the work，and increases in thickness, be-coming a maximum where the tooth leaves the work. The cutter tends to push the work along and lift it upward from the table. This action tends to eliminate any effect of looseness in the feed screw and nut of the milling machine table and results in a smooth cut. However, the action also tends to loosen the work from the clamping device so that greater clamping forcers must be employed. In addition, the smoothness of the generated surface depends greatly on the sharpness of the cutting edges.In down milling，maximum chip thickness occurs close to the point at which the tooth contacts the work. Because the relative motion tends to pull the workpiece into the cutter，all possibility of looseness in the table feed screw must be eliminated if down milling is to be used. It should never be attempted on machines that are not designed for this type of milling. In as mush as the material yields in approximately a tangential direction at the end of the tooth engagement，there is much less tendency for the machined surface to show tooth marks than when up milling is used. Another consider able advantage of down milling is that the cutting force tends to hold the work against the machine table，permitting lower clamping force to be employed. This is particularly advantageous when milling thin workpiece or when taking heavy cuts.Sometimes a disadvantage of down milling is that the cutter teeth strike against the surface of the work at the beginning of each chip. When the workpiece has a hard surface，such as castings do，this may cause the teeth to dull rapidly.Milling Cutters. Milling cutters can be classified several ways. One method is to group them into two broad classes，based on tooth relief，as follows：1. Profile-cutters have relief provided on each tooth by grinding a small land back of the cutting edge. The cutting edge may be straight or curved.2.In form or cam-relieved cutters the cross section of each tooth is an eccentric curve behind the cutting edge，thus providing relief. All sections of the eccentric relief，parallel with the cutting edge，must have the same contour as the cutting edge. Cutters of this type are sharpened by grinding only the face of the teeth，with the contour of the cutting edge thus remaining unchanged. Another useful method of classification is according to the method of mounting the cutter. Arbor cutters are those that have a center hole so they can be mounted on an arbor. Shank cutters have either tapered or straight integral shank. Those with tapered shanks can be mounted directly in the milling machine spindle，whereas straight-shank cutters are held in a chuck. Facing cutters usually are bolted to the end of a stub arbor.Types of Milling Cutters. Plain milling cutters are cylindrical or disk-shaped，having straight or helical teeth on the periphery. They are used for milling flat surfaces. This type of operation is called plain or slab milling. Each tooth in a helical cutter engages the work gradually，and usually more than one tooth cuts at a given time. This reduces shock and chattering tendencies and promotes a smoother surface. Consequently，this type of cutter usually is preferred over one with straight teeth. Side milling cutters are similar to plain milling cutters except that the teeth extend radially part way across one or both ends of the cylinder toward the center. The teeth may be either straight or helical. Frequently these cutters are relatively narrow，being disklike in shape. Two or more side milling cutters often are spaced on an arbor to make simultaneous，parallel cuts，in an operation called straddle milling. Interlocking slotting cutters consist of two cutters similar to side mills，but made to operate as a unit for milling slots. The two cutters are adjusted to the desired width by inserting shims between them. Staggered-tooth milling cutters are narrow cylindrical cutters having staggered teeth，and with alternate teeth having opposite helix angles. They are ground to cut only on the periphery，but each tooth also has chip clearance ground on the protruding side. These cutters have a free cutting action that makes them particularly effective in milling deep slots. Metal-slitting saws are thin，plain milling cutters，usually from 1/32 to 3/16 inch thick，which have their sides slightly“dished”to provide clearance and prevent binding. They usually have more teeth per inch of diameter than ordinary plain milling cutters and are used for milling deep，narrow slots and for cutting-off operations.漢譯：車床和銑床車間里擁有一臺車床和一臺普通銑床就能加工出具有適合尺寸的各種產(chǎn)品。用于車外圓、端面和鏜孔等加工的機床稱作車床。車削很少在其他種類的機床上進行，因為其他機床都不能像車床那樣方便地進行車削加工。由于車床除了用于車外圓外還能用于鏜孔、車端面、鉆孔和鉸孔，車床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安裝中完成多種加工。這就是在生產(chǎn)中普遍使用各種車床比其他種類的機床都要多的原因。兩千多年前就已經(jīng)有了車床?，F(xiàn)代車床可以追溯到大約 1797年，那時亨利莫德斯利發(fā)明了一種具有絲杠的車床。這種車床可以控制工具的機械進給。這位聰明的英國人還發(fā)明了一種把主軸和絲杠相連接的變速裝置，這樣就可以切削螺紋。圖中標(biāo)出了車床的主要部件：床身、主軸箱組件、尾架組件、拖板組件、變速齒輪箱、絲杠和光杠。床身是車床的基礎(chǔ)件。它通常是由經(jīng)過充分正火或時效處理的灰鑄鐵或者球墨鑄鐵制成，它是一個堅固的剛性框架，所有其他主要部件都安裝在床身上。通常在床身上面有內(nèi)外兩組平行的導(dǎo)軌。一些制造廠生產(chǎn)的四個條導(dǎo)軌都采用倒“V ”形，而另一些制造廠則將倒“ V ”形導(dǎo)軌和平面導(dǎo)軌相結(jié)合。由于其他的部件要安裝在導(dǎo)軌上并（或）在導(dǎo)軌上移動，導(dǎo)軌要經(jīng)過精密加工，以保證其裝配精度。同樣地，在操作中應(yīng)該小心，以避免損傷導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌上的任何誤差，常常會使整個機床的精度遭到破壞。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代車床的導(dǎo)軌要進行表面淬火處理，以減小磨損和擦傷，具有更大的耐磨性。主軸箱安裝在床身一端內(nèi)導(dǎo)軌的固定位置上。它提供動力，使工件在各種速度下旋轉(zhuǎn)。它基本上由一個安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪類似于卡車變速箱所組成，通過變速齒輪，主軸可以在許多種轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)。大多數(shù)車床有 8-18種轉(zhuǎn)速，一般按等比級數(shù)排列。在現(xiàn)代車床上只需扳動 2-4 個手柄，就能得到全部擋位的轉(zhuǎn)速。目前發(fā)展的趨勢是通過電氣的或機械的裝置進行無級變速。由于車床的精度在很大程度上取決于主軸，因此主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較大，通常安裝在緊密配合的重型圓錐滾子軸承或球軸承中。主軸中有一個貫穿全長的通孔，長棒料可以通過該孔送料。主軸孔的大小是車床的一個重要尺寸，因為當(dāng)工件必須通過主軸孔供料時，它確定了能夠加工棒料毛坯的最大外徑尺寸。主軸的內(nèi)端從主軸箱中凸出，其上可以安裝多種卡盤、花盤和擋塊。而小型的車床常帶有螺紋截面供安裝卡盤之用。很多大車床使用偏心夾或鍵動圓錐軸頭。這些附件組成了一個大直徑的圓錐體，以保證對卡盤進行精確地裝配，并且不用旋轉(zhuǎn)這些笨重的附件就可以鎖定或松開卡盤或花盤。主軸由電動機經(jīng) V 帶或無聲鏈裝置提供動力。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代車床都裝有 5-15馬力的電動機，為硬質(zhì)合金和金屬陶瓷合金刀具提供足夠的動力，進行高速切削。尾座組件主要由三部分組成。底座與床身的內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌配合，并可以在導(dǎo)軌上做縱向移動，底座上有一個可以使整個尾座組件夾緊在任意位置上的裝置。尾座安裝在底座上，可以沿鍵槽在底座上橫向移動，使尾座與主軸箱中的主軸對中并為切削圓錐體提供方便。尾座組件的第三部分是尾座套筒，它是一個直徑通常在2-3英寸之間的鋼制空心圓柱軸。通過手輪和螺桿，尾座套筒可以在尾座體中縱向移入和移出幾英寸?；顒犹淄驳拈_口一端具有莫氏錐度，可以用于安裝頂尖或諸如鉆頭之類的各種刀具。通常在活動套筒的外表面刻有幾英寸長的刻度，以控制尾座的前后移動。鎖定裝置可以使套筒在所需要的位置上夾緊。拖板組件用于安裝和移動切削工具。拖板是一個相對平滑的 H 形鑄件，安裝在床身外側(cè)導(dǎo)軌上，并可在上面移動。大拖板上有橫向?qū)к?，使橫向拖板可以安裝在上面，并通過絲杠使其運動，絲杠由一個小手柄和刻度盤控制。橫拖板可以帶動刀具垂直于工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線切削。大多數(shù)車床的刀架安裝在復(fù)式刀座上，刀座上有底座，底座安裝在橫拖板上，可繞垂直軸和上刀架轉(zhuǎn)動。上刀架安裝在底座上，可用手輪和刻度盤控制一個短絲杠使其前后移動。溜板箱裝在大拖板前面，通過溜板箱內(nèi)的機械裝置可以手動和動力驅(qū)動大拖板以及動力驅(qū)動橫拖板。通過轉(zhuǎn)動溜板箱前的手輪，可以手動操作拖板沿床身移動。手輪的另一端與溜板箱背面的小齒輪連接，小齒輪與齒條嚙合，齒條倒裝在床身前上邊緣的下面。利用光杠可以將動力傳遞給大拖板和橫拖板。光杠上有一個幾乎貫穿于整個光杠的鍵槽，光杠通過兩個轉(zhuǎn)向相反并用鍵連接的錐齒輪傳遞動力。通過溜板箱前的換向手柄可使嚙合齒輪與其中的一個錐齒輪嚙合，為大拖板提供“向前”或“向后”的動力。適當(dāng)?shù)碾x合器或者與齒條小齒輪連接或者與橫拖板的螺桿連接，使拖板縱向移動或使橫拖板橫向移動。對于螺紋加工，絲杠提供了第二種縱向移動的方法。光杠通過摩擦離合器驅(qū)動拖板移動，離合器可能會產(chǎn)生打滑現(xiàn)象。而絲杠產(chǎn)生的運動是通過溜板箱與絲杠之間的直接機械連接來實現(xiàn)的，對開螺母可以實現(xiàn)這種連接。通過溜板箱前面的夾緊手柄可以使對開螺母緊緊包合絲杠。當(dāng)對開螺母閉合時，可以沿絲杠直接驅(qū)動拖板，而不會出現(xiàn)打滑的可能性?，F(xiàn)代車床有一個變速齒輪箱，齒輪箱的輸入端由車床主軸通過合適的齒輪傳動來驅(qū)動。齒輪箱的輸出端與光杠和絲杠連接。主軸就是這樣通過齒輪傳動鏈驅(qū)動變速齒輪箱，再帶動絲杠和光杠，然后帶動拖板，刀具就可以按主軸的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)縱向地或橫向地精確移動。一臺典型的車床的主軸每旋轉(zhuǎn)一圈，通過光杠可以獲得從 0.002到 0.118英寸尺寸范圍內(nèi)的 48種進給量；而使用絲杠可以車削從 1.5到92牙 /英寸范圍內(nèi)的 48 種不同螺紋。一些老式的或價廉的車床為了能夠得到所有的進給量和加工出所有螺紋，必須更換主軸和變速齒輪箱之間的齒輪系中的一個或兩個齒輪。銑削是機械加工的一個基礎(chǔ)方法。在這一加工過程中，當(dāng)工件沿垂直于旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具軸線方向進給時，在工件上形成并去除切屑從而逐漸地銑出表