英語語法-句子成分分析及練習(xí)

1、英語語法-句子成分分析及練習(xí)英語句子成分分析一個(gè)句子至少由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語和謂語，它們是句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括賓語（包括雙賓語中的直接賓語和間接賓語），表語，定語（包括前置定語及后置定語），狀語，同位語（包括限制性同位語及非限制性同位語），補(bǔ)語。一.主語：是一句話的中心，一個(gè)句子中需要加以說明或描述的對(duì)象如：They were teachers.(他們?cè)抢蠋煛? Time flies. （時(shí)光飛逝。）這兩句話中分別由代詞They ， 名詞Time 作主語。主語的位置： 一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語等充當(dāng)。The school is far from h

2、ere. 名詞做主語She goes to school by bike. 代詞做主語Eight is a lucky number. 數(shù)詞做主語The blind need more help. 名詞化的形容詞做主語Predicting the future is interesting. 動(dòng)名詞做主語To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短語做主語That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble.他忘了告訴我開會(huì)的時(shí)間給我?guī)砹撕芏嗦闊＃◤木洌㊣t is very c

3、lear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）二.謂語：是對(duì)主語加以陳述，表示人或事物(主語)的動(dòng)作和存在的狀態(tài)英語中由動(dòng)詞be、動(dòng)詞have和行為動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞往往由一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成。謂語必須由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語充當(dāng)，因此動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞為非謂語動(dòng)詞，不能作謂語。且謂語動(dòng)詞可以體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)，單復(fù)數(shù)的語法現(xiàn)象。如：They were teachers.(他們?cè)抢蠋煛? He enjoys singing songs.（他喜歡唱歌。）這兩句話分別由動(dòng)詞we

4、re （are 的過去式），enjoys singing （enjoy doing動(dòng)詞短語）作謂語。其中were 體現(xiàn)出句子的時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)態(tài)，且主語的人稱為第一人稱，enjoys singing 體現(xiàn)出句子的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，且主語的人稱為第三人稱。三.賓語：表示動(dòng)作的承受者。賓語放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后。如： I play with him. (我和他玩。) I like Chinese food.（我喜歡中國(guó)菜。）這兩句話中分別由人稱代詞 him ， 名詞food 作賓語。直接賓語與間接賓語：有的動(dòng)詞能夠接雙賓語，直接賓語指的是動(dòng)詞所涉及的物,間接賓語是指受益于動(dòng)詞所表示行為的人。如：He

5、 gave me a book.（他給了我一本書） 這句話中 a book 為直接賓語， me 為間接賓語。又如：My mother bought a schoolbag to me.(我媽媽買了一個(gè)書包給我。)這句話中schoolbag 為直接賓語， me 為間接賓語。及物動(dòng)詞必須跟賓語.及物動(dòng)詞:直接接賓語的謂語動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞:不能直接帶賓語的謂語動(dòng)詞. 賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句構(gòu)成.I saw a plane in the sky just now. 名詞做賓語I want three. 數(shù)詞做賓語I like going shopping. 動(dòng)名詞做賓語We t

6、hink predicting the future is hard. 賓語從句四賓語補(bǔ)足語（賓補(bǔ)）：對(duì)賓語的補(bǔ)充有些及物動(dòng)詞除了要有一個(gè)賓語之外, 還須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語。如果沒有補(bǔ)足語(賓補(bǔ)), 有時(shí)候句子的意思就不完整。這就是補(bǔ)語與定語狀語的關(guān)鍵區(qū)別。充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的有:We elected him monitor.（名詞）We will make them happy.（形容詞） We found nobody in.( 副詞 )Please make yourself at home. （介詞短語） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advise

7、d him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（帶to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞）Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞）五.表語：用來說明主語的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。接在系動(dòng)詞之后，其中接在系動(dòng)詞be 后是最常見的情況。如They were teachers.(他們?cè)抢蠋煛? He is kind. (他心地善良。)這兩句話分別由名詞teachers， 形容詞 kind 作表語。表語的位置: 用在動(dòng)詞be和系動(dòng)詞的后面。常見的系動(dòng)詞1. be動(dòng)詞: am is are2. 與感覺有關(guān)

8、的動(dòng)詞 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示狀態(tài)變化的動(dòng)詞，意為“變得” “變成” 如 get, grow, turn等名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、副詞等都可以和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。Your pen is on the desk.My dream is to have a robot.He got very angry.My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是一個(gè)護(hù)士。（nurse名詞表身份）This table is long. 這個(gè)桌子是長(zhǎng)的。（long形容詞表特征)Children fall asleep easily.（形容詞as

9、leep表狀態(tài)）Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代詞）Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞）The picture is on the wall.( 介詞短語)The question is whether they will come.(表語從句）六.定語：是用來說明或限制名詞的成分可分為前置定語和后置定語，常用形容詞或者相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句擔(dān)任。形容詞放在名詞之前，構(gòu)成前置定語；相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句放在名詞的后面，構(gòu)成后置定語。如： This is red sun. (這是個(gè)紅太陽) 這句話由形容詞red 作前置定語，修飾sun.又如

10、：His work in the hospital is very hard.(他在這個(gè)醫(yī)院的工作很辛苦。)這句話由相當(dāng)于形容詞的介詞短語in the hospital 作后置定語，修飾work。This is a red sun.這是個(gè)紅太陽。（形容詞red修飾限定sun）He is a tall boy.他是個(gè)高個(gè)子男孩。（形容詞tall修飾限定boy)Da Ming is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）He is our friend. （代詞）We belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞）The man over there is my old f

11、riend.(副詞)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)The trees planted last year are growing well now.(過去分詞） I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定語從句）七狀語：是用來修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。常由副詞擔(dān)任。修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞之前，也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)放在它們之前。區(qū)別狀語與定語的關(guān)鍵就是看其所修飾的部分，定語修飾名詞，且起說明、

12、限制作用。狀語是修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。它可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。充當(dāng)狀語的有副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞短語、形容詞、名詞詞組和從句等）常由副詞擔(dān)任。修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞之前，也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)放在它們之前。如：The students study hard.(學(xué)生努力學(xué)習(xí))這句話由副詞hard 作study的狀語。又如： Pandas only live in China. （熊貓僅生活在中國(guó)。）這句話由介詞短語 in China 作live的狀語。再如：In the afternoon, I went

13、 to swim. (下午，我去了游泳。)這句話由介詞短語in the afternoon 作整個(gè)句子的狀語。I will go there tomorrow.（時(shí)間狀語） The meeting will be held in the meeting room.（地點(diǎn)狀語）The meat went bad because of the hot weather.（原因狀語） He studies hard to learn English well.（原因狀語）He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.（結(jié)果狀語） If you st

14、udy hard, you will pass the exam.（條件狀語）He goes to school by bike.（方式狀語）狀語的位置1. 在一般情況下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行為動(dòng)詞前,be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后I usually get up early.

15、He is often late.一些副詞, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似/ sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末/ only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)狀語同時(shí)修飾時(shí)的順序1. 地點(diǎn)狀語在前, 時(shí)間狀語在后. We will have

16、 a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 較小單位的狀語在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)不同種類的副詞作狀語, 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點(diǎn)副詞, 時(shí)間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語也可以位于句首, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in t

17、he evening.八同位語：一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說明.同位語與被它限定的詞常常緊挨在一起。限制性同位語與非限制性同位語：限制性同位語中同位語與被它限定的詞之間不用逗號(hào)隔開，非限制性同位語則用逗號(hào)隔開。如： My uncle Mike is kind.(我的叔叔馬克心地善良)這句話中，Mike 作my uncle 的限制性同位語。又如：He is interested in sports, especially ball games.（他對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣，特別是球類運(yùn)動(dòng)。）這句話中ball games 作sports 的非限制性同位語。綜上所述，通常情況下，句

18、子的成分分布如下：（定語） 主語 （狀語） 謂語 （定語） 賓語 （狀語）如：(The tall) boy (often) go to the ( big) zoo.(The happy) child went (his) home （yesterday）.英語句子成分歌英語句子八呀八大塊， 主謂賓表真呀真實(shí)在；補(bǔ)語跟著賓語表語跑， 定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。（踹表示修飾的意思）狀語的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。渾身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后亂竄它還會(huì)加塞。劃分句子成分練習(xí)題（1）1.They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believ

19、ing3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The book lying on the floor are mine6.Suddenly it begins to rain7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday8.I always find her happy9.He wonders If I still study English10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday

20、was a friend of mine11.We always work hard at English.12.He said he didnt come.13.They love each other.14.What did you bye?15.She watched her daughter playing the piano.16.your job today is to help the old.17.Speaking doesnt mean doing.18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19.The c

21、hildren bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.20.It takes me an hour to get there.劃分句子成分練習(xí)題（2）(一) 挑出下列句中的賓語My brotherhasntdonehis homework.Peoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. How many newwordsdidyoulearnlast class? Some of

22、 thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? Theold mansittingat the gatesaidhe was ill.Theymadehimmonitorof the class. Goacrossthebridgeand youwill findthe museumon the left. You will finditusefulafteryouleaveschool.Theydidnt knowwhoFatherChristmas really is.(二) 挑出下列句中的定語 TheyuseMr. Mr

23、s. with thefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname? On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepthe floor.The mandownstairswastryingto sleep.Iam waitingforthe soundof the other shoe!（三) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room. Heaskedherto t

24、ake the boyout of school. Shefounditdifficultto do the work. TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr. Wangget on the bus. Did you seeLi Mingplaying footballon the playgroundjust now?(四) 挑出下列句中的狀語Therewasa big smileon her face.Every nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven.The m

25、anon the motorbikewas travellingto fast.With the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off.Shelovesthe librarybecause she loves books.Iamafraidthatif youve lost it,you must pay for it.The studentsfollowedUncle Wangto see the other machine.(五) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 Please tell us a story. My father bough

26、t a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?答案：練習(xí)一1They(主語） are working（系表結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語） on the farm（地點(diǎn)狀語） now（時(shí)間狀語）. 2.Seeing（動(dòng)詞ing做主語）is（謂語） believing （賓語）3.All of us（主語） like （謂語）Kobe Bryant （賓語）very much （程度副詞狀語）4.She（主語） became（謂語） a doctor （賓語）in 1998 （時(shí)間狀語）5.The book（主語） lying on the floor（補(bǔ)語） are（謂語） mine （賓語）6.Sudd