電大西方經(jīng)濟學(xué)名詞解釋小抄參考

1、專業(yè)好文檔1、需求規(guī)律：是指商品價格提高，對該商品的需求量減少，反之，商品價格下降，則對該商品的需求量增加，這種需求數(shù)量和商品價格成反向變化的關(guān)系稱需求規(guī)律或需求定理。2、供給規(guī)律：是指商品價格提高，對該商品的供給量增加，反之，商品價格下降，則對該商品的供給量減少，這種供給數(shù)量和商品價格成正向變化的關(guān)系稱供給規(guī)律或供給定理。3、需求收入彈性：是指需求量相對收入變化作出的反應(yīng)程度，即消費者收入增加或減少百分之一時所引起對該商品需求量的增加或減少的百分比。4、收入效應(yīng)：是指消費者購買兩種商品時，由于一種商品名義價格下降，可使現(xiàn)有貨幣收入購買力增強，可以購買更多的商品達到更高的效應(yīng)水平。5、無差異曲

2、線：是用來表示給消費者帶來相同效用水平或相同滿足和諧的兩種商品不同數(shù)量的組合。6、預(yù)算線：也稱消費者可能線，它是在消費者收入和商品價格既定的條件下，消費者的全部收入所能購買到的各種商品的數(shù)量組合。7、總效用：是指消費者在一定時間內(nèi)，消費一種或幾種商品所獲得的效用總和。8、邊際效用：是指消費者在一定時間內(nèi)增加單位商品所引起的總效用的增加量。9、替代效應(yīng)：是指當(dāng)消費者購買兩種商品時，由于一種商品價格下降，一種商品價格不變，消費者會多購買價格便宜的商品，少買價格高的商品。10、機會成本：是指生產(chǎn)者為了生產(chǎn)一定數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品所放棄的使用相同生產(chǎn)要素在其他生產(chǎn)用途中所能得到的最高收入。11、邊際收益：是指每

3、增加一單位產(chǎn)品所增加的銷售收入。12、邊際技術(shù)替代率：是在保持產(chǎn)量不變的條件下，增加一個單位的某種要素投入量時所減少的另一種要素的投入數(shù)量。13、完全競爭：是指競爭不受任何阻礙和干擾的市場結(jié)構(gòu)。14、寡頭壟斷：是指少數(shù)幾個廠商控制著整個市場中的生產(chǎn)和銷售的市場結(jié)構(gòu)。15、壟斷競爭：是指許多廠商生產(chǎn)和銷售有差別的同類產(chǎn)品，市場中既有競爭因素又有壟斷因素存在的市場結(jié)構(gòu)。16、洛倫茲曲線：是美國統(tǒng)計學(xué)家洛倫茲提出的，是用以反應(yīng)國民收入分配平均程度的一種曲線。17、利率：又稱利息率，是指利息占借貸資本的比重。18、外部經(jīng)濟：是指某個家庭或廠商的一項經(jīng)濟活動給其他家庭或廠商無償?shù)貛砗锰?，顯然，這項經(jīng)濟

4、活動的私人利益小于社會利益。19、逆向選擇：是指買賣雙方信息不對稱的情況下，差的商品總是將好的商品驅(qū)逐出市場。20、公共物品：是指供整個社會即全體社會成員共同享用的物品，如國防、警務(wù)之類。這些公共物品只能由政府以某種形式來提供，這是由其非排他性和非競爭性決定的。21、邊際消費傾向：是指家庭在增加的收入中消費所占的比重，用公式表示為：mpc=c/y，其中y表示家庭的收入的增加量，而c則是增加的收入中的消費的增加量。邊際消費傾向說明了收入變動量在消費變動和儲蓄變動之間分配的情況。一般地說，邊際消費傾向總是大于而小于的，即。22、投資乘數(shù)：指由投資變動引起的收入改變量與投資支出改變量與政府購買支出的

5、改變量之間的比率，其數(shù)值等于邊際儲蓄傾向的倒數(shù)。23、總需求：一般是指全社會在一定價格水平條件下，對產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)的需求總量。24、總供給：一般是指全社會在一定時間內(nèi)，在一定價格水平條件下的總產(chǎn)出或總產(chǎn)量。25、失業(yè)率：是指失業(yè)人數(shù)占就業(yè)人數(shù)與失業(yè)人數(shù)之和的百分比。26、通貨膨脹：一般指產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)價格水平的普遍持續(xù)上升。27、滯脹：是指通貨膨脹率上升時失業(yè)率也上升。28、財政政策：是指政府通過改變財政收入和支出來影響社會總需求，以便最終影響就業(yè)和國民收入的政策。29、政府購買支出乘數(shù)：是指國民收入變化量與引起這種變化量的最初政府購買支出變化量的倍數(shù)關(guān)系，或者說是國民收入變化量與促成這種量變的最初政

6、府購買支出變化量之間的比例。30、轉(zhuǎn)移支付乘數(shù)：是指國民收入的變動量與引起這種量變的轉(zhuǎn)移支付變動量之間的倍數(shù)關(guān)系，或者說是國民收入變化量與促成這種量變的政府支出轉(zhuǎn)移支付變化量之間的比例。31、稅收乘數(shù)：是指國民收入變動量與引起這種變動的稅收變動量之間的倍數(shù)關(guān)系，或者說國民收入變化量與促成這種量變的稅收變動量之間的比例。32、貨幣政策：是指中央銀行運用貨幣政策工具來調(diào)節(jié)貨幣供給量以實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展既定目標(biāo)的經(jīng)濟政策手段的總和。33、公開市場業(yè)務(wù)：是指中央銀行在公開市場上購買或售賣政府債券，以增加或減少商業(yè)銀行準(zhǔn)備金，從而影響利率和貨幣供給量達到既定目標(biāo)的一種政策措施。34、再貼現(xiàn)：通常市場經(jīng)濟國家把

7、中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行的貸款叫做再貼現(xiàn)，把中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行的貸款利率叫做再貼現(xiàn)率。35、經(jīng)濟開放度：是指市場經(jīng)濟下，經(jīng)濟開放的程度。一是本國經(jīng)濟以何種方式，何種程度，何種代價進入世界；二是允許別國經(jīng)濟滲透本國經(jīng)濟的方式和程度。36、國際收支平衡表：是指一國在一定時期內(nèi)，與所有其他國家或地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟交往收支狀況的統(tǒng)計報表。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, whil

8、e slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger

9、 jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament hig

10、h 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman

11、islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me

12、its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediat

13、e investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda

14、.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere)

15、where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),

16、e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake

17、 against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have

18、been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not