Body Language文獻綜述

1、an analysis of body language between chinese and western cultures中西方肢體語言簡析literature reviewabstract: people communicate with each other not only with language but also with body language. body language is a form of nonverbal communication. it can be applied to many fields, such as education, busines

2、s, and politics, etc. nowadays, globalization promotes intercultural communication. with the chinese-western cultural communication getting wider and deeper, intercultural communication attracts more attention. therefore, its important to discuss the body language between chinese and western culture

3、s.摘要:人們與他人交流不僅通過語言也通過肢體語言。肢體語言是非語言交際的一個重要形式。它能被運用于教育、商業(yè)以及政治等領(lǐng)域。在當今世界，全球化使跨文化交際變得越來越頻繁 ，隨著中西文化交流的逐漸加深，跨文化交流也吸引了更多的關(guān)注。因此，探討中西方肢體語言就顯得尤為重要。nonverbal communication is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to express specific meaning instinctively to the other communic

4、ator. body language, as a form of nonverbal communication, plays a very important role in communication. some scholars even considered it as the basis of nonverbal communication. in general, the study of body language began in 1950s. and during 1970s, the study of body language stepped into a fully

5、developing period. from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, body language includs more contents and has a great influence on the other fields. in current intercultural communication, the most accepted means to classify body language is by the movement of human body. “body language” is used by samovar

6、, who classifies body language into appearance, body movement, facial expression, eye management, touching, sub-language, olfactic behavior, and so on. meanwhile, the classification made by knapp is that body language contains gesture, body movement, extremities movement, hand movement, facial expre

7、ssion, eye management, posture, and so on. brosnahan thinks “gestures” are touching, space, appearance posture, body behavior, arm movement, leg movement, hand movement, facial expression, eye management, noisy and silent decorations, the environment, and so on. hu wenzhong thinks body language has

8、the definition in both narrow and broad senses. in the broad sense, it contains gesture, posture, facial expression, timbre of the speaker, distance between the speaker and listener, and clothes of the speaker. as to the narrow sense, it includes body movement and facial expression, which can send m

9、essages. from all these ways of classification, we can know that body language mainly includes the movement of every part of a human body, instead of the limits to the body movement.recently, there has been huge interest in studying human behavioral clues that could be useful for developing an inter

10、active and adaptive human-machine system. unintentional human gestures have been found conveying some useful information in specific context. some researchers have tried to extract such gestures in a specific context of educational applications.in guo pinglis the use of body language in english teac

11、hing, she discussed the possibility and effect of using body language in english teaching. for rapid changes in education reform, many teachers, students and parents face great stresses. as we know, the classroom teaching is one of the most important ways that the students learn english. body langua

12、ge is a way to arouse students interest and help them learn better. in school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating students characters. as a matter of fact, teachers friendly appearance can greatly encourage students enthusiasm. besides, knowledge also requires the vivid and

13、 accessible gestures to make it figurative. english teaching is a key part of the school education. according to students present level, body language is required. students play an active role in teaching. their excellent competences come from daily practice. therefore, teachers should improve stude

14、nts competence and create the learning atmosphere with body language.body language is the most common and universal nonverbal behaviors. because of different gender cultures, body language has different meanings and communication varies from people to people. in on body language in nonverbal communi

15、cation from the perspective of gender culture by yang chenxia, despite the definition of body language, the author also gave us the gender differences in body language. gender is known as the social classification of masculine and feminine. so gender is a social creation. in gender cultures, men and

16、 women in general have different perspectives on these matters. the difference in feminine and masculine styles frequently leads to misunderstandings in cross-gender interaction. it is said that women have the tendency to resort to nonverbal expressions more frequently. scholars also found out that

17、men use more gestures than women, and men do not discriminate. smiling is a specific facial expression. people attribute many positive characteristics to others who smile. compared with men, women smile more, are more apt to returning smiles, and more attracted to others who smile. these indicate th

18、at consciously or unconsciously, women just use smile as a responder of politeness, or just to keep the interaction flowing smoothly. research shows that females smile more often than males. the studies related to eye contact show that women look more at the other person than men do. moreover, women

19、 hold eye contact longer with each other than men do. many studies seem to show females are touched by others more than males are. it seems that women value touching more than men do. body language changes when it comes to gender culture. we should learn the differences of body language in different

20、 gender.human beings are not the only ones who communicate. animals use body language and facial expressions to tell each other how they feel and what they think. some scholars find the origin of body language. the relation of body language to animal communication has been discussed. human paralangu

21、age may represent a continuation of forms of communication that our non-linguistic ancestors already used, or it may be that it has been changed by co-existing with language. some species of animals are especially adept at detecting human body language, both voluntarily and involuntarily. body langu

22、age is a product of both genetic and environmental influences. the ethologist irenaus eibl-eibesfeldt claimed that a number of basic elements of body language were universal across cultures and must be fixed action patterns under instinctive control. some forms of human body language show continuiti

23、es with communicative gestures of other apes. more refined gestures, which vary between cultures, must be learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.body language is now widely used in the field of selling, where sales personnel are trained to observe

24、 and read the body language of their potential customers. sales personnel trained to read body language can now utilize this skill to read the subliminal cue exhibited by the customers to close a deal. consequently, many companies such as insurance companies, direct-selling companies, and internatio

25、nal car-showrooms now engage body language experts.body language is shaped by culture. different cultures make people behave different body languages. and every culture has its unique historical background. in wang shas on body language differences from intercultural view, she explains in details ab

26、out the body language in different countries from the intercultural view, especially about posture differences, gesture differences, facial expression differences and eye contact differences. body language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of verbal language. it in

27、cludes the most delicate movement of eyebrows. moreover, body language can combine the use of facial expressions. a psychologist proposed a formula: the total impact of message=7% verbal + 38% vocal + 55% facial expressions and behavior. there are some characteristics of body language. first, some b

28、ody language is not inborn but also unconscious and subconscious. however, other body languages are postnatal. second, the same body language conveys different meanings due to different cultures. third, the same body language represents same meaning in different cultures. fourth, some body language

29、behaviors may have different meanings in the same culture. sixth, the using of body language is influenced by the situation where a person is.body language is necessary in the communicating activity. china plays a vital role in the whole world, therefore it is critical for us to learn intercultural

30、communication. with the chinese-western cultural communication getting wider and deeper, intercultural communication attracts more attention. in my view, we shall pay more attention to the differences of body language between chinese and western cultures. from these scholars classifications, we can

31、conclude that body language mainly includes the movement of the parts of a human body, not just limits to the body movement. in this essay, the eye language, posture, gesture, touch and facial expression in chinese and western cultures are to be studied. chinese people are more modest, tolerant, and

32、 responsible. however, people from western countries advocate independence, freedom, individual space and self-respect. eye contact is important because too little eye contact causes communication problems. it is crucial in relationships because it helps to show intimacy, attention and influence. in

33、 some cultures, looking people in the eye is assumed to indicate honesty and straightforwardness; in others it is seen as challenging and rude. all cultures have their special rules about their eye language and these differences can make people feel uncomfortable without knowing the reason. posture is a matter of how people sit, walk, stand and move. posture can deliver everyones hidden information no matter how hard he tries to cover his feelings. gesture is another kind of body language. touch is the means by which people communicate via bodily contact. it also