外文翻譯世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念

1、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué)院 (系)： 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： (用外文寫)外文出處： china science and technology journal 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語： 該外文翻譯語言流暢通順，較準(zhǔn)確完整地翻譯了原文，所翻譯的最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念的文章，與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題相關(guān)。達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)外文翻譯的要求。 簽名： 年 月 日注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。附件1：外文資料翻譯世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理念摘要：根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、

2、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能。這幾種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械產(chǎn)品 方案設(shè)計(jì)方法 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)文獻(xiàn)1將語義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計(jì)工具，在其開發(fā)的活性語義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)ask中，采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計(jì)過程中的所有活動(dòng)和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計(jì)要求的定義到每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。一、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具

3、有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于70年代由德國(guó)學(xué)者pahl和beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國(guó)工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)vdi2221技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。 1將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。2將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)

4、理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。3將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問題：一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分（單元）及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。 4設(shè)計(jì)元素法用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素（功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù)）描述

5、“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國(guó)亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。 5圖形建模法研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”kaleit，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。6“構(gòu)思”“設(shè)計(jì)”法將產(chǎn)品的方案

6、設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段?！皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖)。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。roper，h.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)

7、單元(ge)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(ke)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(fke)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(vke)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(kt)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(ket)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡(jiǎn)圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專家憑直覺設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。7鍵合圖法將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方法。提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品

8、分解成具有某種功能的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。 本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國(guó)結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和cad技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計(jì)與組合設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級(jí)模塊化原理，將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級(jí)、部件級(jí)、組件級(jí)和元件級(jí)，并利用專家知識(shí)和cad技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。以設(shè)計(jì)為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計(jì)的解元素 進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)

9、構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄。并在解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄中列出評(píng)論每一個(gè)解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇解元素。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)與制造，以及從用戶對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能需求設(shè)計(jì)加工裝配成品這一并行工程的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一，就是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件愈來愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)中初露鋒芒。目前，德國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)step，以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)造型語言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)正朝著計(jì)

10、算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計(jì)和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì)制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計(jì)工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類型設(shè)計(jì)方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)必須努力的方向。國(guó)外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者也已意識(shí)到cad技術(shù)與國(guó)際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施?；诋a(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)

11、計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，必須研究知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者針對(duì)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。附件2：外文原文the worlds latest mechanical design conceptsabstract: according to scholars at hom

12、e and abroad to carry out mechanical design product design features of the main ideas, product design method of the program summarized as systematic, modular structure, based on product characteristics of knowledge and wisdom. the characteristics of these methods and their organic connection between

13、 them and put forward to achieve the computer product design direction.key words: mechanical product design method development trendsdesign documents will be semantic web as a design tool in the design of its semantic web activity of the development of ask, using nodes and lines to describe the desi

14、gn a network, nodes that components of the cell (such as design tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust the lines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the design process all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the

15、 definition of the early design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be defined by the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process, the leap from the abstract to the concrete.a systematic design methodthe main features of a systematic desig

16、n method are: the design as designed by a number of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, each element of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the design elements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.systematic design idea in t

17、he 70s by the german scholar professor pahl and beitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design, advocacy design work should have organized. german engineers association, on the basis of this design concept to develop a standard vdi2221 technology systems and pro

18、duct development design methods.1. the user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structure design and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro from the product development process of starting the use of quality function deployment method and system to use

19、r demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational control procedures method.2. the level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means of living systems theory, the product design process can be divide

20、d into successful hierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level and product level of the specific design. at the same time life-support systems used to express the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structure formation of product feature

21、s.3. the mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basic questions: first, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way to determine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations; 2 is the product design process as a a system, according to desi

22、gn objectives, a correct and reasonably determine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.because each designers point of research questions and to consider the question of emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. here are some representative of

23、 the systematic design methods.4. design element methodwith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements, and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determine the value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and cha

24、racteristics of the value of i.e. determined. scholars in china have adopted similar methods designed to describe the products original understanding.5. graphic modeling methodand developed a design analysis and guidance systems kaleit, with the level of clear graphic description of a products funct

25、ional structure and its associated abstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphical modeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology and exchange of information using the nijssen inf

26、ormation analysis method can be used graphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integration conditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relations between any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integration and inform

27、ation technology to realize the design process of information between different abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6. concept - design methodproducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. concept phase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements

28、of the original understanding of design tasks. design stage of work is a concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.of the programs idea of specific described as: in accordance with the appropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of the o

29、riginal understanding of the task. the functional structure of the sub-function is performed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of the physical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector and structural elements further the interaction between th

30、e formation of the functional diagram ( mechanical diagram). the program design is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements, and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts ( feature vect

31、ors), the shape and location to be structure diagram 3. roper, h. using graph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (ge), structural elements (ke), functional structural elements (fke), connect structural elements (vke), structural parts (kt), structure element part (ket) con

32、cepts, as well as describe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of the interactions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive design professionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of an effective application of existing knowled

33、ge, methods, and applied to ideas and design stage.7. bond graph methodfunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produce energy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solu

34、tion, hoping to function-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure the automatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automatic conversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of design methods.to promote the product on the basis of func

35、tional analysis, the product has some features broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection and combination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products. these basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.the structure should have a sta

36、ndardized interface (connection and co-operation department), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, agile, economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. chinas combination of software component technology and cad technology, variant design combined with t

37、he modular design, according to modular principle of classification, will be divided into descending machining center machine tool product level, component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledge and cad technology to combine them into different species, different specif

38、ications of functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into different modules of the overall program processing center.to design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure of the tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structu

39、red layout, the formation of the solution set design catalogs. and in the solution set designed to comment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is very beneficial to design engineers select solution elements.the vigorous development of network technology, collaborativ

40、e design and manufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrent engineering possible. however, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals one of the conditions is to realize the effect of pr

41、oduct design three-dimensional visualization. to this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and more intelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual reality technology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut. at present, germany a

42、nd other developed countries are focused on research hypermedia technology, product data exchange standard step, as well as standard virtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtual environments) in the product design applications.mechanical product design is moving

43、in computer-aided realization of intelligent design and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture of direction, due to the computer product design study on the implementation started late, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools 4. author believes that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effective way to achieve this goal. although the integrated use of these methods are more involved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-related