2004年5月TOEFL試題含答案2

1、2004年5月TOEFL試題含答案23O.The rapid growth of the world s population over the past 100 years have ledto a greatin creasein the acreage of land un dercultivati on.31n the eightee nth cen tury, the Pawn ees, desce ndants ofthe Nebraska culture, lived invillages sizeable on the Loup and Platte rivers in cen

2、tral Nebraska.32.The attractio n of opposite charges is one of the force that keep electr ons in orbit around of nu cleus of an atom.33.Of every the major traditi ons of wood carv ing, the one that is closest in structure to the tree is the crest pole made by the Native America ns of the Northwest c

3、oast.34.Ma ny of the fin e-gra ined varieties of sedime ntary rocks known as shales yield oilwhe n distilled by hot.35n 1820 there were only 65 daily newspapers in the un ited states, which total daily circulati on of perhaps 100,000.36.The Milky Way galaxy in cludes the Sun, its pla nets, and rest

4、of the solar system, along with billio ns of stars and other objects.37.Some of sharpshooter Annie Oakley s exploits with a gun are almost un believable whe nit comes to accuracy, speed of firing ,and en dure.38. Evidenee from ancient fossils indicates the scorpion may had bee n among the first land

5、 ani mals.39. Jetties, piers desig ned to aid in marine n avigatio n, arecon structed primary of wood, sto ne, con crete, or comb in ati ons of these materials.40. The Barnes Foundationin Merion, Pennsylvania, waschartered in 1922 to promoti on art educati on by providi ng art classes and by establi

6、sh ing a publishi ng program.Secti on Three: Readi ng Comprehe nsionQuestion 1-10All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty mon ths, un til they are about to give birth aga in and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of fe

7、edi ng of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a non electivepart ofpare ntal care and the defi ning feature of a mammal, the most importa ntthi ngthat mammals- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny an teaters, or place ntal mammals - have in com mon.But not all animal parents, eve

8、n those that tend their offspri ng to the point of hatch ing or birth, feed their young.Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller tha n the pare nts and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother

9、 protects her young after they have hatched and takes them dow n to the water, where they will find food, but she does n ot actually feed them. Few in sects feed their young after hatchi ng, but some make other arran geme nt,provisi oning their cells andn estswithcaterpillars and spiders that they h

10、ave paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspe nded ani matio n so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.For animals other than mammals, then, feedingis notin tri nsic to pare ntal care. Ani mals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edg

11、e in their lifelongquest fordesce ndan ts. The most vuln erable mome nt in any ani mals life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, whe n it must forage and fend for itself. Feedi ng postp ones that mome nt un til a young ani mal has grow n to such a size that it is betterable to cope.

12、 Young that are fed by their parents become nu triti on allyin depe ndent at a much greater fracti on of theirfull adult size. And in the mean time those young are shielded aga inst the vagaries of fluctuati ng of difficult-to-fi nd supplies.Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, th

13、e young become totally depe ndent on the extra effort. If both pare nts are removed, the young gen erally do no survive.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The care that various ani mals give to their offspri ng.B. The difficulties young ani mals face in obta ining food.C. The methods that ma

14、mmals use to nurse their young.D. The importa nee among young mammals of beco mingin depe ndent.2. The author lists various ani mals in line 5 toA. contrastthe feedinghabits of different types ofmammalsB. describe the process by which mammals came to be defi nedC. emphasize the point that every type

15、 of mammal feeds its own youngD. explainwhy a particular feature of mammals is non elective3. The word te nd in line 7 is closest in meaning toA. sit onB. moveC. no ticeD. care forthe4. What can be inferredfrom the passage aboutpractice of ani mal pare nts feed ing their young?A. It is unknown among

16、 fish.B. It is un related to the size of the young.C. It is dan gerous for the pare nts.D. It is most com mon among mammals.5. The word provisi oning in line 13 is closest in meaningtoA. suppl yingB. prepari ngC. buildi ngD. expa nding6. Accord ing to the passage, how do some in sects make sure thei

17、r young have food?A. By stori ng food n ear their young.B. By locatingtheir nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.C. By search ing for food some dista nee from their n est.D. By gatheri ng food from a n earby water source.7. The word edge in line 17 is closest in meaning toA. opport unityB. a

18、dva ntageC. purposeD. rest8. The word it in line 20 refers toA. Feedi ngB. mome ntC. young ani malD. sizemost9. According to the passage, animal young are defe nseless whe nA. their pare nts are away searchi ng for foodB. their pare nts have many young to feedC. they are only a few days oldD. they f

19、irst become in depe ndent10. The word shielded in line 22 is closest in mea ning toA. raisedB. protectedC. hatchedD. valuedQuesti on 11-21:Prin tmak ing is the gen eric term for a nu mber of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Pr ints are made by press ing a sheet of pa

20、per (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth cen tury A.D. for appl ying patter ns to textiles. The process was not in troduced into Europe

21、un til the fourtee nth cen tury, first for textile decorati on and the n for prin ti ng on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has bee n sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and the n draws the image in ink.The backgr

22、oundis carved away, leaving the design areaslightly raised. The woodblock is in ked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is the n tran sferred to damp paper either by hand or with a prin ti ng press.En grav ing,which grew out of the goldsmiths art,origi nated in Germa ny and n orther n Italy

23、 in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (fromItalianintagliare, to carve). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutt ing in strume nt, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised

24、grooves. An impressionismade on damp paper in a printingpress, with sufficientpressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut anden grav inghave disti nctivecharacteristics. En grav ing lends itself to subtle modeli ng and shadi ng through the use of fine lin es. Hatch ingandc

25、ross-hatch ing determ ine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more lin ear, with sharper con trasts between light and dark. Printmakingis well suited to theproducti on of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an editi on. Both methods can yield several hun dred good

26、-quality prints before the orig inal block or plate begi ns to show sig ns of wear. Mass productionof prints in the sixteenth centurymade images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public tha n before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The orig ins of textile decorati onB. The cha

27、racteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of prin tmak ingD. Types of paper used in prin tmak ing12. The word prime in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. prin cipalB. complexC. gen eralD. rece nt13. The authors purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in Chi na in the fifth c

28、en turyB. the use of woodcuts in the textile in dustryC. the process invo Ived in creat ing a woodcutD. the in troducti on of woodcuts to Europe14. The word in cised in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. bur nedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in thepassage/A. patte

29、rns(li ne 5)B. grai n(li ne 8)C. buri n(li ne 16)D. grooves(li ne 17)16. The word dist in ctive in line 19 is closest in meaningtoA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. Accord ing to the passage, all of the followi ng are true about en grav ing EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the g

30、oldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a buri nC. origi nated in the fiftee nth cen turyD. i nv olves carv ing into a metal plate18. The word yield in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. con trastand19. Accordingto the passage, what do woodcut en grav ing have in

31、 com mon?A. Their desig ns are slightly raised.B. They achievecon trastthrough hatchi ng andcross-hatch ing.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one origi nal.20. Accordingto the author, what made it possible formembers of the gen eral public to own pri

32、nts in the sixtee nthcen tury?A. Prin ts could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became invoIved in the printmaking in dustry.D. Decreased dema nd for prints kept prices affordable.21. Accord ing to the passage, all of the followi ng are true about print

33、s EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other tha n paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variati ons betwee n light and dark shadesD. require a pri nting pressQuestio ns 22-31:The first peoples to in habit what today is the southeasternUnited States sustained themselves as hu

34、nters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at garde ning, they settledin toperma nent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthe n mounds they erected as

35、monuments to their gods and as tombs for their dist in guished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Ade na-Hopewell culture, which had its beginningsnear the Ohio River andtakes its n ame fromsites in Ohio. The culture spreadsouthward into the prese nt-day states of Louisia na,

36、Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.Its peoples became great traders,bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along exte nsive tradi ng n etworks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into

37、 decay. Overthe n ext cen turies, it was suppla nted by ano ther culture, theMississippia n, n amed after the river along which many of itsearliest villages were located. This complexcivilizatio ndominatedthe Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortlybefore the Europea ns bega n arriv ing in the si

38、xtee nth cen tury.At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most adva need culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippia ns became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved stra in of corn, which could su

39、rvive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also lear ned to cultivate bea ns.In deed, agriculture became so importa nt to the Mississippia nsthat it became closelyassociated withthe Sun - theguara ntorofgood crops. Many tribescalledthemselveschildre nofthe Sunand believedtheiromn ipote ntp

40、riest-chiefs were desce ndants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippia ns lived in small villages, many others in habited large tow ns. Most of these tow ns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with

41、 guard ing the flame could en ter the temples. The mounds also served as cere monial and tradi ng sites, and at times they were used as burial gro un ds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The developme nt of agricultureB. The locati ons of tow ns and villagesC. The early people and cultures

42、 of the Un ited StatesD. The con structi on of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeaster n Un ited States?A. The developme nt of trade in North AmericaB. The establishme nt of perma nent settleme ntsC. Con flicts with other Native America n grou

43、ps over landD. A migrati on of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the termAde na-Hopewell(li ne7)desig nate?A. The early locatio ns of the Ade na-Hopewell cultureB. The two most importa ntn ati onsof theAde na-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were hono red with large burial

44、moun ds.D. Two importa nt trade routes in easter n North America25. The word barteri ng in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. produc ingB. excha ngingC. tra nsport ingD. loadi ng26. The word suppla nted in line 13 is closest in meaningtoA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. Accord ing to t

45、he passage, whe n did the Mississippia nculture reach its highest point of developme nt?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. I n the sixtee nth cen tury28. Accord ing to the passage, how did the agriculture ofthe Mississippia nsdiffer from that of their Hopewellprede

46、cessors?A. The Mississippia ns produced more durable and largercrops of food.B. The Mississippia ns sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippia ns could only grow pla nts in warm, dryclimates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author men

47、 ti onthat manyMississippians tribes called themselves children of the Sun (li ne 22)?A. To explai n why they were obedie nt to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importanee of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importaneethey placed onagriculture.D. To provide an example of

48、 their religious rituals.30. The phrase charged with in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experie need atC. i nterested inD. assig ned to31. Accord ing to the passage, the flat-topped mounds inMississippia ntow ns were used for all of the followi ngpurposes EXCEPTA. religious cere monie

49、sB. meeti ng places for the en tire commu nityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overla nd tran sport in the Un ited States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually exte nding from in la nd com mun ities to the n earest river tow n or seaport. Nearly a

50、ll in terstate commerce was carried out by sail ing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, i n 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road developme nt. Un able to finance road con structi on, states turned for help to private compa ni es, orga ni zed by mercha nt

51、s and land speculators who had a pers onal in terest in improved com muni cati onswith the in terior. The pion eer in this movewas the state of Penn sylva nia, which chartered a compa ny in 1792 to con struct a tur npike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payme nt, is collected, from Philadelph

52、ia to Lan caster. The legislature gave the compa ny the authority to erect tollgates at poi nts along the road where payme nt would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unq uesti oned authority to regulate private bus in ess in this period.)The compa ny built a grav

53、el road with in two years, and thesuccess of the Lan caster Pike en couraged imitatio n. Norther n states gen erally relied on private compa nies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructeda network at public expense.Such was the road buildi ng fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,50

54、0 miles of tur npikes exte nding from the Atla ntic to Lake Erie.Tran sportati onon these early tur npikescon sistedoffreight carrier wag ons and passe nger stagecoaches. The most com mon road freight carrier was the Con estogawago n, avehicle developed in the mid-eightee nth cen tury by Germa n imm

55、igra nts in the area around Lan caster, Penn sylva nia. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom preve nted the freight from shifti ng on a hill. Covered with can vas and draw n by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the l

56、og cab in as the primary symbol of the fron tier.Passe ngerstraveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most com mon of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no spri ngs; sle nder poles held up the top, and leather curta ins kept out dust and rain.

57、32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road buildi ng in the Un itedStates mainly in terms of theA. popularity of tur npikesB. financing of new roadsC. developme nt of the in teriorD. laws gover ning road use33. The word primitive in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. un safeB. unknownC. in expe nsiveD. un developed34. I n 1790 most roads conn ected tow ns in the in terior ofthe country withA. other inland com mun itiesB. tow ns in other statesC. river tow ns or seaportsD. con structi on sites35. The phrase on the thre