(完整版)英語中長句的翻譯

1、 chapter 13 英漢長句的翻譯translation of english long sentences1. 何謂長句所謂長句，主要指語法結構復雜、修飾成分較多、內(nèi)容層次在兩個或兩個以上的復合句，亦可指含義較多的簡單句。2、漢英長句比較英、漢兩種語言在句法上存在差異,英語多為形合句,漢語多為意合句。漢語句子多屬于緊縮型,英語的句子多屬于擴展型.英語修辭語位置相對靈活,前置后置,比較自如,尤其傾向于后置,十分有利于句子的擴展。英語句子較長,且較多使用關聯(lián)詞和從句。多種從句(主語、狀語、定語、表語從句)并存的長句比比皆是。因為英語結構復雜,層次變化多樣,容易產(chǎn)生誤解,所以英語長句翻譯成為難

2、點。3、英語長句的分析在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法:(1) 找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語（主干/句）, 從整體上把握句子的結構。(2) 找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。(3) 分析從句和短語的功能 , 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等)。(4) 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關系, 例如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。(5) 注意插入語等其他成分。例：behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment whe

3、re there are manystimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greaterintellectual development.behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experi

4、ence greater intellectualdevelopment.分析: (1) 該句的主語為 behaviorists, 謂語為 suggest, 賓語為一個從句 , 因此整個句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結構。(2) 該句共 有五個謂 語結 構, 它們 的謂語動 詞分 別為 suggest, is raised, are, develop,experience 等。譯文：行為主義者認為, 如果兒童的成長環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當反應能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會發(fā)展到較高的水平4. 翻譯方法4 . 1 順譯法 syn

5、chronizing有些英語長句敘述的一連串動作按發(fā)生的時間先后安排，或按邏輯關系安排，與漢語的表達方式比較一致，可按原文順序譯出。例（1）in international buying and selling of goods, there are a number of risks, which, if theyoccur, will involve traders in financial losses.(在)國際貿(mào)易貨物的買賣(中)存在著各種各樣的風險，這些風險的發(fā)生將會給(有關的)商人們帶來經(jīng)濟損失。例（2）(1)in africa i met a boy,(2) who was c

6、rying as if his heart would break and said,(3)when i spoke to him,(4)that he was hungry ,(5) because he had had no food for two days.(1)在非洲，我遇到一個小孩， (2)他哭得很傷心。(3)我問他為什么哭，(4)他說肚子餓，(5)兩天沒有吃東西了。例（3）the world is undergoing profound changes: the integration of economy with science andtechnology is increa

7、sing, the restructuring of the world economy is speeding up, and economicprosperity depends not only on the total volume of resources and capital, but also directly on theaccumulation and application of technological knowledge and information.譯文：世界正在發(fā)生深刻的變化：經(jīng)濟與科學技術的結合與日俱增；世界經(jīng)濟的重組加快步伐；經(jīng)濟繁榮不僅僅取決于資源和資本

8、的總量，而且直接有賴于技術知識和信息的積累及其應用。4.2 逆譯法 reversing“逆譯法”又稱“倒置譯法”，主要指句子的前后倒置問題。有些英語長句的表達次序與漢語習慣不同，甚至語序完全相反。因為：表現(xiàn)在因果關系上，英語常常從果到因，強調(diào)果對主體的影響，而漢語則從因到果順理推移，從解釋到結論，從條件到結果。在敘和議的關系上，英語一般先表態(tài)后敘事，而漢語一般先交代事情，后發(fā)表議論。翻譯時，我們必須從原文的后面譯起，逆著原文的順序翻譯。例（1）his delegation welcomed the fact that undp was prepared to respond to emerge

9、ncy needsas they rose, despite the basically long-term operations that characterized those programs.盡管聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計劃署的特點是開展長期業(yè)務活動，但是該機構也作了應急準備，對此，他的代表團表示歡迎。例(2)this will remain true whether we are dealing with the application of psychology to advertising andpolitical propaganda, or of engineering to the ma

10、ss media of communication, or of medicalscience to the problem of overpopulation or old age.無論我們說的是把心理學應用于廣告宣傳和政治宣傳，還是把工程學應用于大眾傳播媒體，或是把醫(yī)學運用于人口過剩問題和老年問題，這種情況總是如此。例（3）it should be the pressing task in international postal cooperation to actively help developingcountries overcome difficulties in their

11、development of postal services and to energetically narrowthe gap between the developing and the developed countries in this field.積極幫助發(fā)展中國家克服郵政建設中面臨的困難，努力縮小發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)達國家在郵政領域的差距，應成為國際郵政合作的當務之急。例(4)it is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning englishseems

12、to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language havebeen understood.一旦了解英語的基本結構和句型, 再往下學似乎就越來越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學生更容易理解。例(5)insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops andkill our flocks and herds, if it were no

13、t for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動物保護我們, 昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。 例(6)such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higherpay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領工人的社會地位, 這在西方

14、倒是人之常情。4.3 拆離法 splittingthe so-called splitting means taking certain elements ( clause , phrase , or word ) out of a sentenceand treating them separately. this technique is usually adopted when both cutting and embeddingfail to work in dealing with long and complex sentences.有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密

15、切 , 翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣, 把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時需要適當增加詞語。example（1）the number of the young people in the united states who cant read is incredible about one infour.原譯：沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。改譯：大約有 1/4 的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力, 這簡直令人難以置信。例（2） this year the estimated auto production is 40 million, and w

16、e can safely assume that eventhis tremendous number is likely to increase.例（2） this year the estimated auto production is 40 million, and we can safely assume that eventhis tremendous number is likely to increase.今年的汽車產(chǎn)量估計是四千萬輛。這個數(shù)字雖然很大了，但可能還要增加。我們這么估計是有把握的。例（3）those chinese scientists in silicon va

17、lley are understandably proud of their achievements.例（ 3）those chinese scientists in silicon valley are understandably proud of theirachievements.可以理解的是那些在硅谷工作的中國科學家們對他們?nèi)〉玫某删透械胶茏院?。the foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in beijing , whichexhibited a superb performance

18、 in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop andkilling and ended in a draw.外賓觀看了在北京舉行的這場錦標賽。這場比賽在發(fā)兇狠球、旋轉(zhuǎn)球、低慢球、高拋球及扣殺方面技術都十分精湛, 最后打成平局。他們看得簡直著迷了。 ( splitting phrases )4.4 切分法 cuttingsometimes, however, english modifiers are too long to be placed before the word being modifiedin the ch

19、inese version. in this case, we have to resort to some other means- most conveniently,cutting. by means of cutting, we may sever a long english sentence and rearrange the parts insense groups, and then translate them separately into chinese.1). human beings have distinguished themselves from other a

20、nimals, and in doing so ensured theirsurvival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to thatenvironment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人類把自己和其他動物區(qū)別開來。與此同時, 人類還具有觀察和了解周圍環(huán)境的能力。他們要么適應環(huán)境, 要么控制環(huán)境, 或根據(jù)自身的需要改造環(huán)境。人類就這樣一代代地生存下來。例（2）the medical wast

21、e that has fouled beaches in the new york region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away bothfrom beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open. ( cutting )醫(yī)療用品生產(chǎn)商的廢棄物污染了紐約地區(qū)的海濱。時值盛夏，一些海濱浴場關閉了, 趕走了大批度假者, 而仍然

22、開放的一些海濱浴場也門可羅雀。這使海濱區(qū)的商業(yè)蒙受嚴重損失。例（3）world bank managing director richard frank said in a statement that the $52 billioninternational rescue package assembled by the clinton administration-which includes $17 billionfrom the international monetary fundwould meet mexicos short-term financial crisis, whic

23、hblew up after the government devalued the peso in december.譯文：世界銀行行長理查德弗蘭克在一項聲明中說，由美國克林頓政府組織籌集的 520億美元的國際援助貸款，其中包括國際貨幣基金組織提供的 170 億美元貸款，將用于解決墨西哥目前面臨的短期金融危機；這次危機是由于墨西哥政府在12 月將墨西哥比索貶值后而引發(fā)的。4.4 綜合法 recasting在翻譯一個英語長句時, 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不

24、方便, 這就需要我們的仔細分析, 或按照時間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結合, 主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理 ,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。例（1）computer language may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understoodby particular computer, to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automaticallyacceptable to wide range of computers.譯

25、文：計算機語言有低級也有高級的。前者比較繁瑣，很接近于特定計算機直接能懂的語言；后者比較復雜，適應范圍廣，能自動為多種計算機所接受。例（2）up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this newtendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity,business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了 18 和 19 兩個世紀, 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動、