英語四種基本句式

1、.英語四種基本句式：陳述、疑問、祈使和感嘆句一：肯定句、否定句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句例句：I am a student. He goes to school. I am not a boy. He does not go to school. Are you a student? Do you / Does she like English ? What time (is it),please ? which is your pen? What day today ? 問星期 what date is it today? 問日期含be/am is are was were: This is

2、a book. Is this a book? _ yes, it is / no, it isnt This is not a book. What is this ? what this is ?不含be的，借助do/does: I like English. I do not like English. Do you like English? What do you like? She likes English. She does not like English. Does she like English. What does she like ?提問例詞：When 問時間 wh

3、o 問人 whose 問主人 where問地點(diǎn) which 問選擇 why問原因 what time問時間 what color 問顏色 what about 問意見 what day問星期 what date問日期 what place 問具體地點(diǎn) How 問情況 how old 問年齡 how many/much問數(shù)量、價錢 how about問意見 how far 問路程 how long 問時間 how soon 問時間 how often 問頻率肯定句轉(zhuǎn)否定句中特殊用法：1.some變?yōu)閍ny。如：There are some birds in the tree. There are

4、nt any birds in the tree. 但是，若在表示邀請、請求的句子中，some可以不變。如：Would you like some orange juice? 與此相關(guān)的一些不定代詞如something, somebody等也要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)變化。 2.and變?yōu)閛r。如：I have a knife and a ruler. I dont have a knife or a ruler. You neednt worry about the job and pay._ You neednt worry about the job or pay. (Dont need to)3.a

5、lot of (=lots of)變?yōu)閙any(修飾可數(shù)n)或much(修飾不可數(shù)n)。如： They have a lot of friends.（可數(shù)名詞）They dont have many friends. There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可數(shù)名詞）There isnt much orange in the bottle. 4.already變?yōu)閥et。如：I have been there already. I havent been there yet.I have sent you the mail already. I have

6、nt sent you the mail yet.二：疑問句questios分類：一般疑問、特殊疑問、反意疑問、選擇疑問1. 一般疑問句 general questions : yes/no questions 型，一般可由yes/no來回答；11.一般疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：A . be/助/情態(tài)動詞(be can do have will 等)+主語+謂語/表語+(其他),句子要讀升調(diào)；Eg：Are they your friends？Can you play basketball？ Can you swim to the other side？ Does he go to school on

7、foot？Do you like English? Have you locked the door？Will you be free tonight？ 以上均可用yes、no來回答。B: 陳述句亦可用作一般疑問句，多用在非正式文體中，句末有問號，用升調(diào);Eg：Somebody is with you？He didnt finish the work？You are fresh from America，I suppose？22.一般疑問句的回答：除yes、no外，也可用certainly，probably，perhaps，of course，all right，with pleasure等代

8、替yes，用never，not at all等代替no； Eg：Can you help me？Certainly.Could you please make less noise？All right，sir. Have you been there？Never.33.一般疑問句的否定式：A. 一般結(jié)構(gòu)：系/助/情態(tài)動詞+not+主語；也可為：系/助/情態(tài)動詞+主語+not。Eg：Do you not/Dont you believe me? Is it not / Isnt it a lovely day? Are you not / Arent you coming? Will you n

9、ot /Wont you sit down? Is he not / Isnt he a doctor? Will he not /Wont he go with you?Does Helen not /Doesnt Helen like chocolate? 海倫不喜歡巧克力嗎?B.否定疑問句并不單純表示提問，它常常帶有感情色彩; 否定疑問句的完全式比簡略式所表達(dá)的語氣更強(qiáng)烈些; 驚異、贊嘆或責(zé)難等語氣; 暗示提問者期待著肯定的回答; 表示邀請或建議;Eg：Havent you read the newspaper？ Wont he come？他不來了啊？ Shouldnt we start

10、 now？ Wasnt it an interesting film？Wouldnt you like to go with me？ Wont you have a cup of coffee？44.一般疑問句否定式的回答：否定的一般疑問句的答語中，yes的含義為“不”，no的含義為“是”，但在回答這類句子時，應(yīng)該注意yes后接肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，no后接否定結(jié)構(gòu)，這和漢語習(xí)慣不同。Eg：Are you not Mr Smith？Yes，Iam.不，我是 /No，I am not.是的，我不是Havent you read this book before？Yes，I have.不，我讀過/No，I h

11、avent.是的，我沒有Dontyou play chess？Yes ，I do.不，我下棋 /No，I dont.是的，我不下棋。教你一招：在這樣的答語中，只要根據(jù)實際情況來判斷，如果事實上是，就用肯定的結(jié)構(gòu)，前面接yes；如果事實上不是，就用否定結(jié)構(gòu)，前面接no；但此時的yes、no應(yīng)翻譯成反義的中文。 2. 特殊問句 special questions ：wh-questions型問句，when. where. what. who. why. which. whose.11.特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：A . 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句；即特殊疑問詞+be/助/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語/表語+(其他)

12、.Eg: Who is it on the phone？誰來的電話？ How many oranges can you see in the picture？Where did you last see it？ What did you eat yesterday？ How do you usually go to school？What can be done about it？ Which are yours？ What did you say？Who would like to come for a game of football？ Why didnt you tell me？B: 特

13、殊疑問句有時可有一個以上的疑問詞;Eg: Which present did you give to whom？ When and where did you meet？ C: 特殊疑問句有時須以介詞開首;Eg：By whom is the book written？ Since when have you lived here？D: 疑問詞作主語或主語的定語時，與陳述句的語序相同;Eg: Who is in the room？誰在房間里？E: “why+一般疑問句否定式”這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示勁告、建議、責(zé)備等，而不能歸為特殊問句; Eg: Why dont you come earlier？ W

14、hy not go skiing？為何不去滑雪呢？22.特殊疑問詞：疑問代詞、疑問副詞 A. 疑問代詞：who whom whose which what 指認(rèn)S 指人O 指所屬關(guān)系，做定語后接n 指人或物，一定范圍、沒規(guī)定范圍的Eg：Who is the girl under the tree？ Who is not here？ Whom are you writing to？ Whom do you want to see？ Whose pen is this？ Whose are those shoes？ Which girls will be in the sports meeting

15、？ Which hat is lilys ？ What can you see in the picture？ What is in the teachers room？B疑問副詞：when/where/ why /how /how old /how many/much/how often /soon/far/long問 時間 地點(diǎn) 原因 方式 年齡 多少 頻率 速度 距離 Eg：When will she return？ Where do you come from？ Why are you late for school？ How do you usually go to school？

16、How old is Jims little brother？ How many friends do you have? How far is it from your home to school？ How long will you stay in Beijing？ How often do you go to see your grandparents？ How soon will you come back？33.特殊疑問句的回答：簡略/整句回答，不用yes、noEg：Who has borrowed my bike？ Jack. / Jack has borrowed your b

17、ike.When did he borrow my bike？This morning . / He borrowed your bike this morning.Where is he？ At the office. / He is at the office.What is he doing there？ Working. / He is working.Whose bike is this？ Mr. Smiths. / Its Mr. Smiths bike.3. 選擇疑問句：alternative questions提出兩種或兩種以上的可能，問對方選擇哪一種。其結(jié)構(gòu)可用一般疑問句，也

18、可用特殊疑問句，供選擇的兩部分由or連接，前者用升調(diào)，后者用降調(diào)。Eg：Will you go there by bus or by train？ What would you like，coffee or tea？How many pens do you have ，one or two？11.一般疑問句演化而來的：Eg： Is it right or wrong？ Are they reading，chatting or watching television？ Were you or he there？ Do you want to go there by land or by air？

19、22.特殊疑問句演化而來的：Eg：Which do you like better，coffee or milk？ What colour is it，red，blue or yellow？Where are you going，to the classroom or to the library？ How shall we go，by sea or by land？33.or not 構(gòu)成的選擇疑問句：Eg：Do you want to buy it or not？ Are you ready or not？44.選擇疑問句的回答，非所問語，不用yes、no，而要用簡略或完整的結(jié)構(gòu)來回答Eg

20、：Do you go to work by bus or by bike？By bus. Which would you like, tea or coffee?Coffee.55. or連接的選擇疑問句，并列部分可為多種成分Eg：表語，如：Are you an Englishman or an American？Im from England.狀語，如：Is the delegation arriving today or tomorrow？Today，I think.賓語，如：Would you like coffee or tea？Tea, please.謂語，如：Shall we wa

21、tch TV or go to the concert？Id prefer to go to the concert.分句，如：Shall I come to pick you up or shall we meet at the airport？As you please.4. 反意疑問句：disjunctive questions是一種常用于口語的疑問句，這種問句由兩部分組成，前一部分是陳述句，后一部分是附加的一簡短問句（稱為question tag），中間用逗號隔開，因此，反意疑問句又稱附加疑問句。如果前肯則后否；如果前否則后肯。附加問句一般為“be、助、情態(tài)動詞+代詞”構(gòu)成，如：Eg：

22、They didnt clean the classroom yesterday，did they？This is your car，isnt it ？Youre coming，arent you？ John doesnt like tea，does he？She cant swim，can she？ You dont like rock music，do you ？11. 反意疑問句需注意的問題：Eg：前后代詞一致 He is your teacher，isnt he？ Li lei gets up at six in the morning，doesnt he？系、情態(tài)、助動詞借助Tom

23、has finished his homework，hasnt he？She went to Shanghai yesterday，didnt she？含否定詞 Theres little water in the bottle，is there？前后雙肯或雙否，有特殊含義You sold that lovely bracelet，did you ？=Im sorry you did.遺憾！22. 反意疑問句的語調(diào)：通常陳述句部分用降調(diào)，附加問句用升調(diào)：He cant swim，can he？ Lily likes sports，doesnt she？對自己的看法比較肯定而又希望聽者同意這種看

24、法時，前后都用降調(diào)：You dont like rock music，do you？期望回答：No，I dont.You like rock music，dont you？期望回答：Yes，I do.33. 反意疑問句的答語：A.一般由yes或no引導(dǎo)的簡略語來回答，但是要注意時態(tài)及代詞的呼應(yīng)Eg：She is your teacher，isnt she？Yes ，she is./No，she isnt. Li lei gets up at six in the morning，doesnt he？Yes，he is./No ，he isnt.B.在前否定后肯定的，回答語中：yes譯成“不是”

25、，no譯成“是的”。Eg：She cant swim，can she ？ Yes ，she can. / No，she cant.She isnt your teacher，is she？ Yes，she is./ No，she isnt.。三. 一些特殊問句的反意疑問：1. 陳述句是I am結(jié)構(gòu)，反意問句用arent I 或am not I Im right，arent I？ / Im late，am not I？2. 陳述句主語是不定代詞時，如果是表物的everything，anything，something，nothing時，反意 問句的主語it，謂語動詞用單數(shù); 如果是表人的ever

26、ybody，everyone，somebody，someone，anybody，anyone，nobody，no one時，反意問句的主語可用they，也可用he，謂語動詞用相應(yīng)的單、復(fù)數(shù)，如：Nothing is serious，is it？ No one was hurt，were they？ Everybody knows what I said，dont they？Everyone knows his job，doesnt he？3. 如果陳述部分的主語是指示代詞this，that時，疑問句的主語用it，謂語單數(shù)；如果陳述部分的主語是指示代詞these，those，則疑問句的主語用th

27、ey，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如: This is very important，isnt it？ Those are cups，arent they？4. 如果陳述部分以不定代詞one作主語,附加疑問部分的主語在正式場合用one,在非正式場合用you,如:One cant be too careful, can one(you)?最認(rèn)真不過如此了,是嗎?5. 陳述部分的主語是從句、不定式或動名詞時，疑問部分的主語用it，謂語用單數(shù)，如: What you said is wrong，isnt it？ To learn English well isnt easy，is it？Practicing spe

28、aking English every morning will do you good，wont it？6. 陳述句中的謂語動詞是there be，后邊的疑問部分也用there be形式，如：There is an apple on the table，isnt there？ Therere some trees on the island，arent there？7. 陳述句謂語動詞是wish，表示征求意見時，反意問句用may，如：I wish to have another piece of cake，may I？ I wish to go home now ，may I？8. 陳述句句

29、中有hardly，seldom，rarely，no，nothing，never，little，few，nobody，nowhere，barely，neither，tooto等表示否定意義的詞時，反意問句用肯定式，如：You will never forget it ，will you？ There is nothing on the table，is there？She has few friends，does she？9. 如果陳述句中的否定式僅帶有否定詞綴（前綴或后綴），則將其看成肯定句，反意問句一般仍用否定式，如: He is unfit for his job，isnt he？ Tha

30、ts unfair，isnt it？10. 前句謂語動詞為have/has/had to時其疑問部分的謂語動詞應(yīng)用dont /doesnt/didnt，如: He has to get up at four tomorrow，doesnt he？ They had to leave early，didnt they？11. 陳述句中的謂語動詞為used to時，其疑問部分的謂語動詞有兩種形式，如：He used to live in London，usednt he/didnt he？ There used to be a cinema here before the war，usednt t

31、here/didnt there？12. 陳述句中的謂語動詞是ought to，則疑問部分的謂語動詞通常用ought/oughtnt代替，如：Such things ought not to be allowed，ought they？ He ought to be punished，oughtnt he？或We ought to go ，ought we not？或we ought to go ，should we not？13. 當(dāng)陳述部分有dare或need時，若dare和need為實義動詞，疑問部分的謂語動詞用do的適當(dāng)形式；若dare和need為情態(tài)動詞，疑問部分用dare或need

32、構(gòu)成，如：We need to do it，dont we？ You darent go there，dare you？14. 含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子: 1）若陳述句中強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的情況的推測，疑問部分用arent/isnt+主語，如：You must be tired，arent you？2）前句謂語動詞是must have+過去分詞時，若陳述句中強(qiáng)調(diào)過去情況的推測（一般有過去時間狀語），疑問部分的謂語動詞用didnt +主語，如： He must have met her yesterday，didnt he？3）若陳述句中強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的完成，疑問部分的謂語動詞用havent/hasnt+主

33、語，如： You must have seen the film，havent you？4）若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時，附加疑問句的部分則用neednt，如： You must go home right now，neednt you？你有必要馬上回家，是嗎？5）當(dāng)mustnt表示禁止時，附加疑問部分一般用may，如： You mustnt walk on grass，may you？15祈使句的反意疑問句，一般在句尾加will you，如：Give me a hand，will you？Stop that noise，will you？ Dont forget it,will yo

34、u?Dont talk any more，will you？注意：在陳述部分是肯定的句子中，也可用wont you。16. lets開頭的祈使句的反意疑問句用shall we；let us開頭的祈使句的反意疑問句用will you，如：Lets go there, shall we？ Let us go there，will you？在口語中，也可用下面形式：Lets go fishing. All right（or OK）？17. 主從復(fù)合句的附加問句1）復(fù)合句的反意疑問句一般是根據(jù)主句的主語和謂語形式構(gòu)成反意疑問部分的，如： He said that we were happy，didnt

35、 he？2）復(fù)合句的主句是I think（expect，suppose，believe，suspect，imagine）時，附加問句要根據(jù)主句而定，主語是第一人稱時，要根據(jù)從句而定，主語為第二、三人稱時，與主句保持一致，并且要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移，如： I suppose he is serious，isnt he？ You think she is a good teacher，dont you？ I believe he can find her mother nowhere，can he？（注意，用nowhere為否定句） I expect they will win the match，wo

36、nt they？ Your brother thinks you can do the job well，doesnt he？ I dont think he is the suitable man for the job，is he？18. 并列復(fù)句的反意疑問句這種反意疑問句，其疑問部分一般與最接近的分句的主、謂語保持一致，如：We must start at once or we cant get there on time，can we？He is a teacher but his wife isnt a teacher，is she？四感嘆句 exclamatory sentence

37、感嘆句一般是用來表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感的。英語感嘆句常用what和how引導(dǎo)，what和how與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語序。 1、 由what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：what意為多么用作定語，修飾名詞（被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分），單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a/an,復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞。結(jié)構(gòu)形式是： what+(a/an)+adj. +n.+S+V. Eg：What a clever girl she is! What an interesting story it is! What good children they are! What beautiful flowers the

38、y are! What delicious food it is! What heavy snow it is! 2、由how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：how意為多么，用作狀語，修飾形容詞或副詞（被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分）。如果修飾形容詞，則句中的謂語動詞用系動詞；如果how修飾副詞，則句中的謂語動詞用行為動詞，結(jié)構(gòu)形式是： How+ adj .（adv.）+S+V. Eg： How cold it is today! How nice the pictures are! How happy they look! How well she sings! How hard they are working now! 3、

39、在表示同一意義時，英語感嘆既可用what引導(dǎo)，也可用how引導(dǎo)。如： Eg：What a hot day it is! How hot the day is ! What tall buildings they are! How tall the buildings are! What bad weather it is! How bad the weather is! What bright sunshine it is! How bright the sunshine is! 4、感嘆句在表示激動強(qiáng)烈的感情時，口語中常常采用省略句，其后面的主語和謂語往往略去。 Eg：What a fine

40、 day! What an honest boy! What red apples! How cool! How wonderful! So cute ! 感嘆句專項練習(xí): what a/an +adj /adv +n +S+V How adj/ adv +S +V 一、填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成下列感嘆句。1).( )difficult homework we had yesterday! 2).( )cute dog it is!3). ( ) interesting the story is! 4). ( )bad the weather in England is!5). ( )honest b

41、oy Tom is！ 6). ( ) tasty smell the cake gave off!7). ( ) good time we had on the beach yesterday! 8). ( ) exciting news youve brought us!9). ( ) cool your new car is! 10). ( ) scary these tigers are!二、選擇填空。A. How B. How an C. What D. What an1. ( ) fast the boy ran! 2. ( ) well you sing but( ) badly

42、he dances! 3. ( ) delicious the soup is! Id like some more. 4. ( ) fools they were! They believed what the man said. 5. ( ) foolish they were! They believed what the man said.6. ( ) difficult questions they are! I cant answer them.7. I miss my friend very much. ( ) I want to see her!8. ( ) lovely we

43、ather we are having these days!9. ( ) beautiful your new dress is! 10. ( ) interesting work it is to teach children! 三、所給句子填空，使填空句變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的感嘆句：1. The boy swam very fast. / ( )the boy swam!2. The school trip is very exciting./ ( ) the school trip is!3. Hei Longjiang looks very beautiful in winter. ( ) He

44、i LongJiang looks in winter!4. It is a very useful dictionary. ( )dictionary it is! ( )dictionary is!5. The students are listening very carefully./ ( )the students are listening!Answers:一: What，What a, How, How，What an, What, What a, What, How, How 二、BAACA CACAC 5. How carefully 三、1. How fast 2. How

45、 exciting 3. How beautiful 4. What a useful, How useful the五，祈使句 Imperative Sentence用于表達(dá)命令、請求、勸告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表達(dá)命令，因此在學(xué)校文法中也常稱為命令句。祈使句因?qū)ο螅粗髡Z）是第二人稱，所以通常都省略；祈使句的動詞都為一般現(xiàn)在時，句末則使用句號來表示結(jié)束。例： Go and wash your hands.命令）/ Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）請求） Be kind to our sister.（對姊妹要和善。/ Watch

46、your steps.警告） Look out！Danger?。ㄐ⌒模∥ｋU！強(qiáng)烈警告，已如感嘆句） Keep off the grass.禁止） / No parking.禁止） 祈使句也常把主語“You”表達(dá)出來，使對方聽起來覺得柔和些，例如：You go and tell him, Chris. 1.相關(guān)口令: 祈使句無主語, 主語you常省去;動詞原形謂語當(dāng), 句首加dont否定變;朗讀應(yīng)當(dāng)用降調(diào), 句末常標(biāo)感嘆號。2.結(jié)構(gòu)形式：肯定/否定結(jié)構(gòu)11. 肯定形式：do/ be / let A. Do型:V原形+O+其它成分。如:Please have a seat here. 請這邊坐。

47、有的祈使句在意思明確時,動詞可省略 :This way, please. = Go this way, please. 請這邊走。B. Be型:Be + P (n或adj)+其它成分。如:Be a good boy! 要做一個好孩子! C. Let型:Let + O + V原形 + 其它成分。如:Let me help you. 讓我來幫你。 22.否定形式：do/ be /let / not A. Do/Be型的否定在句首加dont, 如:Dont forget me!Dont be late for school! B. Let型的否定式有兩種: “Dont + let + O + V原形

48、 + 其它成分”和“Let +O + not + V原形 + 其它成分” :Dont let him go. / Let him not go. C. 有些可用no開頭,用來表示禁止性的,如:No smoking! No fishing! 翻譯：1.請照看好您的包。2.讓我們?nèi)W(xué)校吧! 3.親愛的,高興點(diǎn)兒! 4.不要把書放這兒。5.不要讓貓進(jìn)來。Key:1.Please look after your bag.2. Lets go to school.3. Be glad, dear 4.Dont put the book here . 5.Dont let the cat come in/

49、Let the cat not come in33經(jīng)典例句練習(xí)：(1) Let me try. (2) Lets do it. (3) Let me go and look for it. (4) a. Dont disturb him.b. Lets not disturb him. (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir. (7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own. (8)

50、 Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 第三人稱用Dont let.；第一人稱，則用Let.not (9) Dont let this type of things happen again. (10) Its raining now. Lets not go out until after the rain. Let只適用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，可以有被動語態(tài) (the passive voice)： (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. Let后頭除了是不帶to的不定式動詞 (The infinitive without to)之外，還可以是某些適當(dāng)?shù)?/p>