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1、動名詞做主語、賓語精講精練一、動名詞做主語的用法動名詞做主語往往表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作,在口語中也可以表示具體的動作。如:Painting is his hobby 繪畫是他的愛好。Talking mends no holes 空談無濟(jì)于事。動名詞做主語和不定式做主語一樣,也可以用it 作形式主語。如:It is no use talking without doing光說不做沒有用。不定式做主語往往表示具體的特別是將來的動作。如:Its so hot What I want to do now is to have a swim in a river天這么熱,現(xiàn)在我想做的事是在河里游泳?!?/p>
2、考例】 What do you think made Mary so upset ? _ her new bicycle ( 1997 上海高考題)A As she lostBLostCLosingD Because of losing該題正確選項(xiàng)為C, losing her new bicycle 是句子的主語,謂語made her so upset 被省略,losing 在此表示具體的動作。二、動名詞作賓語的用法1有些動詞或短語動詞后常用動名詞作賓語。如admit ,appreciate,avoid,cant stand(不能忍受),consider,delay,de- voteto,di
3、slike enjoy ,escape,excuse,feel like ,finish ,forgive ,1get down to ,give up , imagine, insist on , keep( on), look forward to , mention , mind , miss(錯過), pay attention to , practice, put off ,stick to , suggest 等等?!究祭縄 cant imagine _ that with them ( MET 1986 )A doB to doCbeing doneD doing該題正確選項(xiàng)為
4、D【考例】She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden( 1995 上海高考題)A visit B paying a visitCwalk in D walking in該題正確選項(xiàng)為D ,考查短語動詞look forward to 后跟動名詞作賓語的用法。2在 allow , advise, forbid , permit 后直接跟動名詞作賓語,如果有名詞或代詞作賓語,則構(gòu)成 “allow advise forbid permit 名詞代詞不定式(賓語補(bǔ)足語)”之形式。如:We dont allow smoking h
5、ere We dont allow anybody to smoke here 3動詞 need,require,want 意為 “需要 ”時(shí),后跟動名詞的主動式或不定式的被動式作賓語,意義沒有區(qū)別。如:The window needs requires wants cleaning to be cleaned4在 begin, continue, love, like , hate, prefer ,intend ,start 后用動名詞和用不定式作賓語均可,意義沒有多大區(qū)別。5動詞 forget , go on , mean , regret,2remember, stop, try, b
6、e used to, cant help 后跟動名詞和跟不定式區(qū)別較大,須注意。forget ,regret, remember 后跟動名詞,動名詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作;后跟不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作。go on 后跟動名詞表示“繼續(xù)做原來做的事”;后跟不定式表示“接著做另一件事”。mean 后跟動名詞表示“意味著要做某事”;后跟不定式表示“想要做某事 ”。stop 后跟動名詞表示“停止做某事 ”;后跟不定式表示“停下來(別的事)開始做某事”。try 后跟動名詞表示“試著做某事 ”;后跟不定式表示“努力做某事 ”。be used to 后跟動名詞表示“習(xí)慣于做某事”;后跟不定式表示“被用來做某事
7、”。cant help 后跟動名詞表示“禁不住做某事 ”;后跟不定式表示“不能幫助做某事”。【考例】 Lets have a rest Not now I dont want to stop _ yet ( MET 1985 )A studyB to studyCfor studyingD studying該題正確選項(xiàng)為D , stop studying 意為 “停止學(xué)習(xí) ”。【考例】 Let me tell you something about the journalists Dont you remember _ me the story yesterday ?( 1999 上海高考題)
8、A toldB tellingCto tellD to have told該題正確選項(xiàng)為B, remember telling me 意為 “記得曾經(jīng)告訴過我”。3【考例】I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days( MET 1991 )A sailB to sailCsailingD to have sailed該題正確選項(xiàng)為C, imagine Peter sailing 是動詞 imagine 加動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)?!究祭縃ow about the two of us _ a walk down t
9、he garden ?( MET 1993 )A to takeB takeCtakingD to be taking該題正確選項(xiàng)為C, the two of us taking 是動詞 take 的動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。四、動名詞的時(shí)態(tài)在時(shí)態(tài)上,動名詞有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)兩種形式。當(dāng)動名詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不明確,或與謂語動作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或發(fā)生在謂語動作之后時(shí),用動名詞的一般式;當(dāng)動名詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前時(shí),常用動名詞的完成式。如:I enjoy playing football ( playing 表示的時(shí)間概念不明確)Hes been used t
10、o going to bed late( going to bed 與 has been used to同時(shí)發(fā)生)Im looking forward to seeing you soon ( seeing 發(fā)生在 am looking forward to之后)4Im sorry for not having kept my promise( not having kept my promise 發(fā)生在 am sorry 之前)需要特別注意的是,有時(shí)候通過上下文可以明顯地看出動名詞動作和謂語動作的先后時(shí)間關(guān)系,或者在一些動詞(如remember, forget , regret)和動詞短語(
11、如excuse sb for,thank sbfor )中,盡管動名詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,我們也常用其一般式來代替完成式,或者兩種形式通用。如:Thank you very much for having helped me a lot Thank you very much for helping me a lot 【考例】 You were brave enough to raise objections (反對) at the meeting Well , now I regret _ that ( NMET 1995 )A to doB to be doingCto have
12、 doneD having done該題正確選項(xiàng)為D ,空白處也可填入doing。五、動名詞的語態(tài)在語態(tài)上,動名詞有主動式(doing ,having done )和被動式( being done,having been done)。主動式表示主動意義,被動式表示被動意義。如:He insisted on sending her to hospital 他堅(jiān)持要把她送到醫(yī)院去。He insisted on being sent to work in the countryside 他堅(jiān)持要被派到鄉(xiāng)下工作?!究祭緿o you mind _ alone at home ?( 1994 上海高考題
13、)5A Jane leavingB Jane having leftCJanes being leftD Jane to be left該題正確選項(xiàng)為C,句意為:把Jane獨(dú)自留在家你介意嗎?【考例】While shopping , people sometimes cant help into buying something they dont really need ( 1996上海高考題)A to persuadeB persuadingCbeing persuadedD be persuaded該題正確選項(xiàng)為C, cant help being persuaded into buyi
14、ng 意為 “不可避免地會被說服買他們實(shí)際并不需要的東西”。11 動名詞(短語)的句法功能:1.動名詞具有名詞的特征,做主語。例如:Talking mends no holes.空談無濟(jì)于事。Sweeping the floor is my wifes everyday work.掃地是我妻子的日常工作。Doing morning exercises is good for your health.做早操對你的健康有好處?!咀⒁狻?注意以下句型, “it是”形式主語, 動名詞是正真的主語。動名詞做主語時(shí)謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:It is no good smoking and drinking.
15、 I suggest that you should give them up.吸煙喝酒沒有好處。我建議你應(yīng)該戒掉。6It is a waste of time watching TV all day. 整天看電視是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It is no use operating on this woman. She ought to have been sent here two hours ago.給這個婦女做手術(shù)已經(jīng)沒有用了,她本來應(yīng)該在兩個小時(shí)之前送來。Living together with you has been a great pleasure. 和你住在一起真高興。2.作表語My jo
16、b is teaching English. 我的工作是教英語。The only thing that interests her is dancing. 唯一使她感興趣的事情是跳舞。The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. 真正的問題是了解消費(fèi)者的需要。To keep money you have found is stealing. 撿到錢不交等于偷竊?!咀⒁狻恳话銇碚f,動名詞作表語表示主語的內(nèi)容;而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征和屬性。例如:The work assigned to us is bring
17、ing the chairs downstairs.分配給我們的工作是把椅子帶下樓來。(表示主語的內(nèi)容)Her job is raising pigs.她的工作是養(yǎng)豬。 (表示主語的內(nèi)容)The film was exciting.這部電影激動人心。 (表示主語的特征)It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.會議延期了使人掃興。 (表示主語的特征)3.作賓語Andrew hated giving anaesthetics.安德羅極不喜歡麻醉工作。I wouldnt mind going there with her. 與她一起去那兒,
18、我沒有意見。I assure you I wouldnt have troubled you if I could have avoided doing so.我可以向你保證, 如果當(dāng)時(shí)我能避免的話,我是決不會麻煩你的。I enjoy listening to music. 我喜歡聽音樂。She couldnt risk missing that train.我不能冒險(xiǎn)誤過那次火車。I have finished writing this novel.我已經(jīng)寫完了這本小說?!咀⒁狻?.只能用動名詞作賓語,而不能用不定式作賓語的動詞有: admit, abhor, acknowledge,adv
19、ise,advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, dislike, enjoy, excuse,7face, fancy, finish, grudge, cant help, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, necessitate, pardon,postpone, practise, renounce, resent, require, stand, suggest, understand, give up
20、, leave off, put off 等等。2.在下列動詞之后即可以用不定式,也可以用動名詞。這樣的動詞有:like, love, hate, prefer, begin,commence, start, continue, attempt, intend, propose, cant bear, cease, , decline, deserve, disdain, dread,endure, forget, learn, mean, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, regret, try等等。例如:Do you like swimming( to s
21、wim)?你喜歡游泳嗎?We began listening (to listen)to music. 我們開始聽音She propose making(to make)a change in our studying plan.她建議把我們的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃做一些改動。3.下列動詞后既可接不定式,也可接動名詞,但所表示的意思不同。例如:1)remember to do something 記住要做某事remember doing something記得曾經(jīng)做過某事例如:I remember posting the letter. 我記得我把封信發(fā)出了。Please remember to post
22、the letter for me.請記住替我發(fā)信。I remember seeing this film. 我記得曾經(jīng)看過這部電影。I should remember to see the film. 我應(yīng)該記住去看這部電影。2)forget to do something忘記要做某事forget doing忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事例如:I shall never forget seeing the Swiss Alps for the first time.我將永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我第一次游覽瑞士阿爾卑斯山的情景。I am afraid he will forget to write to me.恐怕他會忘
23、記寫信給我。3) stop to do something 停下某事去做stop doing something停止做某事例如:I really must stop smoking.我的確該戒煙。8I have been working all the morning. I have to stop to smoke a cigarette.我已經(jīng)工作了一上午了,我得停下抽支煙。4) try to do something設(shè)法做某事try doing something ( 做某事 ) 試試?yán)纾篢ry to do your duty well.盡力做好本職工作。Try knocking at
24、 the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.前門沒有人聽見你的聲音,那么敲敲后門試一試。5)regret to do something因做某事感到悲哀(不愉快)regret doing 因做某事感到后悔例如:I regret causing him so much inconvenience. 我因給他帶來許多不便而感到懊悔。I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer your employment.我很抱歉地通知你,我們不能接受你的雇用。6)mean doing 意味著或
25、意思是mean to do something 打算做某事或想要做某事例如:We know that learning a language does not mean just working in a class.我們知道,學(xué)習(xí)一種語言并不意味著只是在課堂里學(xué)習(xí)。I didnt mean to hurt your feelings.我并沒有想傷害你的感情。7)go on to do something(做完某事)接著做另一件事go on doing something繼續(xù)做某事例如:I hope it wont go on snowing all day and all night.我希望
26、雪不要整天整夜下個不停。Our teacher welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the school regulations.在歡迎新生后,我們的老師開始解釋學(xué)校的規(guī)章制度。98)need to do something 需要做某事(表示主動)need doing something 需要(表示被動)例如:You need to work harder. 你需要更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。Your house needs painting. 你的房子需要油漆了。9)want to do something想做某事(表示主動)want
27、 doing需要(表示被動)如:I want to study French. 我想學(xué)習(xí)法語。The electric shaver wants repairing before it can be used.電動剃須刀需經(jīng)修理才能使用。10)begin 和 start 在下列三種情況下最好用動詞不定式。A. 主語是物而不是人時(shí)。例如:The ice began(started) to melt. 冰開始融化。The barometer began (started)to fall.氣壓計(jì)開始下降。B. 當(dāng) begin 或 start 用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。例如:She is beginning (
28、starting) to cook the dinner. 她開始做飯。C.當(dāng) begin 或 start 后面的動詞指心理狀態(tài)或精神活動時(shí)。例如:I began to understand my past mistakes.我開始認(rèn)識自己過去的錯誤。She started to wonder who had done it. 她開始納悶,這件事究竟是誰做的。11)請比較以下句子:The buses have ceased running.公共汽車已經(jīng)停了。The buses ceased to run. 公共汽車停掉不開了。第一句的意思可能是:“公共汽車今天停開,但是明天將再開。“第二個句子
29、的意思可能是:“公共汽車將停開很長的一段時(shí)間,也可能永遠(yuǎn)不再開了?!?2)在 like, hate, prefer 動詞后,如果表示一般傾向,多用動名詞作賓語,如果指特定的或具體的動作時(shí),用不定式。例如:10I like watching TV . 我喜歡看電視。Id like to watch TV this afternoon.今天下午我想看電視。I hate speaking before a big audience.我不喜歡在大庭廣眾面前講話。I hate to speak at the meeting today. 我今天不愿意在會上發(fā)言。I prefer reading to w
30、atching TV .我情愿看書,不愛看電視。I prefer to watch TV today.我今天情愿看電視。13) be afraid to do something 害怕(不敢)去做某事, (常會發(fā)生對自己或別人有傷害或令人畏懼的結(jié)果);而 be afraid of doing something 表示害怕(擔(dān)心)會發(fā)生某種不愿發(fā)生的或不應(yīng)發(fā)生的情況(不一定是令人畏懼的情況) ,可譯為 “唯恐 (怕) ”。例如:She was afraid of waking her husband up.可能丈夫病了或很累,不應(yīng)吵醒他。 (恐怕發(fā)生不應(yīng)發(fā)生的可能后果 )She was afra
31、id to wake her husband up.(如叫醒丈夫,可能他要發(fā)火,責(zé)備她。(害怕去做應(yīng)當(dāng)做或必須做的事)I am afraid of asking the teacher.我害怕問老師。 (要麻煩老師,是我不希望發(fā)生的)I am afraid to ask the teacher. 我不敢問老師。 (表示有必要去問,但老師可能要批評我)4.能跟動名詞的動詞短語很多,常見的這樣短語有:accuse of , be fond of , be capable of, be keen on,be proud of , be ashamed of, be responsible for,
32、be sick of , be tired of , be afraid of , insist on, persist in,stick to , suspectof, accuseof, think of, dream of, approve of, prevent (stop, keep)等。例如:I am proud of working with you.我為和你在一起工作感到驕傲。She is good at singing and dancing. 她擅長于唱歌跳舞。I am thinking of going to the industrial exhibition this
33、afternoon.我想下午去看工業(yè)展覽。I am interested in skating.我對滑冰感興趣。5.下列動詞短語中的“ to是”介詞,不是不定式的符號,因此后面要接動名詞或名詞。accommodateoneself to 使 適應(yīng)于,be accustomed to( accustom oneself to)習(xí)慣于(使 習(xí)慣于),be addicted to 沉湎于, admit to 承認(rèn), be agreeable to 欣然同意, confess to 承認(rèn), confine oneself to 使局限于, contribute to 有助于, devote to把 奉
34、獻(xiàn)給 , be devoted to 獻(xiàn)身于,專心于, be equal to11能勝任, fall to 著手, have no (have an)objection to 不反對,(反對),object to 反對, look forward to 盼望, be opposed to 反對, pay attention to 注意, lend oneself to 幫助, prefer doing something to doing something 寧愿 而不 , see to 注意, take to 開始從事于, when it comes to 談到,至于,就 而論, be us
35、ed to 習(xí)慣于等等。例如:When it comes to writing short essays, you had better ask his advice.談到寫短篇文章, 你最好請教他。I dont feel equal to doing the work.我感到不能勝任這工作。I have got used to working on the night shift.我上夜班已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。I have been looking forward to writing a novel by myself.我一起盼望自己寫一本小說。She refused to admit to bre
36、aking the window. 她拒絕承認(rèn)打破窗子。6.動名詞也可以和以下短語連用,作狀語。常見的短語有:apart from, for fear of, in case of, with aview to, with the object of, in the event of等等。例如:We should stay at home today instead of going to school.今天我們應(yīng)該呆在家里而應(yīng)去上學(xué)。He did such a thing with the object of improving his oral English.他這樣做完全是為了提高英語口
37、語水平。12 動名詞的完成式與被動形式1.動名詞的一般形式通常表示一般性動作(即不是明確地在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)戆l(fā)生的動作)或者是與謂語所表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動作。例如:I hate going out in such weather. 我討厭這種天氣出門。He put off making a decision.他拖延時(shí)間,不做決定。2.動名詞的完成式表示一個動作完成狀況,通常發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。例如:I am proud of having written such a good novel. 我寫了一本這樣好的小說,感到很驕傲。You should have apologized fo
38、r not having kept your promise.你沒有遵守諾言本來應(yīng)該向我表示歉意。I remember having seen this film before.我記得以前看過這部電影。I have failed again. I regret not having taken his advice.我又失敗了。我后悔沒有聽他的勸告。Do you remember having ever promised me that?你記得曾經(jīng)答應(yīng)過我這件事嗎?12【注意】1.在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,雖然動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的,但我們可以用動名詞的一般式。例如:Excuse me for
39、 coming late.原諒我來晚了。On arriving home, he called me.他一到家,就給我打電話了。Thank you for attending the meeting instead of me. 謝謝你替我去參加了會議。2.如果一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這個動作的承受者時(shí),這個動名詞一般來說要用被動形式。例如:You cant go out without being allowed.沒有人批準(zhǔn)你不能出去。You cant eat anything before being operated on.在動手術(shù)之前你不能吃東西。This math probl
40、em is far from being worked out.這道數(shù)學(xué)難題沒有解出來。Did you mind being punished by the teacher?你受到老師的懲罰不介意嗎?She was furious at being denied admittance.不讓她去她很生氣。13 使用動名詞應(yīng)注意的幾個問題2.動名詞做主語時(shí),謂語動詞一律用單數(shù)形式。例如:Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他們來支援對我們是很大的鼓舞。Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。3.當(dāng)動名詞作賓語而又帶有
41、自己的補(bǔ)足語(形容詞或名詞)時(shí),要用it 代表動名詞,并將它放到補(bǔ)足語之后。例如:I found it no use arguing with you. 我覺得與你辯論是徒勞無益的。I dont think it worthwhile buying such a dictionary.我認(rèn)為這樣的詞典不值得一買。13Do you consider it any good trying again?你覺得再試一試會有好處嗎?【注意】能夠用于這一句型常見的動詞有:consider, find, think 等。能用于這一句型常見的形容詞和名詞有: any good, no use, no good
42、, worthwhile, useless, senseless, dangerous 等。4.下列短語中的介詞常常省略,因此后面要接動名詞。1)Spend time(money) (in)花時(shí)間(錢) (干某事),2)be busy (in) 忙于(干某事)3)lose no time (in)不失時(shí)機(jī)(干某事)4)There is no point (in) (干某事)毫無意義5)waste time (in)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間(干某事)6)keep on 繼續(xù)(干某事)7)have no difficulty (in)(干某事)沒有困難8)have fun (in) ( 干某事 )有趣9)have
43、 (no)trouble (in)(干某事)有(沒有)困難10) have headaches (in) (干某事 ) 頭痛11) end up (by) ( 以干某事 ) 告終12) take turns (at) 輪流 (干某事)13) bother (about)( 因干某事 )煩惱14) have a hard time (in)( 因干某事 )吃苦15) be through (with) 完成16) Whats the use (of )干某事 ()有什么用?例如:You neednt bother (about) coming up. 你不必費(fèi)心來跑一趟。Lets take tu
44、rns (at )doing it.讓我們輪流干吧!5.動名詞可以和介詞構(gòu)成短語,作定語用。能夠被這種定語修飾的名詞有:method of , way of,14surprise at, art of, opportunity of, habit of, hope of, process of, possibility of , importance of, necessity of,intention of , means of , right of, experience of, reason for等。例如:Do you have any experience in running sc
45、hools?你有管理學(xué)校的經(jīng)驗(yàn)嗎?Whats your reason for coming late?你晚來是什么原因?You must take this opportunity of taking part in the Asian Games.你一定要抓住參加亞運(yùn)會這次機(jī)會。Do you approve of my way of dealing with this matter?你贊成我處理這件事的方法嗎?6.如果一個動名詞具有很多名詞的特點(diǎn):可以有自己的冠詞,有自己的定語,在某種情況下有復(fù)數(shù)形式;并且也失去了許多動詞的特點(diǎn):沒有完成式和被動式,沒有自己的狀語和賓語,這樣的動名詞被稱為名
46、詞化的動名詞。如果要表示它邏輯上的賓語,通常在這個名詞化的動名詞后加上一個介詞of , 再加邏輯賓語。例如:You should have given the classroom a good cleaning.你本來應(yīng)該把教室好好打掃一下。(有自己的冠詞)It was Tom who did the recording.是湯姆錄的音。 (有自己的冠詞)This work needs careful planning. 這工作需要周密的計(jì)劃。(有自己的定語)Did you paid any attention to their comings and goings?你對他們的來蹤去跡注意到了嗎
47、?(有復(fù)數(shù)形式)Most of the digging , moving and compressing of earth was done by machines.挖土、運(yùn)土和打夯工作大部分用機(jī)器進(jìn)行。 (有自己的邏輯賓語)7.動名詞作表語與不定式作表語的比較:動名詞主要說明行為本身,用來表示抽象、泛指的動作,并不明確表示動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,而不定式則表示某次具體的,尚未發(fā)生的將來動作。例如:My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英語。 (泛指的行為,表示職業(yè))My job is to teach them to read the text. 我的工作是教會他們讀課文
48、。(表示一次具體的任務(wù))Another error they had made was to think they could beat their opponents.他們所犯的另一個錯誤,就是認(rèn)為可能擊敗對手。 (不定式作表語表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作)主語如果是動名詞,則表語也應(yīng)用動名詞,不能用不定式。主語如果是不定式,表語也應(yīng)用不定式,不能用動名詞。例如:15Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.眼見為實(shí)。 (不能說: Seeing is to believe. To see is believing.)如果動作十分抽象,已經(jīng)失去動詞性能而接近名詞
49、,則用動名詞。例如:My hobby is gardening.園藝是我的愛好。不說: My hobby is to garden.My favorite winter sport is skating.我最愛好的冬季運(yùn)動是滑冰。(不說:My favorite winter sport is toskate.)非謂語動詞 : V-ing的用法小結(jié)-ing 分詞的構(gòu)成 :-ing 分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing 構(gòu)成。 -ing 分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以do 為例):V-ing主動式被動式用法說明肯定否定V-ing 的動作與其相應(yīng)的一般式being done邏輯主語之間
50、有被動關(guān)doingnot doing系時(shí)用其被動式肯定否定having beenV-ing 的動作發(fā)生在句子完成式having謂語動詞所表示的動作not havingdone之前時(shí)用其完成式donedone一般式完成式V-ing 的否定形式是由否定式not doingnot having donenot 加 -ing 分詞構(gòu)成句首時(shí)句中時(shí)V-ing 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓復(fù)合式ones doingones/one doing格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格 +-ing 分詞構(gòu)成V-ing 的句法功能:一、 V-ing 形式作主語 ,此時(shí) V-ing 形式多表示一般或抽象的重復(fù)多次的行為。如:Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火很危險(xiǎn)。16Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job.產(chǎn)卵是蟻
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