2-1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞講解

1、精品文檔高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。（二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：1）有一定詞義；2）不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的變化影響；3）與主要?jiǎng)釉~的原形（或稱不帶to 的不定式）一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)（除 ought to 作固定詞組看待）。4) 否定式在后面加 notHe could be here soon.他很快就來(lái)。Wecantcarrythe heavy box.我們搬不動(dòng)那箱子。She cant carrythe heavybox.Im sorry I cant help you.對(duì)不起，我?guī)筒簧夏恪hat have you been doing since

2、?（構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行體，本身無(wú)詞義）I am afraid I must be going.（一定要）You may have read some account of the matter.（或許已經(jīng)）（三）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四類：只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞： must,can(could),may(might),ought to可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：need, dare可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做助動(dòng)詞：shall(should),will(would)具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征： have(had,has) to,used to情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表猜測(cè)（四）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法1. can (could)1）表示能力， could 主要指

3、過(guò)去時(shí)間。He can play table tennis quite well.Could the girlread before she went to school? 這女孩上學(xué)前能識(shí)字嗎？2）表示可能（理論上或是邏輯判斷上）。The temperaturecan fallto 60 , thatis 60 below freezing.氣溫可降至 60，也就是零下 60。Hecant (couldn t) have enough moneyfor a newcar. 他不可能有足夠的錢買新車。Youmustnt smokewhile youre walking around in th

4、e wood. Youcould start a fire.在林子里走時(shí)勿吸煙，那樣可能會(huì)引起火災(zāi)。3）表示允許。CanI have a look at your newpen? 我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎？ Heasked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.他問(wèn)他可不可以把書(shū)帶出閱覽室。4）表驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度。主要用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中。Wherecan (could)they have gone to? 他們會(huì)去哪兒了呢？Hecant (couldn t) be over sixty.他不可能超過(guò)六十歲

5、。- 1 - 歡迎下載精品文檔Howcan you be so careless?你怎么這么粗心？5）比較委婉客氣地提出問(wèn)題或陳述看法。Can(Could) you lend mea hand? 幫我一把好嗎？I mafraidwecouldn t give you an answer today.恐怕我們今天不能給你答復(fù)。2. may(might)1）表允許， might 可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間，也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間，語(yǔ)氣更委婉。Youmaytake whatever you like.你喜歡什么就拿什么。Hetoldmethat I might smokein the room. 他告訴我可以在房間里抽

6、煙。-May (Might)I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一張你寶寶的照片嗎？-Yes, please./ Certainly.- Please dont ./Youd betternot. / No, you mustnt.2 ）表可能（事實(shí)上）。可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間， 也可以指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間， 但語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。Hemaybe at home. 他可能在家。Shemaynot knowabout it.她可能不知道這件事。Hewasafraid they might not agree with him. 他擔(dān)心他們可能不同意他的意見(jiàn)。 They might

7、be having a meeting, but I mnot sure. 他們有可能在開(kāi)會(huì)，不過(guò)我不肯定。3) 用于祈使句，表示祝愿，句式需倒裝。May you return safe and sound.3. must1）表示義務(wù)。意為 “必須 ”（主觀意志）。Wemust do everythingstep by step.我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。You must see the doctor.Youmustnt talkto her likethat.你不可能那樣對(duì)她說(shuō)話。-Must wehand in our exercise books now?我們現(xiàn)在就要交練習(xí)本嗎？-No,

8、 you neednt. / No, you dont have to. 不必。（這種情況下，一般不用mustnt）2）表示揣測(cè)。意為 “想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定 ”等，只用于肯定句。Hemust be ill.Helooks so pale. 他準(zhǔn)是病了。他的臉色蒼白。She must be watching TV now.Shes wearing a diamond necklace.Shemust have a lotof money.她戴著鉆石項(xiàng)鏈，一定很有錢。3) 表示“偏要，硬要”做某事If you must smoke, please go out.4. shall1）表征詢意見(jiàn)，用于第

9、一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句。 Shall I get you sometea? 我給你點(diǎn)茶好嗎？ Whatshall wedo this evening? 我們今晚做什么？ Shall we put off the sports meeting until next week? Shall the boy wait outside? 讓那男孩在外面等嗎？2）表說(shuō)話人的意愿，有 “命令、允諾、警告、決心 ”等意思，用于第二、第三人稱陳述句。Youshalldo as I say. 按我說(shuō)的做。（命令）。- 2 - 歡迎下載精品文檔Youshallhave myanswer tomorrow. 你明天可以

10、得到我的答復(fù)。 （允諾）Heshallbe sorry foritone day, I tellyou. 有一天他會(huì)后悔的， 我告訴你。（警告）Nothing shallstop us from carryingout the plan.什么也不能阻止我們執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。（決心）5. will1）表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句。I willdo anythingfor you. 我愿為你做任何事。Noneis so blindas those whowont see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。Ifyou willread the book, I ll lend itto you. 如果你愿意讀這本書(shū)，我會(huì)

11、把它借給你。2）表請(qǐng)求，用于疑問(wèn)句。Willyou close the window? It s a bitcold.請(qǐng)你把窗戶關(guān)上好嗎？有點(diǎn)冷。Wont you drinksomemore coffee? 再來(lái)一點(diǎn)咖啡好嗎？Would you like to come to my party?3）表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。Fish willdie out of water. 魚(yú)離開(kāi)水就不能活。The door wont open. 這門(mén)打不開(kāi)。The boy willsitthere hour afterhour lookingat the trafficgo by.那男孩常常坐在那里好幾個(gè)

12、鐘點(diǎn)，看著車輛行人通過(guò)。Wood would float on the water.6. should1）表勸告，建議。意為“應(yīng)該 ”（某件事宜于做），用于各種人稱。Youshould be politeto your teachers.你對(duì)老師應(yīng)該有禮貌。Youshouldn t waste any time.你不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。2）表推測(cè)，意為 “想必一定、照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)”等。The filmshould be very good as itis starringfirstclass actors.這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計(jì)拍得很好。They should be homeby now.

13、 照說(shuō)他們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng)到家了。3）表示意外；驚異。常用:Why/ How should ?Why should I help him? He has never done anything for me.7. ought to1）表勸告，建議，意為“應(yīng)該 ”（因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做） ，口氣比 should 稍重。Youare his father.Youought to take care of him. 你是他父親，應(yīng)當(dāng)管他。Yououghtn t to smokeso much. 你不應(yīng)該抽這么多煙。2）表推測(cè)，暗含很大的可能，語(yǔ)氣較弱。HanMei ought to knowhis tel

14、ephone number. 韓梅該知道他的電話號(hào)碼。Theres a finesunset;itought to be a fineday tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天應(yīng)該是個(gè)好天。8.would1）表意愿。They would not lethim in because he was poorly dressed.他們不讓他進(jìn)去因?yàn)樗轮婆f。- 3 - 歡迎下載精品文檔I said I would do anything foryou. 我說(shuō)過(guò)我愿意為你做任何事。2）表委婉地提出請(qǐng)求、建議或看法。Wouldyou likeanother glass of beer? 再來(lái)杯啤酒好

15、嗎？Wouldyou mind cleaningthe window? 請(qǐng)把窗戶擦一下好嗎？They wouldnt have anythingagainstit.他們不會(huì)有什么反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。3）表過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的一種傾向。Every time she wasin trouble,she would go to him for help.她每遇到麻煩都會(huì)向她求助。他告訴我盒子打不開(kāi)了。When he was young, he would listen to music alone in his room.9. used to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在。疑問(wèn)式和否定式有

16、兩種。Heused to livein the countryside,but nowhe livesin the city.他過(guò)去住在鄉(xiāng)下，現(xiàn)在住在城里。There used to be a buildingat the streetcorner,but ithas been pulleddown.街道拐角處過(guò)去有座樓房，現(xiàn)在拆了。I usednt (didn t use) to smoke. 我過(guò)去不抽煙。Usedyou (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你過(guò)去常步行去學(xué)校嗎？（五）其他用法首先它是動(dòng)詞，而且不同于行為動(dòng)詞，行為動(dòng)詞表示的是可以通

17、過(guò)行為來(lái)表達(dá)的動(dòng)作（如寫(xiě)，讀，跑），而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法（如能，也許，敢） 。用法是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +行為動(dòng)詞原形例句： I can read this sentence in English.我能用英語(yǔ)讀這句話。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義 , 表示說(shuō)話人的情緒 , 態(tài)度或語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞 , 但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ) , 只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時(shí)去那兒。May I have your name?我能知道你的名字嗎？Shall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開(kāi)始嗎？You must obey the schoo

18、l rules.你必須遵守校規(guī)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量不多 , 但用途廣泛 , 主要有下列 : can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還有一個(gè)很重要的用法，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的用法小結(jié)（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種句式1. 在肯定句中一般用must ( 一定 ) ，may（可能）， might / could（也許，或許）。www.g（1）He must/may/might know the answe

19、r to this question?他一定 / 可能 / 也許知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.屋里很冷，他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。- 4 - 歡迎下載精品文檔2. 否定句中用 cant/ couldnt( 不可能 ), may not/might not(可能不 ) 。（1）It cant/couldntbe the headmaster. He has gone to America.這不可能是校長(zhǎng)，他去美國(guó)了。（2）He may not/might not know the s

20、cientist.他也許不認(rèn)識(shí)那位科學(xué)家。3. 疑問(wèn)句中用 can/could (能 ?) 。（1）Could he have finished the task?他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎？（2）Can he be at home now?他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎？注：以上三種句式中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might, could并非may, can 的過(guò)去式，而表示語(yǔ)氣較為委婉或可能性較小。（二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種時(shí)態(tài)1. 對(duì)將來(lái)情況的推測(cè)，用 “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形 ”。（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.5:00 前她一定

21、 / 可能 / 也許到。（2）She must/may/might/couldwalk miles and miles amongthe hillswithoutmeeting anyone. 她一定 / 可能 / 也許會(huì)在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個(gè)人。2. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測(cè)，“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be ”， “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形 ”, “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be doing ”；（1）He cant( couldnt) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.這個(gè)時(shí)候他不可能 / 可能不在家。（2）He must / may / might /

22、 could be listening to the radio now.他一定 / 可能 / 也許正在聽(tīng)收音機(jī)。（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he come late for the opening ceremony ?布什先生一向準(zhǔn)時(shí)，這次開(kāi)幕式他怎么可能遲到呢？3. 對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)，用 “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have + 過(guò)去分詞 ”。（1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.地濕了，昨晚肯定 / 可能

23、 / 也許下雨了。（2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not havebeen at home .門(mén)鎖著，他不可能 / 可能不在家。（3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？難道他找到書(shū)了嗎？注：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should /ought to表推測(cè)時(shí)，意為 “想必會(huì)，理應(yīng) ”但與 “have +過(guò)去分詞 ”連用時(shí)，則又可構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣意為 “本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒(méi)做 ”。（4）It s seven o clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any

24、moment.現(xiàn)在七點(diǎn)鐘了，杰克理應(yīng)隨時(shí)到達(dá)。 （推測(cè)）（5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she hadto look after her mother in hospital.（虛擬）她本該出席你的生日晚會(huì)的，可是她得在醫(yī)院照顧她媽媽。- 5 - 歡迎下載精品文檔（6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.( 虛擬）湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密，可是他并無(wú)惡意。（六）功能助動(dòng)詞 (auxil

25、iary) 主要有兩類：基本助動(dòng)詞 (primary auxiliary) 和情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 (modal auxiliary) ?；局鷦?dòng)詞有三個(gè)： do, have 和 be；情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞基本的有十四個(gè)： may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need,dare, used to, ought to.had better上述兩類助動(dòng)詞的共同特征是，在協(xié)助主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成限定動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí)，具有作用詞的功能：1） 構(gòu)成否定式：He didnt go and neither did she. The meeting might no

26、t start until 5 oclock.2） 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)式或附加疑問(wèn)式：Must you leave right now?You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you?3） 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝：Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.4） 代替限定動(dòng)詞詞組：A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.重點(diǎn)疑難（

27、一） need 和 dare 的用法need 和 dare 既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞， 也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)， 主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。1. 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞-Need I come?-Yes,you must. - 我需要來(lái)嗎？ - 需要。Youneednt telephone him now. 你現(xiàn)在不必打電話給他。I dont thinkyou need worry. 我想你不必發(fā)愁。Shedare not go out alone at night.她晚上不敢一個(gè)人出去。Howdare you say I munfair?你竟敢說(shuō)我不公平？Not on

28、e of them dared mention this.他們誰(shuí)也不敢提這件事。2. 用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞Youdont need to do ityourself.你不必親自做這件事。Weneed to tellthem the news. 我們需要把這消息告訴他們。The tableneeds painting(to be painted.).桌子需要油漆一下。Weshould dare to give our ownopinion.我們要敢于提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。Hedid not dare (to)look up. 他不敢抬頭看。I dare day hell comeagain.我想他會(huì)再來(lái)的。（

29、I dare say 為固定習(xí)語(yǔ)）（二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完成式和進(jìn)行式的用法1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟完成式，。- 6 - 歡迎下載精品文檔表“應(yīng)當(dāng)已經(jīng) ”， “想必已經(jīng) ”，“本來(lái)可以 ”等意。should have doneI should have finishedthe work earlier.我應(yīng)當(dāng)早一點(diǎn)完成這項(xiàng)工作的。ought to have doneoughtn t to have doneThere was a lot of fun at yesterdays party.You ought to have come, but why didnt you?昨天的聚會(huì)非常有意思。你本應(yīng)該

30、來(lái)，為何不來(lái)呢？must have doneHeisn t here. Hemust have missed the train.他還未到，一定是沒(méi)趕上火車。could have doneWherecould he have gone? 他能到那里去了呢？You could have passed the exam if you had been more careful.如果你細(xì)心一點(diǎn)的話，你本可以通過(guò)考試的。might have doneYoumight have read about it.你可能在報(bào)上已經(jīng)讀到這件事了。Youmight have won his trust.你本來(lái)可能贏

31、得他的信賴的。needn t have doneneed have doneHeneednt have worriedabout it.他本不必為此事?lián)摹?. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟進(jìn)行式， 表示 “想必正在 ”，“可能正在 ”，“應(yīng)當(dāng)正在 ”等意。 must be doingIt s twelve oclock. They must be having lunch. 現(xiàn)在是十二點(diǎn)。 他們一定正在吃飯。They maybe discussing this problem. 他們可能正在論討這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 cantbe doingHecant be tellingthe truth.他說(shuō)的不可能是真話。shouldn tbe doingSheshouldn t be working likethat.Shes stillso weak.她不應(yīng)當(dāng)那樣干，她身體仍那么虛。（三）幾組詞的辨異1. can 和 be able