最新高三總復(fù)習(xí)（專題攻略）之閱讀理解：高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題技巧之詞義猜測(cè)

1、歷年來(lái)高考試題中的生詞量有增無(wú)減。教學(xué)大綱要求學(xué)生“讀懂生詞率不超過(guò)3%的傳記、故事、記敘文、科普小品文和有關(guān)社會(huì)文史知識(shí)等不同題材的材料?！痹谟⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中的生詞障礙往往會(huì)成為學(xué)生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類：1舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義；如：nearby is the indianapolis race course, where the nations most famous car race is held each year on may 30th.我們學(xué)過(guò) course的意思是“過(guò)程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文 course是汽車賽舉行

2、的地方，可推斷 course在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。2合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語(yǔ)境才能正確理解；4“新鮮”的外國(guó)人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景5超綱生詞。如： nmet2002大綱之外的和熟詞新意的生詞達(dá)57個(gè)，nmet2003年除52個(gè)專有名詞和15個(gè)注漢字的生詞外，還有52個(gè)生詞 (含熟詞生義)。有的學(xué)生在閱讀訓(xùn)練和測(cè)試中存在著“生詞恐懼心理”，一遇到生詞就有讀不下

3、去的感覺。那么閱讀理解時(shí)遇到大量生詞該怎么辦? 查詞典當(dāng)然是排除詞義障礙的一種方法，當(dāng)然這只有在平常的閱讀訓(xùn)練中才可以使用。但是，頻繁的查閱詞典既影響閱讀速度，又容易破壞學(xué)生閱讀的思路和興趣。況且，一詞多義是英語(yǔ)詞匯的主要特點(diǎn)，詞典不一定能為學(xué)生提供單詞在特定的上下文中的具體或確切的含義。平時(shí)的練習(xí)中遇到生詞不要馬上查詞典，可以通過(guò)一定的方法來(lái)猜測(cè)理解。猜測(cè)詞義不僅是一項(xiàng)閱讀技巧，也是高考閱讀能力考查的一個(gè)方面，每年在高考閱讀中都有猜測(cè)詞義的試題。掌握正確方法快速而又準(zhǔn)確地猜測(cè)出生詞的含義，對(duì)提高閱讀速度和答題效率相當(dāng)重要。該類題常見的考查形式有：a. the phrase “”in the

4、sentence could be replaced by _.b. the word “” in the paragraph refers to _.c. what is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / what does the unlined word mean?d. which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “”?e. the word “” most nearly means _.對(duì)此類試題，考生應(yīng)該進(jìn)行大膽猜測(cè)，但這種猜測(cè)

5、不是胡亂的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介紹十種常見的猜測(cè)詞義的方法供同學(xué)們加以運(yùn)用。1構(gòu)詞法猜詞閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。掌握構(gòu)詞法對(duì)猜測(cè)詞義很有幫助。如：unforeseeable.這個(gè)詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是詞根，fore是“先，前，預(yù)”的含義，un是否定，able是“能的，可的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能預(yù)見到的”意思。例題1 the reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in tim

6、e. it is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. but on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. 68. the underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in paragraph 4 means _.a. far-away b. dangerous c. ancient d. secret【答

7、案與解析】選a。由合成詞out-of-the-way的原意以及下句中的isolation一詞，可知燈塔在一個(gè)“孤零零”的地方。例題2 baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at. if people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said baker, “i suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” 70. the underli

8、ned word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .a. value b. result c. performance d. connection【答案與解析】選b。運(yùn)用“構(gòu)詞法”進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。動(dòng)詞詞組come out 的意義為“露出、出現(xiàn)、顯露出”。再根據(jù)句子的語(yǔ)境，可猜測(cè)出其意義是：(實(shí)驗(yàn)的)結(jié)果。2利用同義近義詞猜詞在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推知生詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞語(yǔ)或短語(yǔ)在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含

9、義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它的大致詞義。例題1animals have different living habits. some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night. 【答案與解析】通過(guò)這些并列句可以看出prowl與look for food 是同義近義詞，詞義也應(yīng)是“尋找食物”。例題2 fermats last theorem（定理）, first put forward

10、by the french mathematician pierre de fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a french woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the ecol

11、e polytechnique. 65. which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?a. to encourage people to raise questions.b. to cause difficulty in understanding.c. to provide a person with an explanation.d. to limit peoples imagination.3利用反義詞猜詞對(duì)比是描述，說(shuō)明事物的常用方式。在對(duì)

12、比中，對(duì)比的事物是互為相反的，因此根據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞來(lái)說(shuō)明生詞的意義，如反義詞hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。例題1 unlike her gregarious sister, jane is shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.【答案與解析】此句是把jane與她姐妹對(duì)比。jane生性靦腆，不愛交際，而她

13、姐姐卻與之相反，那就是“愛交際的”了，這也就猜出gregarious的詞義了。例題2 in many nations there are two financial extremes (極端), from penury to great wealth.【答案與解析】penury: the state of being very poor; poverty (貧窮; 貧困)例題3 a childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to beth anaclerio,

14、an evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. 74.what does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?a. a party designed by specialists.b. a plan requiring careful thought.c. a situation causing difficulty or trouble.d. a demand made by guests.【答案與解析】根據(jù)前句的否定doesnt與后句的肯定can be這一對(duì)比關(guān)系，可以判斷出，為了慶祝孩子的生

15、日，又不至于麻煩，可以買一個(gè)生日開心包。hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反，而與difficulty, trouble相近。答案為c。4利用上下文語(yǔ)境猜詞任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，是閱讀過(guò)程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年來(lái)高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。例題1 charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. weve collected foreign coins for years since our families wen

16、t on holiday to tenerife. she explains. that was before the euro, so we put pesetas in. 60. the underlined word pesetas in paragraph 2 is a kind of _.a. story b. collection c. inspiration d. foreign coin 【答案與解析】選d。由原文中的euro (歐元，歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣)可推知該詞是一種在歐元發(fā)行前使用的錢幣。例題2 the plants are about one meter apart. the

17、 plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. it is from these shoots that the best tea is got.68in the first paragraph ,the word “pruning” means .aregular cutting of the plants cregu

18、lar use of chemicals bfrequent watering dgrowing the plants high in the mountain【答案與解析】選a。由此段中的 the plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. 便可猜出pruning的詞義為“剪枝修剪”。例題3“but,” said ki

19、m, “i feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” 70. the word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_”.a. full of respect b. too confident and rudec. lacking in experience d. too shy and quiet例題4 “no crime whatsoever?”

20、 comments mahoney today. “ i just dont buy it.” nor should he: in 1999 the u.s. department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. 58. the underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _a. mind b. admit c. believe d. expect【答案與解析】選c。buy原意為“買，購(gòu)買”，在此處根

21、據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知意為“相信”。從本段第一句話可知，mahoney持懷疑態(tài)度。后面列舉的。400,000這個(gè)數(shù)字也表示出他的不相信。特別提醒：在做英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題時(shí)，一定要注意熟詞生義！這類猜詞題也常見于各年高考題當(dāng)中。熟詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考對(duì)生詞的數(shù)量有數(shù)量的規(guī)定，不得超過(guò)3；其二，熟詞生義很容易引起考生的誤解；其三，熟詞生義的數(shù)量沒有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)得多，那就更難理解了。5利用定義和解釋猜詞有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來(lái)猜測(cè)這些詞的意思。釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對(duì)生詞以定語(yǔ)（從句）、表語(yǔ)甚至用逗號(hào)、破

22、折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明的方式。例題1 wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.【答案與解析】通過(guò)后面的定義解釋：wrestling 是“兩人進(jìn)行的，彼此盡力把對(duì)方弄倒在地的比賽”，可以猜出wrestling是“摔跤；摔角”。例題2 scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from i

23、t in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.【答案與解析】antibiotic: a medical substance, such as penicillin produced by living things and able to stop the growth of, or destroy, harmful bacteria that have entered the body (抗生素; 抗生菌)例題3“organic produce is always better, ” gold said

24、. “the food is free of pesticides (農(nóng)藥), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. and more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across britain

25、 are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.62. what is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?a. growing interest in organic food.b. better quality of organic food.c. rising market for organic food.d. higher prices of organic food.【答案與解析】由go

26、ld is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推斷出，越來(lái)越多的顧客像gold一樣開始購(gòu)買有機(jī)食物，其實(shí)也就是對(duì)這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越濃厚的興趣。答案為a。6利用例證猜詞為了說(shuō)明或證實(shí)，文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)舉例，往往用來(lái)列舉說(shuō)明前面較難理解的詞，這些例子可幫助我們猜測(cè)生詞。舉例時(shí)，常常會(huì)用一些連接性的詞，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。例題1 i have found lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meet

27、s a beggar, she gives some coins to him.【答案與解析】通過(guò)例句“每次遇到乞丐，她都會(huì)給一些硬幣”可以猜測(cè)出“generous”的詞義應(yīng)該是“慷慨的”。例題2 you can take any of the periodicals：the world of english, foreign language teaching in school, or english learning. 【答案與解析】通過(guò)后面的舉例：英語(yǔ)世界，中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，說(shuō)明periodicals為“期刊雜志”。7根據(jù)復(fù)述或同等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或把某事敘述得更明

28、白，作者有時(shí)運(yùn)用不同語(yǔ)句來(lái)復(fù)述同一概念，這時(shí)可以利用這些重復(fù)和表達(dá)形式的變化來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。復(fù)述部分可以適當(dāng)詞、短語(yǔ)或是從句。同等關(guān)系是指一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)詞組或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分，而且他們的詞義屬于同一范疇。只要我們認(rèn)出其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，即可以確定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性，作用和大概的意思。例題1 william shakespeare said, “the web of our life is of a mingled yarn (紗線), good and ill together. 74. the underlined

29、word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means_.a. simple b. mixed c. sad d. happy【答案與解析】選b。由“a mingled yarn”后文的“good and ill together”重復(fù)說(shuō)明可以知道m(xù)ingled含義和mixed（混合的）最接近。例題2 capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.【答

30、案與解析】由同位語(yǔ)我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義-電容量。需要注意的是：同位語(yǔ)前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。例題3 semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 【答案與解析】此例逗號(hào)中短語(yǔ)意為“對(duì)詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科”。該短語(yǔ)與前面生詞semantics是同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出semantics指“語(yǔ)義學(xué)”。在復(fù)述中構(gòu)

31、成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)，和括號(hào)等。8利用詞義搭配關(guān)聯(lián)猜詞任何一個(gè)單詞在句子中總是與其他詞相關(guān)聯(lián)的，我們可以通過(guò)這些前后的關(guān)聯(lián)來(lái)猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。例題 i wish this medicine may really cure my backache. 【答案與解析】通過(guò)cure前面的“這種藥”和后面的“我的背疼”，很容易地判斷出 cure的詞義為“治好”。9根據(jù)語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞有時(shí)文章的作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，會(huì)用一些含有表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，副詞或短語(yǔ)。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instea

32、d of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我們可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折意思猜測(cè)詞義。例題unlike vitamin c, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. they must be carefully cultivated.different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. they l

33、earn their skills in their everyday lives. but which do they develop? how do they (and how can you) get others to follow? 60. the underlined word cultivated (paragraph 1) roughly means _.a. encouraged b. compared c. examined d. developed例題2however obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they

34、 are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.71. in paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.a. try very hard b. take our timec. are very unhappy d. feel especially painful【答案與解析】選a。由however從句當(dāng)中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），與下文中的take s

35、pecial pains進(jìn)行對(duì)比，既然不是一眼就看出那么簡(jiǎn)單，那么自然要費(fèi)力去想了。由此可以推斷出a項(xiàng)為最佳選項(xiàng)。10利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)猜詞例題1 young hoover died. over a thousand people attended his funeral.【答案與解析】通過(guò)“年輕的hoover去世了”，根據(jù)常識(shí)猜測(cè)出一千多人參加的應(yīng)該是他的“葬禮”。例題2 all the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake.【答案與解析】憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)我們知道：強(qiáng)烈地震會(huì)使房子倒塌。據(jù)此很容易猜出collapsed是“倒塌”

36、的意思了。例題3“i was on the way to a personal-injury accident in west nashville. as i got onto highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, i fell in behind a gold pontiac firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. the driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. he was going more

37、 than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”63. the meaning of “panicked” in paragraph 2 is related to _ .a. shame b. hate c. anger d. fear 【答案與解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“驚慌”，相當(dāng)于fear。最后提醒考生，掌握了一定的生詞推測(cè)技巧后，也不要去“死摳”個(gè)別詞，除了人名、地名等一些專有名詞不必去細(xì)究每一處，那些一時(shí)難以斷定其意思卻又不妨礙理解或答題的生詞，大可不必理會(huì)。當(dāng)然，做完題之后，可以查閱字典，一方面可以檢測(cè)自己的推斷是否正確，另外，可把一些單詞、短語(yǔ)記在專門的本子上，以后經(jīng)常積累并復(fù)習(xí)這些詞匯（注：最好連同文章中的句子一起摘抄下來(lái)）。這樣對(duì)今后的閱讀將會(huì)有一定的幫助。因?yàn)榭荚嚊]有很多時(shí)間去推測(cè)大量的單詞，平時(shí)一定要盡可能地去積累并熟背大量的單詞、短語(yǔ)，經(jīng)典句子甚至文章。英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解備考建議：首先，在平時(shí)要加強(qiáng)閱讀。養(yǎng)成每天朗讀的習(xí)慣以增強(qiáng)記憶，最好還要非常熟練地背一些文章，這樣有助于增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感；有了語(yǔ)感，對(duì)篇章的理解就會(huì)加強(qiáng)。對(duì)初學(xué)者，朗讀與背誦尤為