ESP汽車英語(yǔ)中英對(duì)照Unit4passageA高等教育出版社.ppt

1、Automobile Drive Line,An automobile drive line is designed to transfer torque from an engine to an set of drive wheels. The usual system includes a coupling that joins the engine to the drive system, a transmission, a driveshaft, a geared differential, universal joints that connect the driveshaft to

2、 the transmission and differential, and two axles that drive the rear wheels. rear 后面的，后方的 汽車傳動(dòng)系的設(shè)計(jì)是用來(lái)把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)矩傳送到驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪。通常這套系統(tǒng)包括一個(gè)用來(lái)連接發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的裝置，變述箱，傳動(dòng)軸，齒輪差速器把傳動(dòng)軸連接到變速箱和差速器的萬(wàn)向節(jié)和兩根用來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)后輪的半軸,The Drive Line,The transmission is used to vary the ratio of crankshaft turns to driveshaft turns in order to o

3、btain satisfactory power, acceleration, and fuel economy under alf conditions of load. It also makes it possible to reverse the direction of rotation of the driveshaft so that the vehicle can be driven in reverse. vary 改變；變化 ratio 比率 變速器是用來(lái)改變曲軸與傳動(dòng)軸之間的傳動(dòng)比以便在任何載荷的情況下都能獲得令人滿意的功率，加速度及燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。它同樣也使政變傳動(dòng)軸的轉(zhuǎn)向

4、成為可能，從而使汽車可以實(shí)現(xiàn)倒行,Both manually operated (standard) transmissions and automatic transmissions are currently in use. Three-speed and four-speed standard transmissions are available, as are two-speed and three-speed automatic transmtssions. manually 手動(dòng)的 手動(dòng)（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置）變速器和自動(dòng)變速器當(dāng)前都有使用。不僅可選用3速和4速標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手動(dòng)變速器，而且也可選用2

5、速和3速自動(dòng)變速器。 Friction clutches couple engines to standard transmissions, and fluid couplings - nearfy always the torque converter type - are used with automatic units. 摩擦式離合器聯(lián)結(jié)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與手（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置）變速器，液力耦臺(tái)器（但多數(shù)是液力變矩器）則用于自動(dòng)變速器,The driveshaft connects the transmission to the differential, and the differential dri

6、ves the rear axles. The differential provides a fixed ratio of driveshaft turns to rear axfe turns. Thus, it has much to do with the performance, and operating economy of a vehicle. Fixed 固定的 傳動(dòng)軸連接變速器與差速器，差速器驅(qū)動(dòng)后軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。差速器提供一個(gè)固定的傳動(dòng)軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)軸之間的傳動(dòng)比。因此，它與車輛的性能和操作經(jīng)濟(jì)性大有關(guān)系。 A few automobiles - both American and f

7、oreign are equipped with front wheel drive systems. 一些汽車（美國(guó)及美國(guó)以外的）裝備前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng),Gears,Spur, helical, and hypoid gears and planetary gear sets are useed in automobile drive lines. Each type of gear has advantages and limitations. As a rule, hypoid gears are used in differentials, and the other types are u

8、sed in transmissions. Helical 螺旋狀的；hypoid 準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪的； planetary 行星的 正齒輪，螺線齒輪，準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪和行星齒輪組被用于汽車傳動(dòng)系。每種類型的齒輪各有其優(yōu)越性和局限性。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，螺線齒輪用于差速器，而其他類型的齒輪用于變速筘,Gear ratio. In a specific transmission gear range, the torque of an automobile driveshaft and speed of the automobile depend on the torque and speed of the en

9、gine and on the gear ratios of the transmission and differential. The principles of speed and torque are well illustrated by the design of a gearset. For example, if a larger gear having a radius of 6 inches is meshed with a smaller gear of a 3-inch radius, the gear ratio is two to one (2:1). Since

10、the larger gear has the same number of teeth per inch of gear circumference, it has twice as many teeth as the smaller gear. Therefore, the gear ratio of a pair of gears can be found by measuring the radius of each gear or by counting the number of teeth on each gear. gearset 齒輪組；radius 半徑；meshed 嚙和

11、； circumference 圓周，周圍 齒輪傳動(dòng)比，在限定的變速箱齒輪范圍，汽車傳動(dòng)軸的扭矩和汽車的速度依賴于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速以及變速籀和差速器的齒輪傳動(dòng)比。速度和扭矩原理可以很好地以齒輪組的設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)如果一個(gè)較大的6英寸半徑的齒輪與一個(gè)較小的3英寸半徑的齒輪一起嚙合，那么齒輪傳動(dòng)比是二比一（2:1）。較大的齒輪在圓周上每一寸都具有相同齒數(shù)，但兩倍于較小齒輪的齒數(shù)。因此，一對(duì)齒輪的傳動(dòng)比可以由測(cè)量每個(gè)齒輪的半徑或計(jì)算每個(gè)齒輪上的齒數(shù)來(lái)確定,Whenever the power output of a gear train is increased, the top speed i

12、s decreased. The reverse is also true. For example, the increased power output in the first gear range of a standard transmission results in a much lower top output shaft speed than is the case in the third gear range. 當(dāng)變速器的輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩增加，最高速度就會(huì)下降。倒檔也是同樣。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變速箱的一檔轉(zhuǎn)矩輸出的增加造成它的最高轉(zhuǎn)速要比三檔低,The Clutch,A frict

13、ion clutch is used to connect an engine to, and disconnect it from, a standard transmission so that the gears in the transmission can be shifted easily without clashing. Slippage in the clutch permits smooth operation when it is engaged or disengaged. disconnect 拆開，分離；clashing 猛撞，沖突；Slippage 滑動(dòng) 摩擦離合

14、器被用來(lái)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)連到（或斷開）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變速箱從而往變速箱可以不發(fā)生換檔沖擊的情況下很容易地實(shí)現(xiàn)變檔。離合器的滑移允許在接合于斷開時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)平滑的操作,When a clutch is engaged, the driven plate is squeezed between the flywheel and a pressure plate assembly that is bolted to the flywheel. Since the input shaft of the transmission is splined to the hub of the driven plate, the en

15、gaging of the clutch provides a direct mechanical connection between the engine and the transmission. squeezed 壓榨，擠； splined 花鍵，用花鍵聯(lián)接 當(dāng)離合器處于接合狀態(tài)，從動(dòng)片被飛輪和一個(gè)被裝配到飛輪上的壓板總成壓擠。因?yàn)樽兯傧涞妮斎胼S被是以花鍵連接到從動(dòng)片的輪轂上，離合器的接合提供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速箱之間的直接機(jī)械連結(jié),Transmissions,An engine develops a specific amount of torque at a given rpm point

16、 on its torque-brake horsepower curve. At low speeds, the torque is low. As the speed of the engine increases, the torque also increases, and it reaches a peak and begins to taper off before the maximum speed is reached. peak 頂點(diǎn)，最高峰，最高的 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在其制動(dòng)扭功率曲線上的給定的轉(zhuǎn)速點(diǎn)發(fā)出一定量的扭矩。在低速時(shí)，扭矩較低。隨著發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)速度的增高，扭矩也在增加，而且當(dāng)達(dá)到峰

17、值后它將開始逐漸變?。ㄟ_(dá)到最高速度之前,A three-speed standard synchromesh transmission is designed to develop great torque in fow gear in order to accelerate a vehicle quickly. However, the fow gear top speed is low. When the transmission is shift into second gear, greater speed and less torque are produced. In the th

18、ird gear (direct drive), refatively fittle torque is produced at low speeds, but maximum engine speed is obtainable. synchromesh 同步嚙合 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的帶同步器的三速速箱被設(shè)用來(lái)在低檔時(shí)提高轉(zhuǎn)矩來(lái)盡快的加速車輛。然而，低檔時(shí)最高轉(zhuǎn)速較低。當(dāng)變速箱被換為二檔時(shí)可以得到較高的轉(zhuǎn)速和較低的扭矩。在三檔（直接傳動(dòng)）時(shí)，在低轉(zhuǎn)速得到相對(duì)較小的扭矩，但是可以獲得發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最大轉(zhuǎn)速,Synchronizers are used to facilitate gear-shifting. Th

19、ey allow quicker shifts, reduce gear clashing, and permit downshifts while movting. Synchronizer has two brass blocking rings with teeth on their outer faces, two insert springs, three inserts, a special hub with teeth on its outer face, and a sleeve with internal teeth that mesh with the external t

20、eeth of the hub. The inside of each blocking ring has a beveled surface that slides against a similarly shaped surface on an output shaft gear. synchronizers 同步器；facilitate 使容易；brass 黃銅；springs 彈簧，發(fā)條； sleeve 跳，使跳躍； beveled 成斜角；similarly 同樣地 用同步器可以使得換擋更容易。他們?cè)试S較快的換檔，減少換檔沖擊，而且允許在盈動(dòng)的情況下減檔。同步器有兩個(gè)外部帶齒的閉合銅

21、環(huán)，2個(gè)嵌入彈簧，3個(gè)襯套，1個(gè)特別的外部帶齒的輪轂，和1個(gè)其內(nèi)齒與輪轂的外齒相嚙合的套筒。每個(gè)閉合銅環(huán)都有錐面并與輸出軸齒輪上的類似的錐面相連,The Driveshaft,The driveshaft of an automobile is designed to transmit torque from the transmission to the differential. When the rear wheels of a vehicle strike a bump, the wheels and the differential housing are pushed up. Si

22、nce the engine and transmission are bolted more or less firmly in place, the angle through which the driveshaft operates must change in order to avoid damage to the shaft. Universaf joints, which allow the driveshaft to work at all angles, provide the necessary protection. strike 撞擊，沖擊，打擊 汽車傳動(dòng)軸被設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)

23、傳輸從變速箱到差速器的扭矩。當(dāng)車輛的后車輪遭受沖擊，車輪差速器殼被向上推。由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速在適當(dāng)?shù)匚恢蒙媳换蚨嗷蛏倬o固住，傳動(dòng)軸的角度必須能夠改變以防止傳動(dòng)軸被損壞?？梢栽试S傳動(dòng)軸在任何角度范圍內(nèi)工作的萬(wàn)向節(jié)提供了必需的保護(hù),Both standard and constant-velocity universal joints are used. Standard universal joints are employed at the front and rear of one-piece driveshafts, while constant-vefocity universal joi

24、nts are used in the middle and at the front and/or rear of twoDiece driveshafts. A constant-velocity universal joint consists of two standard joints connected by a special link yoke. yoke軛，軛狀的 實(shí)際中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)萬(wàn)向節(jié)和等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)都有應(yīng)用。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)萬(wàn)向節(jié)在一體式傳動(dòng)軸前端和后端都要采用，而等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)被用于組合式傳動(dòng)軸的中央和二體式傳動(dòng)軸的前端和后端，或任意一端。1個(gè)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)由1個(gè)特別連桿叉和2個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的連接體組成,

25、A geared differential is used to divide the output of a transmission between two drive wheels (usually the rear ones) and to enable the outer drive wheel to turn faster than the inner one when the vehicle turns a corner. The torque of the drive wheels and their speed relative to that of the drivesha

26、ft can be varied by using different gear ratios in the differential. 齒輪差速器將變速箱的輸出2個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪（通常是后輪）之間進(jìn)行分配，當(dāng)車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎的時(shí)候使外部的驅(qū)動(dòng)輪能夠比內(nèi)部的轉(zhuǎn)的快些。在差速器中使用不同的傳動(dòng)比可以使驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的扭矩和轉(zhuǎn)速相對(duì)于傳動(dòng)軸產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的變化,Differentials,For example, a ratio of 4.11 turns of the driveshaft to 1 turn of the drive wheels provides excellent power and accelerat

27、ion because the torque multiplication of the differential allows the engine to reach peak torque output sooner.If the differential gear ratio is 3.00:1.00, the driveshaft will turn exactly 3 times for every turn of the drive wheel. Multiplicationb 乘法，增加 舉例來(lái)，由于差速器的扭矩放大讓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可以更快到達(dá)最高輸出扭矩，4.11轉(zhuǎn)的傳動(dòng)軸旋轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)1轉(zhuǎn)的

28、驅(qū)動(dòng)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)可以提供令人滿意的扭矩和車輛加速度。如果差遺器傳動(dòng)比是3.00;1.00l,傳動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)速剛好是驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的三倍,By comparison, the ratio of 4.11:1.00 results in more low speed torque,faster acceleration and greater fuel consumption, while the ratio of 3.00:1.00 procides a higher top speed better fuel economy. For best all-around operation, a differenti

29、al gear ratio that provides a compromise between good mileage and brisk acceleration should be chosen In general, a ratio that falls between 2.75:1.00 and 3.00:1.00 achieves this compromise. consumption 消耗量；compromise 妥協(xié)， brisk 輕快的 通過(guò)比較，4.11:1.00的傳動(dòng)比產(chǎn)生較多的低速扭矩，比較快的加速度和比較多的燃料消耗量，而3.OO:1.OO的傳動(dòng)比可以提供比較高的

30、車輪最高轉(zhuǎn)速和較好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。為獲得在全部運(yùn)行環(huán)境下的最佳表現(xiàn)，差速器傳動(dòng)比的選擇應(yīng)當(dāng)是在較好的每英里耗油量和輕松的加速度之間進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)調(diào)。大體上，這種妥協(xié)選擇在2.75：1 .00和3.00：1.00之間,The Rear Axle,The rear axles of an automobile are usualIy enclosed by axle housing; but swing axles, which permit independent rear wheel suspension, operate in the open. swing 搖擺，搖動(dòng) 汽車的后車橋通常被橋殼封閉；但是獨(dú)立懸架的搖動(dòng)式后車橋是開放式的,Encfosed axle