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1、瓣綢棠餼鈉低趿檣鍥袈統(tǒng)診惴綠肄呆己嗜蠹庳畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯歟俺嘣幻韙牡怏癃藎峁取盲燔鶿搜禱擒寸靜侶緄灶磕夯粗入耷廑伴耥學(xué)院 (系): 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 數(shù)怊首蘄踟局謬锎饌皋專 業(yè): 機(jī)械制造及自動化 恿逆姬程反下澹蘆笞凹姓 名: 科瀟圯蘢廩媛隈鄲綾燠學(xué) 號: 喑猩篳什廢隘敞匙朐壁(用外文寫)蕢涓醪笨伎怛垅咳瞳工外文出處: Discussion Pull Cylinder Engine 失濂曬羚瓤遍貪嘏芹健 肆盾珠舾刖跪句緣偉女附 件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文。 嘀?jǐn)∠醇浪计蹕痿o鲢呤剐l(wèi)罪景允杲苫塌肼瞟牟陀甸急寢澆囚粳罷灌指導(dǎo)教師評語:癍稈寇嗵土繁譙剁妄魂此翻譯文章簡述發(fā)動機(jī)拉

2、缸的機(jī)理,分析造成發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的原因,并提出了防止拉缸的措施。翻譯用詞比較準(zhǔn)確,文筆也較為通順,為在以后工作中接觸英文資料打下了基礎(chǔ)力靨鄱嘖鄙幞塤職鷗予 簽名: 錐般鐋盔鰾俅咦燭試廂 年 月 日巍懵揉黨弭庇策舌栩惘注:請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。肉檻芬謗朗杜隘幻執(zhí)鏈附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文毪扶菏毆拂委簍飄幽嫂發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸問題探討玎毫鈾川枝卯蕆蘭笛腳摘要 簡述發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的機(jī)理,分析造成發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的原因,并提出了防止拉缸的措施。鶚迂鐾劃藤隸詛灸忠埂關(guān)鍵詞 發(fā)動機(jī) 拉缸 預(yù)防措施拾霽靨臼氓噥皿碚渦壟發(fā)動機(jī)在工作過程中常常遇到發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸現(xiàn)象,所謂拉缸,就是發(fā)動機(jī)的活塞環(huán)或活塞與缸套的工作表面出現(xiàn)拉傷、拉毛、

3、拉成溝槽的現(xiàn)象。拉缸具有相當(dāng)?shù)奈:Γ讜r缸套的的磨損率很高,最高可達(dá)正常的幾百倍,使活塞、活塞環(huán)及缸套的壽命大為降低,使活塞與缸套咬死,造成發(fā)動機(jī)損壞。因此,掌握拉缸形成的機(jī)理,認(rèn)真分析造成拉缸的原因,研究預(yù)防措施,對避免拉缸的產(chǎn)生具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義津肢蛙相悉姐曷澹瞢餑僭噢河毆勸梁忝苠葉雷1 拉缸形成的機(jī)理齠肇卦荮斂銹骺炕鼠栽 拉缸的機(jī)理,直觀地說,就是活塞或活塞環(huán)與缸套之間局部產(chǎn)生高溫使環(huán)與缸套產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附,活塞與缸套之間的油膜中斷是產(chǎn)生拉缸的主要原因,活塞與缸套之間的油膜一旦中斷,則兩種金屬就產(chǎn)生干磨擦,由于高速的相對運(yùn)動產(chǎn)生的高溫會超過金屬的熔點(diǎn),引起活塞、活塞環(huán)與缸套表面產(chǎn)生熔蝕

4、粘附,活塞繼續(xù)運(yùn)動時,兩表面熔蝕粘附點(diǎn)又被扯斷,產(chǎn)生拉缸。麼蜘??己梦飨怀绺Z鼴 2 造成發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的原因娠拒豐陔呲胲帑劾榴平 2.1 超負(fù)荷哭荼刻邯惠謫煦氣將晡 新機(jī)械或剛大修出廠的機(jī)械都存在一個合理的磨合期,磨合期內(nèi)不能全速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),轉(zhuǎn)速不應(yīng)大于標(biāo)定轉(zhuǎn)速的80%,由于在磨合階段,各配合面最有利的工作表面和潤滑油膜還未形成,在這個階段就以大負(fù)荷工作,將造成過熱,局部產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附,形成拉缸。押伊夔啞玖喙蹺吏俄黲 2.2 活塞與缸套配合間隙過小嵋勾犴鏟禽剩峭鏵蠕徜 從密封角度來講,活塞與缸套配合間隙越小越好,但如果太小,發(fā)動機(jī)工作時,產(chǎn)生的高溫使活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套受熱膨脹。由于活塞的膨脹系數(shù)比活塞

5、環(huán)、缸套的膨脹系數(shù)大,因此,活塞受熱后的膨脹量比缸套膨脹量大,這樣將破壞活塞與缸套之間的油膜,導(dǎo)致拉缸。尜窈蹶昏燠于鎦餡瘩浜 2.3 發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高哪枸苞泖兗孰閭疸青壓 由于發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高,使活塞膨脹量過大,消除配合間隙,造成拉缸。造成發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高的原因主要有:穿壹密駭鋸嘈和淮苴佛 (1) 冷卻系漏水、缺水阢輿計付貌女綠胥唷鐘 氣缸墊水道口沖壞或濕式缸套突出量不符合要求,以及濕式缸套水封圈老化或損壞都會造成冷卻水內(nèi)泄漏。散熱器遭腐蝕或破損,水管老化碰壞,水管接頭松動,水泵水封損壞等,都會引起冷卻水外泄漏。另外,氣缸蓋本身鑄造有缺陷或使用不當(dāng)產(chǎn)生裂紋也會造成漏水,從而引起發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。芟章蒜

6、禪函晚撾崩恿巢 (2) 長時間超負(fù)荷使用慌蠼俚耢軎璃稷騍見囹 發(fā)動機(jī)長時間超負(fù)荷使用,將使發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生大量的熱能,冷卻系統(tǒng)不能散去多余的熱量,這樣就維持不了發(fā)動機(jī)正常的工作溫度,使發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生高溫。艉殼瀨鈔薯跏割萇酏磯 (3) 節(jié)溫器失效,無大循環(huán)補(bǔ)檬計正碗砩協(xié)孀楞擒 節(jié)溫器的作用是控制水溫在一定范圍,在水溫較低時,節(jié)溫器關(guān)閉,水從節(jié)溫器直接經(jīng)旁通管流回冷卻水泵,不經(jīng)過散熱器,這就是冷卻水的小循環(huán)過程。當(dāng)水溫升到一定程度時,節(jié)溫器自動打開,水經(jīng)過散熱器循環(huán),這就是冷卻水的大循環(huán),如果節(jié)溫器失效,冷卻水無大循環(huán),發(fā)動機(jī)工作產(chǎn)生多余的熱量就不能通過散熱器散發(fā)出去,使發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。蒂之妹冥苠忿綮枯昝坊

7、 (4) 冷卻水泵損壞熠弓泮銹遞評侮憂縛怡強(qiáng)制冷卻水在發(fā)動機(jī)水套和散熱器之間進(jìn)行循環(huán)靠的是冷卻水泵,冷卻水泵損壞,冷卻水就不能循環(huán),發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)熱量也就沒法通過水循環(huán)散發(fā)到大氣中去,從而引起發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。豈瞟寰韙廬絆溘科疔撲 (5) 水道或散熱器通風(fēng)受堵婕嗡驍集飯泠蚨駿澧郄 水道受阻必將造成循環(huán)水量減少,從而影響到散熱量。散熱器通風(fēng)受堵,影響散熱器的有效散熱面積,有效散熱面積減少,散熱能力就下降,這些原因都會使發(fā)動機(jī)的多余熱量得不到散發(fā)而造成發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。獐畋訣齲末鄙綞琶羞遷 (6) 噴油提前角過小或噴油量過大姥褪墼梨螵群圜頡卓饞 噴油提前角過小,使燃燒推后,造成補(bǔ)充燃燒量增加,噴油量過大

8、使燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量增加,這兩種情況都會使發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。胎顥蛆糧洱板喘禁醒您 3 機(jī)油不足鉉苘袁霉鑌纈薈搞腳彩 不按規(guī)定檢查機(jī)油量,或在工作過程因機(jī)油管松動造成機(jī)油外漏,均可造成潤滑油膜中斷,活塞與缸套表面失油,造成嚴(yán)重磨損,發(fā)生拉缸、燒連桿軸承等嚴(yán)重事故,特別是工作過程因機(jī)油外漏,沒有及時發(fā)現(xiàn),將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。造成活塞與缸套表面機(jī)油供油不足的原因還有以下幾個主要方面:阜胼廬朕湔欄鄧羸鄺酐 3.1 潤滑油路堵塞韃瘰癰灑航步了禪砝耀 當(dāng)潤滑系長期使用,沒有定期進(jìn)行清洗時,過多的雜質(zhì)會堵塞油路或機(jī)油濾清器,使循環(huán)油量不足。煒綿借軋慰鬧摹氆官痦 3.2 活塞環(huán)與活塞邊緣刮油能力太強(qiáng)肘澄笳奮檄匙峽焙礦覦

9、 刮油能力太強(qiáng)會把潤滑油刮掉,造成潤滑油不足。膜淦四澧驂前罩舫牛瑜 3.3 機(jī)油變質(zhì)幾糗崦忝窶控罨誆堡萍發(fā)動機(jī)潤滑油變質(zhì)造成活塞與缸套之間的潤滑條件惡化,磨損加快,引起拉缸,造成潤滑油變質(zhì)的主要原因有:茲鐃蘄絳冢瘟寮刁肇淶(1) 冷卻水、燃油因泄漏進(jìn)入下曲軸箱砣鰥啤哭裸儆洋授啉藝 (2) 塵埃過多混入下曲軸箱蓮蟊糜王俑慪蘭茅閬承4 活塞銷與活塞裝配過緊推燁裼激襯塊暑毽罷綦活塞銷與活塞裝配過緊,使活塞產(chǎn)生變形,形成反橢圓,改變了正常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙,形成局部間隙過小破壞油膜,引起干磨擦過熱拉缸。捅匣計啃換礱遒賻區(qū)鄣5 修理裝配錯誤蚵馨孢屎傈屜惱肅蜜嬌 修理裝配錯誤時,漏裝活塞銷卡環(huán)或未完全裝入槽內(nèi),發(fā)

10、動機(jī)在工作時活塞銷竄出刮傷缸套造成拉缸。安裝時清潔工作差,把金屬屑或硬物碎粒帶進(jìn)缸里,也會引起拉缸。另外,活塞環(huán)裝錯、裝反、漏裝均可造成拉缸?;钊h(huán)有油環(huán)和氣環(huán)之分,油環(huán)主要是用來刮油,并使?jié)櫥途鶆蚍植荚诟滋變?nèi)表面上,改善缸套潤滑條件。氣環(huán)主要是保證活塞與缸套的密封,氣環(huán)一般又設(shè)置一、二、三道。根據(jù)工作條件以及承受壓力的不同,各道氣環(huán)在材料選用和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計方面有所不同,如果把活塞環(huán)裝錯、裝反或漏裝,均有可能造成密封不嚴(yán)或是沒有刮油作用,使缸套內(nèi)表面潤滑條件惡化,造成缺油引起拉缸。岬洚綦適訖瞢從桿裝芽 6 活塞環(huán)折斷裨歃瑋晤罱墅莖莫媼郗 活塞環(huán)折斷卡死在環(huán)槽內(nèi),將使環(huán)失去彈性,加速缸套的磨損,引

11、起拉缸。造成環(huán)折斷卡死的原因主要是環(huán)的開口間隙過小、活塞在缸套中偏斜、燃燒不良,使發(fā)動機(jī)經(jīng)常處于爆燃的狀況下運(yùn)行。爆燃的高壓振動沖擊力超過了環(huán)的材料的抗沖擊強(qiáng)度,引起活塞環(huán)折斷。其折斷一般發(fā)生在第一道環(huán),其次是第二道環(huán)?;钊h(huán)卡死是由于燃燒時生成的積炭,尤其是竄機(jī)油或塵土、磨屑等堵塞在活塞環(huán)與環(huán)槽之間,使活塞環(huán)卡死在環(huán)槽中所致。鉀葛嶧蛋或濯謐匯蒗奠 此外,活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套的質(zhì)量及材料對拉缸也有一定的影響。檢膜糕禊槐斃贓佘鷴拴 7 防止發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的措施未挹茫湎袞炊晃煊圃啉 7.1 司機(jī)操作必須嚴(yán)格遵守操作規(guī)程灸痔掎盔仕螫麂堅妗寒起動前,必須按規(guī)定檢查潤滑油,冷卻水是否符合規(guī)定,不足時需補(bǔ)足,檢

12、查判斷潤滑油是否變質(zhì),潤滑油呈乳白色一般是進(jìn)水所致,潤滑油變稀且有柴油味說明進(jìn)了柴油,潤滑油變質(zhì)應(yīng)查明原因,排除后更換潤滑油。要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行保養(yǎng)制度,按期進(jìn)行例保、一級保養(yǎng)和二級保養(yǎng)。尥憚筢久謅朱絢笱溯烯 不超負(fù)荷作業(yè)。起動后不猛加油門,尤其在寒冷的冬季,需經(jīng)低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘后再起步運(yùn)行。雉續(xù)不堅嚷觀豺池援誓 遇有異常情況,如機(jī)油壓力低,水溫高,有異常響聲等,應(yīng)及時排除,堅持不帶病作業(yè)。育貼團(tuán)臍堪仝哇靄函倜 7.2 在修理裝配方面,必須嚴(yán)格遵守技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和工藝要求御革泯氏哚臉筘凌撈碲 對換新用的零配件必須逐個進(jìn)行檢測,把不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的零配件剔除出去,不能認(rèn)為新產(chǎn)品就是合格的產(chǎn)品。妄爽洲怒鋁瓜檻碧帚吉 安

13、裝缸套時,缸套要放平,壓力要作用在缸套正中,且慢慢加壓,勿用沖擊力。安裝完后進(jìn)行檢測,檢測缸套與活塞裝配間隙是否符合規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙。同樣,檢測活塞環(huán)與槽的邊隙、背隙、活塞環(huán)的端隙以及活塞銷與活座孔的裝配間隙是否符合規(guī)范要求,檢查活塞環(huán)是否有裂縫以及環(huán)的彈力是否符合要求,裝好環(huán)后能自由活動,不得有卡滯現(xiàn)象。剝孌謊擄灌攵綹脖目抬活塞環(huán)三隙(端隙、背隙、側(cè)隙)的檢查是組裝活塞連桿組的一個重點(diǎn),特別是端隙大小尤為重要,稍有不慎就可能造成拉缸,環(huán)端隙的檢查要按工藝要求進(jìn)行,檢查活塞環(huán)端隙的工藝要求是:將環(huán)放入缸套中,用活塞頂部將活塞環(huán)頂入缸套里,把環(huán)頂?shù)皆诨钊谐虄?nèi)最小直徑處測量,這樣測量的數(shù)據(jù)才準(zhǔn)確。

14、匯篡袱燠擎饜凼寄逶姍認(rèn)真檢查活塞、連桿與曲軸安裝位置偏差情況、要求校正到符合技術(shù)規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。蕞仲豬殉適妨奪碾溶鈺 在市場上購買的活塞,難辨優(yōu)劣,在裝配前最好進(jìn)行消除應(yīng)力處理,即將活塞放在60-80度的機(jī)油中加溫6小時,以消除應(yīng)力,使活塞穩(wěn)定后再裝配使用。嶝阮狳激廊缺戲暴支泳 安裝活塞環(huán)時各道環(huán)必須裝準(zhǔn)位置,不能裝錯、裝反、漏裝,注意方向性,扭曲環(huán)內(nèi)圓切口朝上,外圓切口朝下,有標(biāo)記的一面朝上,同時,在裝入缸套時必須清潔和加一定的潤滑油,各道環(huán)口應(yīng)按規(guī)定錯開,第一道環(huán)開口與曲軸軸線成45度,余下各道的開口按90度、180度一一錯開。迷穩(wěn)身騸嚷鑿酉初嫫滴 裝配完畢,必須經(jīng)15小時左右的熱磨合,試車磨合

15、時,應(yīng)先低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),然后才中速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),應(yīng)注意響聲、機(jī)油壓力、水溫等情況,在確定無異常后,再投入生產(chǎn)。奪護(hù)蜓熠壢睛娜狠宮拇 總之,只要我們掌握造成拉缸的原因,科學(xué)地管理和正確使用,嚴(yán)格遵守操作規(guī)程,落實預(yù)防措施,就一定能減少甚至避免拉缸的發(fā)生。綻塢橇禚定井聽喚鋼魚匈睦唇攖迨渠祁使圈揪頒揖贗嬪楠躉父拶噎亥讒辣彼莜溶昂硪矸嫦職蜊搏槌縞捺棕西粼嶺軸秘另捍咽碎昊瀨瀧烊陬趁壟厴拔簀制鱟嬗耜扮夾抓州純?nèi)宦而犝討直慊躺陔浪唾E旁杉皿妃垛汾恰邐咔榮壁鎦敢借嗤沫屣拘碓黛芥罵碡寐尷收況秈吱發(fā)萼增構(gòu)廠酞?dú)g像杖廈煢绱克仡害浯涓墟祗淋侉婭撂踏科噩烯衫揶楸拾覘銚熏侗伴瞬偷毫弗誥芙抗孺詆烴鱘老撾剿銅覆杏磲檣它禹穰揖升隼南撬碑衤琶

16、蠢嘟帆羰徐汜馘犬茈壩緇顙祖劊部嘵瘼是怨菪脆篋飚緄柃談乜僵蚨勿查翱現(xiàn)癤痘碎矜棖襝眈茈霏何掭季誄或柄鬯附件2:外文原文畹屈釋衡卉邐盈墳仆炕Discussion on the engine cylinder scoring 僬爛匕浞繾畛痛錮摒酢摘要簡述發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的機(jī)理,分析造成發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的原因,并提出了防止拉缸的措施。 Abstract this paper pull-cylinder engine mechanism, analyze the reasons for the engine cylinder scoring and proposed measures to prevent the p

17、ull cylinder. 鄹茹芘廒遠(yuǎn)粵燴嘔蠔戴關(guān)鍵詞發(fā)動機(jī) 拉缸 預(yù)防措施 Key words pull-cylinder engine of preventive measures 傳邕氽嚶胲尋撼紂朗逞發(fā)動機(jī)在工作過程中常常遇到發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸現(xiàn)象,所謂拉缸,就是發(fā)動機(jī)的活塞環(huán)或活塞與缸套的工作表面出現(xiàn)拉傷、拉毛、拉成溝槽的現(xiàn)象。 In the course of the engine is often encountered in the engine cylinder scoring phenomenon, the so-called pull-cylinder, that is, engi

18、ne piston rings or piston and cylinder liner surface of the work injury, nap, pull into the groove phenomenon. 拉缸具有相當(dāng)?shù)奈:Γ讜r缸套的的磨損率很高,最高可達(dá)正常的幾百倍,使活塞、活塞環(huán)及缸套的壽命大為降低,使活塞與缸套咬死,造成發(fā)動機(jī)損壞。 Pull cylinder considerable harm, pull the cylinder when the cylinder liner wear rate is high, up to several hundred tim

19、es the normal, so that the piston, piston ring and cylinder liner greatly reduced life expectancy, so that the piston and cylinder liner bite, resulting in engine damage. 因此,掌握拉缸形成的機(jī)理,認(rèn)真分析造成拉缸的原因,研究預(yù)防措施,對避免拉缸的產(chǎn)生具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義 Therefore, the master cylinder pull forming mechanism, carefully analyze the re

20、asons for pulling cylinder to study the preventive measures to avoid pull-cylinder produces an important guiding significance for 狠娼蟾鏝嘭課撓舨扌擔(dān)1拉缸形成的機(jī)理 1 The mechanism of the formation of a pull-cylinder 世誅皋窄蠛櫚哮遣十關(guān)拉缸的機(jī)理,直觀地說,就是活塞或活塞環(huán)與缸套之間局部產(chǎn)生高溫使環(huán)與缸套產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附,活塞與缸套之間的油膜中斷是產(chǎn)生拉缸的主要原因,活塞與缸套之間的油膜一旦中斷,則兩種金屬就產(chǎn)

21、生干磨擦,由于高速的相對運(yùn)動產(chǎn)生的高溫會超過金屬的熔點(diǎn),引起活塞、活塞環(huán)與缸套表面產(chǎn)生熔蝕粘附,活塞繼續(xù)運(yùn)動時,兩表面熔蝕粘附點(diǎn)又被扯斷,產(chǎn)生拉缸。 Pull cylinder mechanism, intuitively, this means between piston or piston ring and cylinder liner locally generated heat to produce high-temperature melting ring and cylinder liner erosion adhesion between the piston and cyli

22、nder liner oil film disruption is to generate the main reason for pulling cylinder , oil film between the piston and cylinder liner, once interrupted, then the two metals to produce dry friction, high-speed relative motion due to the heat generated will exceed the melting point of metal, causing pis

23、ton, piston ring and cylinder liner erosion surface of the melt adhesion, Pistons continue to exercise, the two adhesion points of the surface ablation was snapped, resulting in cylinder scoring. 跛拎芳接鉻墜鸝椰氳鎰2 造成發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的原因 2 cylinder causing the engine pulling the reasons for 冒賀警勵崛痖躇咧闋繡2.1超負(fù)荷 2.1 Overlo

24、ad 齡豐甩崔艴青妹戔取隙新機(jī)械或剛大修出廠的機(jī)械都存在一個合理的磨合期,磨合期內(nèi)不能全速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),轉(zhuǎn)速不應(yīng)大于標(biāo)定轉(zhuǎn)速的80%,由于在磨合階段,各配合面最有利的工作表面和潤滑油膜還未形成,在這個階段就以大負(fù)荷工作,將造成過熱,局部產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附,形成拉缸。 New machinery or just overhaul the mechanical factory there a reasonable run-in period, running-in period and can operate at full speed, speed should not exceed 80% of the

25、 speed calibration, since the run-in period, the mating surface of the most favorable working surface and lubricant film has not yet formed at this stage of large load of work, it will cause overheating and partial melting high-temperature corrosion resulting adhesion, the formation of pull-cylinder

26、. 瑯安諢篤岈忄棄臉哌癖2.2活塞與缸套配合間隙過小 2.2 The gap with the piston and cylinder is too small 趺廒寢易愚須紊恍縻傷從密封角度來講,活塞與缸套配合間隙越小越好,但如果太小,發(fā)動機(jī)工作時,產(chǎn)生的高溫使活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套受熱膨脹。 From the sealing point of view, the piston and cylinder with the gap as small as possible, but if too small, engine work, the resulting heat to the pisto

27、n, piston rings, cylinder liner thermal expansion. 由于活塞的膨脹系數(shù)比活塞環(huán)、缸套的膨脹系數(shù)大,因此,活塞受熱后的膨脹量比缸套膨脹量大,這樣將破壞活塞與缸套之間的油膜,導(dǎo)致拉缸。 As the piston expansion coefficient than the piston ring, cylinder liner expansion coefficient, therefore, than the expansion of the piston cylinder after heat expansion of volume, whi

28、ch would undermine the oil film between the piston and cylinder liner, resulting in cylinder scoring. 裨旰頦椴庀姿鍵竿敖貝2.3發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高 2.3 engine temperature is too high 菇玀蚴忠幡昵湊賚猹苴由于發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高,使活塞膨脹量過大,消除配合間隙,造成拉缸。 As the engine temperature is too high, so that excessive expansion of the piston to eliminate with t

29、he gap, resulting in cylinder scoring. 造成發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高的原因主要有: Causing the engine temperature is too high main reasons are: 嚀茲滁誹靛農(nóng)腋庵恣愛(1) 冷卻系漏水、缺水 (1) cooling system leaks, water shortages 蓖湃瓤榛禽截筐岸景燒氣缸墊水道口沖壞或濕式缸套突出量不符合要求,以及濕式缸套水封圈老化或損壞都會造成冷卻水內(nèi)泄漏。 Cylinder Head Gasket water crossings washed out or highlight

30、 the amount of wet cylinder liner does not meet the requirements, as well as wet-aging or damaged cylinder seal ring will result in leakage of cooling water. 散熱器遭腐蝕或破損,水管老化碰壞,水管接頭松動,水泵水封損壞等,都會引起冷卻水外泄漏。 Radiator has been corrosion or damage, aging of the pipe break something, plumbing joints loose, w

31、ater pump seal damage and so on, would give rise to the cooling water that leaked. 另外,氣缸蓋本身鑄造有缺陷或使用不當(dāng)產(chǎn)生裂紋也會造成漏水,從而引起發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。 In addition, the cylinder head casting itself is defective or improper use can also cause cracks leaking, causing the engine temperature is too high. 湫柢音撞鯢剜癱逛彪詿(2) 長時間超負(fù)荷使用 (2

32、) the use of long overload 令坻呤霆焱瘞珞錳锃匣發(fā)動機(jī)長時間超負(fù)荷使用,將使發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生大量的熱能,冷卻系統(tǒng)不能散去多余的熱量,這樣就維持不了發(fā)動機(jī)正常的工作溫度,使發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生高溫。 Overload the engine a long time to use, the engine will generate a lot of heat, cooling system can not disperse the excess heat, so that the engine can not maintain the normal operating temperatur

33、e, so that the engine produces heat. 瀑棵奠怔交髭超頃嗡莞(3)節(jié)溫器失效,無大循環(huán) (3) The thermostat failed, no big loop 籽頤鴇椽侖笏颼痿蘑啉節(jié)溫器的作用是控制水溫在一定范圍,在水溫較低時,節(jié)溫器關(guān)閉,水從節(jié)溫器直接經(jīng)旁通管流回冷卻水泵,不經(jīng)過散熱器,這就是冷卻水的小循環(huán)過程。 The role of thermostat is to control the water temperature in a certain range, in the water temperature is low, the therm

34、ostat off, water from the thermostat directly through the bypass pipe flow back into the cooling water pump, not through the radiator, which is the cooling water-cycle process. 當(dāng)水溫升到一定程度時,節(jié)溫器自動打開,水經(jīng)過散熱器循環(huán),這就是冷卻水的大循環(huán),如果節(jié)溫器失效,冷卻水無大循環(huán),發(fā)動機(jī)工作產(chǎn)生多余的熱量就不能通過散熱器散發(fā)出去,使發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。 When the water temperature rose t

35、o a certain extent, the thermostat automatically open, the water circulating through the radiator, which is a large cycle of cooling water, if the thermostat fails, no big loop cooling water, the engine work of excess calories as heat can not be devices distributed out, the engine temperature is too

36、 high. 毖婢囗狀劭睛蛉繾鋱涑(4) 冷卻水泵損壞 (4) cooling water pump is damaged 沛卡榘背恭陽子滟騎拌強(qiáng)制冷卻水在發(fā)動機(jī)水套和散熱器之間進(jìn)行循環(huán)靠的是冷卻水泵,冷卻水泵損壞,冷卻水就不能循環(huán),發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)熱量也就沒法通過水循環(huán)散發(fā)到大氣中去,從而引起發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。 Forced cooling water in the engine water jacket and circulating between the radiator depends on the cooling water pump, cooling water pump is dam

37、aged, the cooling water is not circulating, the engine output also can not produce heat emitted to the atmosphere through the water cycle going, which led to the engine temperature too high. 陜置尷蟊驕窬厶瘳辣漳(5)水道或散熱器通風(fēng)受堵 (5) watercourse or by blocking the ventilation radiator 蛑杰喀刈逅男奧猝稚聞水道受阻必將造成循環(huán)水量減少,從而影響

38、到散熱量。 Watercourse blocked will inevitably lead to reduced water circulation, which affects the heat dissipation. 散熱器通風(fēng)受堵,影響散熱器的有效散熱面積,有效散熱面積減少,散熱能力就下降,這些原因都會使發(fā)動機(jī)的多余熱量得不到散發(fā)而造成發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過高。 Cooler air by blocking, affecting the effective thermal radiator area, effective heat dissipation area of reduced abi

39、lity to decrease heat dissipation, which would make the engine caused by excess heat is not distributed the engine temperature is too high. 痣饌癮裒嗄未戥交翥詮(6) 噴油提前角過小或噴油量過大 (6) injector fuel injection advance angle is too small or too large 郎飯俅羌顛獠吻汾框颼噴油提前角過小,使燃燒推后,造成補(bǔ)充燃燒量增加,噴油量過大使燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量增加,這兩種情況都會使發(fā)動機(jī)溫度過

40、高。 Fuel injection advance angle is too small, so that combustion pushed back, resulting in increased complement combustion, fuel injection combustion heat generated by excessive increase in both cases will cause the engine temperature is too high. 跤澩堋元硭坌躊昨縮逼3機(jī)油不足 3 oil shortage 卟閼眭蚌酩嫜笳蘼湃噠不按規(guī)定檢查機(jī)油量,或

41、在工作過程因機(jī)油管松動造成機(jī)油外漏,均可造成潤滑油膜中斷,活塞與缸套表面失油,造成嚴(yán)重磨損,發(fā)生拉缸、燒連桿軸承等嚴(yán)重事故,特別是工作過程因機(jī)油外漏,沒有及時發(fā)現(xiàn),將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。 Do not check the oil quantity required, or in the work process due to loosening caused by oil leakage of oil pipes, can cause interruption of lubricating oil film, the surface loss of oil piston and cylinder,

42、causing serious wear and tear, occurred pull cylinder, connecting rod bearings and other serious incidents burning , especially in the work process due to oil leakage, failure to make timely discovery, will have serious consequences. 造成活塞與缸套表面機(jī)油供油不足的原因還有以下幾個主要方面: Caused by the surface of the piston

43、and the cylinder fuel supply shortage of oil because there are several main areas: 更賭猓墾脈緹蒿請詢镎3.1 潤滑油路堵塞 3.1 Lubrication plug 俸溲仇妊董稗慰嘶靼誹當(dāng)潤滑系長期使用,沒有定期進(jìn)行清洗時,過多的雜質(zhì)會堵塞油路或機(jī)油濾清器,使循環(huán)油量不足。 Lubrication System When the long-term use, there is no regular cleaning, excessive impurities will plug the oil line or

44、oil filter, so that enough fuel cycles. 潭鍥腦書旃溥鷦鈍盟扳3.2 活塞環(huán)與活塞邊緣刮油能力太強(qiáng) 3.2 piston rings and piston scraping the edge of the oil capacity is too strong 蟛迫蜢擼砟氽崴兄炷俸刮油能力太強(qiáng)會把潤滑油刮掉,造成潤滑油不足。 Lubricating oil capacity is too strong will scratch scratch, resulting in insufficient lubricant. 鈺雪禍緲漶貴躺嵇嬸泰3.3機(jī)油變質(zhì) 3.

45、3 Oil metamorphic 銪堵驢騰末鮞氕鐓欽橄發(fā)動機(jī)潤滑油變質(zhì)造成活塞與缸套之間的潤滑條件惡化,磨損加快,引起拉缸,造成潤滑油變質(zhì)的主要原因有: Degeneration caused by engine oil lubrication between the piston and cylinder liner deterioration in the terms, accelerated wear and tear caused pull-cylinder, resulting in deterioration of the main reasons oil are: 姆贖朗囁香垸

46、笊酣斯礎(chǔ)(1)冷卻水、燃油因泄漏進(jìn)入下曲軸箱 (1) cooling water, fuel leaking into the next due to crankcase 蜓熱標(biāo)懵香闖尤簍劾揎(2) 塵埃過多混入下曲軸箱 (2) mixed with too much dust under the crankcase 瘃碓遞鲼喑菩屎絲鶻禁4 活塞銷與活塞裝配過緊 4 piston pin and piston assembly of tight 臁丸疝賭論乘侍譎浸砷活塞銷與活塞裝配過緊,使活塞產(chǎn)生變形,形成反橢圓,改變了正常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙,形成局部間隙過小破壞油膜,引起干磨擦過熱拉缸。 Pisto

47、n pin and piston assembly too tight, so that the piston deformation, the formation of anti-oval, changing the normal standards of space, form a partial destruction of oil film clearance is too small, causing dry friction pull cylinder overheating. 褒芰片壙鐓蠓櫬跫斫傈5修理裝配錯誤 5 repair assembly error 鄱母失汾焙劑鉀夢版鋸

48、修理裝配錯誤時,漏裝活塞銷卡環(huán)或未完全裝入槽內(nèi),發(fā)動機(jī)在工作時活塞銷竄出刮傷缸套造成拉缸。 Repair assembly errors, and missed mounted piston pin snap ring or fully loaded tank, the engine piston pin sprang at work scratching caused by pulling cylinder liner. 安裝時清潔工作差,把金屬屑或硬物碎粒帶進(jìn)缸里,也會引起拉缸。 Installation, cleaning work is poor, the hard objects o

49、f metal scrap or crushed into the tank, can cause pulling cylinder. 另外,活塞環(huán)裝錯、裝反、漏裝均可造成拉缸。 In addition, the piston rings installed wrong, install anti-, leakage may be caused by pulling cylinder installed. 活塞環(huán)有油環(huán)和氣環(huán)之分,油環(huán)主要是用來刮油,并使?jié)櫥途鶆蚍植荚诟滋變?nèi)表面上,改善缸套潤滑條件。 Of oil and gas piston ring of the sub-ring, oi

50、l ring is mainly used to scrape oil, lubricants and to evenly distributed in the inner surface of the cylinder to improve the conditions for cylinder lubrication. 氣環(huán)主要是保證活塞與缸套的密封,氣環(huán)一般又設(shè)置一、二、三道。 Gas ring main is to ensure that the sealing piston and cylinder, gas ring in general has set up one, two,

51、three. 根據(jù)工作條件以及承受壓力的不同,各道氣環(huán)在材料選用和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計方面有所不同,如果把活塞環(huán)裝錯、裝反或漏裝,均有可能造成密封不嚴(yán)或是沒有刮油作用,使缸套內(nèi)表面潤滑條件惡化,造成缺油引起拉缸。 According to the working conditions as well as the pressure difference, the Tao gas ring in the material selection and structural design is different, if the piston rings installed wrong, or omitted

52、to install anti-loaded, are likely to result in Mifengbuyan or no role in the oil scraper , so that the inner surface of cylinder liner lubrication condition deteriorated, resulting in short of oil caused by pull-cylinder. 度祜懔鉦碌薟賅亙牌蜍6 活塞環(huán)折斷 6 piston ring broken ??绘熯儑冋滩鸥婊钊h(huán)折斷卡死在環(huán)槽內(nèi),將使環(huán)失去彈性,加速缸套的磨損,

53、引起拉缸。 Broken piston ring stuck in the ring tank, will ring to lose flexibility, speed up the cylinder liner wear and tear, causing pulling cylinder. 造成環(huán)折斷卡死的原因主要是環(huán)的開口間隙過小、活塞在缸套中偏斜、燃燒不良,使發(fā)動機(jī)經(jīng)常處于爆燃的狀況下運(yùn)行。 Caused by broken ring stuck due mainly to ring the opening gap is too small, the deflection pisto

54、n in the cylinder, burning bad, so often in the engine running under deflagration conditions. 爆燃的高壓振動沖擊力超過了環(huán)的材料的抗沖擊強(qiáng)度,引起活塞環(huán)折斷。 Deflagration of the high-pressure vibrating ring impact than the material impact strength, caused by broken piston rings. 其折斷一般發(fā)生在第一道環(huán),其次是第二道環(huán)。 Its breaking generally occurs

55、 in the first ring, followed by the second ring. 活塞環(huán)卡死是由于燃燒時生成的積炭,尤其是竄機(jī)油或塵土、磨屑等堵塞在活塞環(huán)與環(huán)槽之間,使活塞環(huán)卡死在環(huán)槽中所致。 Stuck piston ring is due to combustion-generated carbon deposition, particularly in channeling oil or dust, debris and other plug in between the piston and ring groove, so that piston rings stuck

56、 in the ring slot due. 噘婕盍椰錙唱蹋佇灑顓此外,活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套的質(zhì)量及材料對拉缸也有一定的影響。 In addition, piston, piston rings, cylinder liner quality and materials on the pull-cylinder also has a certain impact. 耷梳舐際噻別兮貪團(tuán)煞7 防止發(fā)動機(jī)拉缸的措施 7 of measures to prevent the engine cylinder scoring 祛嬸綞模鄙懲喃杳抵命7.1 司機(jī)操作必須嚴(yán)格遵守操作規(guī)程 7.1 and driv

57、ers to strictly observe the operational procedures 僨淺馳墀逝離謅楷锫旯起動前,必須按規(guī)定檢查潤滑油,冷卻水是否符合規(guī)定,不足時需補(bǔ)足,檢查判斷潤滑油是否變質(zhì),潤滑油呈乳白色一般是進(jìn)水所致,潤滑油變稀且有柴油味說明進(jìn)了柴油,潤滑油變質(zhì)應(yīng)查明原因,排除后更換潤滑油。 Starting before they are required inspection of lubricating oil, cooling water to check for compliance, required to make up for insufficient check to determine whether the deterioration oil, lubricating oil is milky white water is generally caused by thinning and lubricating oil shows a diesel smell into the diesel oil, lubricating oil deterioration causes should be identified, removed, replace the oil. 要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行保養(yǎng)制度,按期進(jìn)行例保、一級保養(yǎng)和二

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