四級漢譯英講義new

1、漢譯英1. 題型介紹翻譯是四級考試中的傳統(tǒng)題型，主要考查考生的英語綜合運(yùn)用能力，即對語法、短語、詞匯、單詞拼寫等全方面的考查。改革前四級考試的翻譯部分為英譯漢，做題時(shí)間15分鐘，總分10分。改革后的新四級考試，翻譯題型發(fā)生了重大變化，由考查英譯漢轉(zhuǎn)為考查漢譯英，做題時(shí)間縮減到5分鐘，分值為5分，變成了原來英譯漢分值的一半，占總成績的5%。新題型中漢譯英部分的主要特點(diǎn)：第一，考題只考查漢譯英，沒有英譯漢。很多大學(xué)英語精讀教材中都有漢譯英練習(xí)，應(yīng)該是考生非常熟悉的題型。第二，內(nèi)容單純，不需要專業(yè)理論知識。題目內(nèi)容既沒有高難度的新聞翻譯、文學(xué)翻譯，也不涉及科技經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯中的專業(yè)知識，只是一般的短句翻譯

2、，沒有大主題語境，翻譯準(zhǔn)確通順即可。第三，重點(diǎn)考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)，句型句式和詞匯詞組方面的知識。名為翻譯，實(shí)為補(bǔ)全句子，每句只涉及15個(gè)左右的英語單詞，需添入的部分也只有3到8個(gè)單詞，其中包含了四級水平考生應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的句型、語法、詞組等知識點(diǎn)。通過以上三點(diǎn)我們可以看出，我們以往所準(zhǔn)備的倒裝句、虛擬語氣、分詞、從句等仍然有用武之地。只要熟練掌握四級大綱規(guī)定的詞匯、詞組、語法知識，活學(xué)活用，我們就不會被千變?nèi)f化的題型嚇倒，所謂“萬變不離其宗”就是這個(gè)道理。需要注意的是，在完成這部分題目時(shí)，考生也必須注意避免因字跡潦草和書寫不規(guī)范等引起的不必要的失分。2. 考點(diǎn)解讀2.1 主要考點(diǎn)1) 固定搭配固定搭配是翻

3、譯中的核心考點(diǎn)，也是近幾次命題密度很高的知識點(diǎn)，應(yīng)該引起考生的高度重視。比如說名詞與動(dòng)詞搭配，形容詞與名詞搭配，動(dòng)詞與副詞的修飾關(guān)系，名詞與介詞搭配，更為重要的是常見的固定詞組以及固定表達(dá)等。例1: By contrast, American mothers were more likely _ (把孩子的成功歸因于) natural talent. (新四級樣卷)【答案】to attribute their childrens success to【解析】本題主要考查固定詞組attribute.to (把歸因于) ，其次考查be likely to do sth.的用法。2) 核心語法語法考

4、點(diǎn)大多數(shù)是舊四級題型中詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)考點(diǎn)的重現(xiàn)和轉(zhuǎn)移，這一點(diǎn)要引起同學(xué)的重視。核心語法考點(diǎn)中最重要的是虛擬語氣，其次是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、從句知識、非謂語動(dòng)詞等。 例2: The professor required that _(我們交研究報(bào)告) by Wednesday . （06.6）【答案】we（should）hand in our research report(s)【解析】本題是典型的語法題目。重點(diǎn)考查考生對虛擬語氣的掌握。require后面接賓語從句的時(shí)候，賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣，虛擬語氣的形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形?！吧辖弧笨勺g為hand in。3) 核心動(dòng)詞以及動(dòng)詞短語例3

5、: Through the project, many people have received training and _(決定自己創(chuàng)業(yè)). (08.12)【答案】decided to launch / set up / establish / begin their own enterprise/ business【解析】本題重點(diǎn)考查“決定做某事”和“創(chuàng)業(yè)”的英文表達(dá)。4) 常見句型例4: The anti-virus agent was not known _ (直到一名醫(yī)生偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了它). (08.12)【答案】until it was accidentally discovered

6、 by a doctor until a doctor discovered it accidentally / by chance【解析】本題主要考查not until 句型?！芭既弧笨勺g為accidentally或by chance，“發(fā)現(xiàn)”譯為discover比較合適，因?yàn)檫@里指的是科學(xué)上的發(fā)現(xiàn)，若譯成find則不太符合語境。總的說來，盡管新四級翻譯部分以漢譯英的命題形式出現(xiàn)，考點(diǎn)的實(shí)質(zhì)仍是基礎(chǔ)知識。在解題過程中要注意很多題并不是只考一個(gè)知識點(diǎn)，而是考查學(xué)生對語法、句型、短語、詞匯等的綜合運(yùn)用能力。老四級詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)部分的重要詞組，重點(diǎn)語法可能會成為漢譯英部分的考查重點(diǎn)。故學(xué)生們有必要對改

7、革前四級考試的詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)真題進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)。2.2 重點(diǎn)語法2.2.1虛擬語氣英語中一共有三種語氣：陳述語氣，祈使語氣，虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的謂語動(dòng)詞形式，是講話人在主觀上而不是客觀上對事物的看法和態(tài)度，表達(dá)的是假設(shè)、愿望、建議、命令、祝福等。虛擬語氣可用于條件狀語從句、名詞性從句（賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）、以及其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用很大程度上和其所在的句型有關(guān)。1) 虛擬語氣在條件句中的應(yīng)用英語中的條件句主要有兩類：真實(shí)條件句和虛擬條件句。在虛擬條件句中，主句與從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣，具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：(1) If虛擬條件句這是虛擬語氣的基本用法。If虛擬條

8、件句中，主句與從句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式可列表如下：假設(shè)類型條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式主句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過去式（be多用were）would (should/ could/might) +動(dòng)詞原形與過去事實(shí)相反had+過去分詞would (should/ could/might) + have+過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞一般過去式were to+動(dòng)詞原形would (should/ could/might) +動(dòng)詞原形 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If he were here, everything would be all right. 與過去事實(shí)相反If the United States ha

9、d not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14would have risen still further. 與將來事實(shí)相反It is said Tom will go to an interview tomorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I would ask him to go to your place. If he were here this evening, he might be able to help.(2) 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語氣(主從

10、句時(shí)間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣)有時(shí)條件從句中動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間與主句中動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。例如： 從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If I had worked harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. 從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與將來事實(shí)相反If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future.(3) 虛擬條件句的倒裝形式在虛擬條件句中，如果省略if, 從句要用倒裝形式，即把謂語助動(dòng)詞had,

11、were, should, could 等提前至句首，其他詞序不變，例如： 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反Were you (=If you were )free to choose among all the cars available today，what type of automobile would you buy? 與過去事實(shí)相反The millions of calculations involved, had they (= if they had) been done by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they

12、 were finished. 與將來事實(shí)相反Were he (=If he were) to start out. today, he would get there by Thursday.(4) 含蓄虛擬條件句在表示假設(shè)的虛擬語氣中，有時(shí)假設(shè)的條件并不以條件從句的形式表達(dá)，而是通過上下文或句中內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，或用其它形式表達(dá)出來，我們稱之為含蓄虛擬條件句。常見的用來表示含蓄虛擬條件的詞有：but for, but that，without, otherwise, or, under more favorable conditions, given等。例如：But for/Without

13、your help, we wouldnt have accomplished the task on time.He hadnt had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldnt have fainted out at work.Given more time, we could have done the work much better.Under more favorable conditions, we could have achieved success.2) 虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的應(yīng)用(1)“It is (was)+形容詞（或過去分

14、詞）+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣在“It is (was)+形容詞（或過去分詞）+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中，某些表示愿望、建議、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、迫切、重要等形容詞或過去分詞后的主語從句的謂語也要用虛擬語氣，其形式為should 動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形（美國英語中省去should）。常用的形容詞和過去分詞見下表： natural (自然的) appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)? advisable (合適的) preferable (更可取的)necessary (必須的) important (重要的) urgent (急迫的) essential（必要的）vital (極重要的) compulso

15、ry（必須的）crucial（緊急的） imperative（迫切的、必需的）urgent（緊迫的） advisable（應(yīng)該的） incredible（驚人的）strange（奇怪的），essential (本質(zhì)的) probable (很可能的) possible (可能的) desirable (合意的，值得的)required (必須的) demanded (要求) requested (被請求的) desired (期望的) suggested (建議) recommended (推薦的) ordered (命令) proposed（建議的） decided（確定的）It is vi

16、tal that enough money (should) be collected to fund the projectFrom the standpoint of the long-term strategic interest of the West，it is imperative that their territorial unity (should) be a safeguard.注：上述所列形容詞后用that引出的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞也要用虛擬語氣, 例如：I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job s

17、ince he has no experience(2) suggest, propose等動(dòng)詞后所接賓語從句中用虛擬語氣表建議、命令、要求的動(dòng)詞（見下表）引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中, 從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣，其形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形，或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。suggest propose recommend move (提議) advise insist urge(極力主張) require request demand desire order command decide intend prefer urge(敦促)They demanded that the right to vote (s

18、hould) be given to every adult man.The committee recommends that the matter（should）be discussed at the next meeting.(3) suggestion, proposal等名詞后所接同位語或表語從句中用虛擬語氣表建議、命令、要求的名詞（見下表）后所接的同位語或表語從句中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣, 其形式為should +動(dòng)詞原形，或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。order request requirement insistence suggestion command necessity im

19、portance idea plan motion(提議) proposal(建議) recommendation(建議) resolution(決定，決議)We are all for your proposal that the discussion（should）be put offMy idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.3) 虛擬語氣在其他句型中的應(yīng)用(1) 動(dòng)詞wish所接賓語從句中的虛擬語氣當(dāng)動(dòng)詞wish后面接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that經(jīng)常被省略)時(shí)，賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬

20、語氣，表示一種不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)（be 用were的形式）；與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；與將來事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用助動(dòng)詞過去式+動(dòng)詞原形。I wish I were as strong as you.She wishes that we hadnt sent her the candy yesterday because shes on a diet.I wish you would stay here longer.(2) as if /as though引導(dǎo)的從句中的虛擬語氣在as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀

21、語從句或表語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用虛擬語氣。若與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)；若與過去事實(shí)相反，用過去完成時(shí)。They treat me as though I were a stranger He was shaking with fright as if he had seen a ghost.(3) would rather、 would sooner、had rather引導(dǎo)的從句中的虛擬語氣would rather , would sooner, had rather用來表達(dá)主觀愿望，意為“寧愿”、“寧可”。這些短語所引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硐喾磿r(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用

22、過去時(shí)，與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)表示。You dont have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you went on business first.ld rather he hadnt told me about it.(4) It is (high, about) time所接從句中的虛擬語氣it is (high,about) time所接從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用一般過去時(shí)表示虛擬語氣，指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，表示“該(必須)做”Its time you looked ahead and made plans for your reti

23、rement.I think its time they were taught a lesson.(5) 特殊連詞lest, for fear that和in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中用虛擬語氣lest等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中要用虛擬語氣，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其謂語動(dòng)詞由should 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，should也可省略。The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he（should）injure himself.He studies hard for fear that he (should) lag behind.(6) if

24、only引導(dǎo)的從句中用虛擬語氣if only 引出從句，意思是“要是多好”，表示說話人的一種愿望。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)；與過去事實(shí)相反，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞則用過去完成時(shí)。If only the letter had arrived in time.If only my teacher had accepted my good suggestion.對將來情況的虛擬，表示主觀愿望, 謂語動(dòng)詞用 would/should/could+動(dòng)詞原形。如：If only the sandstorm would stop!【同步練習(xí)1】1. Frankly speaking，Id rath

25、er you_（眼下對該問題不作任何評論）.2. Its time someone_（為社會上不幸的人說說話了）.3. The old man looked at the picture, and he felt as though_(回到20年前的時(shí)光).4. He was punished_(以免他再犯)5. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only_(我聽從了你的勸告).6. But for your timely warning, we _（不會意識到有危險(xiǎn)）.7. It is essential that these _(申請表應(yīng)

26、盡早地寄回).8. The judge assented to（同意）the suggestion that_(將罪犯判死刑) .9. I wish I _（今天早上能多睡會兒）, but I had to get up and come to class.10. Had he listened to me,_（約翰就不會失敗了）.2.2.2 常見句式1) 定語從句(1) 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句who, whom, whose, which, that引導(dǎo)的定語從句They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed a

27、n operation.Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate? 關(guān)系代詞that 和 which 兩者一般情況下可以互換，但有些情況除外。當(dāng)先行詞前面有形容詞的最高級和序數(shù)詞時(shí)；先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等不定代詞時(shí)；當(dāng)先行詞被no, every, some, any, only, very, much等限定詞修飾時(shí)；當(dāng)先行詞的主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)；當(dāng)并列的兩

28、個(gè)先行詞分別表示人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)；當(dāng)定語從句為there be句型時(shí)，定語從句只用that引導(dǎo)。例如：The first thing that I want to do this evening is to write to my parents.He knew everything that happened in the village. Thats the only thing that we can do now. Who is the person that is standing there?They are talking about the teachers and scho

29、ols that they have visited.在非限制性定語從句中，定語從句只用which引導(dǎo)。Taiwan, which is the largest island of China, is a beautiful one. 介詞關(guān)系代詞當(dāng)先行詞表示事物意義，在從句中做介詞的賓語且介詞提前時(shí)，定語從句只用which引導(dǎo)。例如：This is the house in which he lived last year.(2) 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞when, where, why分別可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。由于關(guān)系副詞wh

30、en, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。I shall never forget the day when/ on which I entered the university.The place where/ in which were to have the speech contest has not been decided yet.That is the reason why/ for which I am not in favor of the plan.(3) as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句在as

31、, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this, and that。as一般放在句首，which放在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 2) 狀語從句(1) 時(shí)間狀語從句 when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句before引導(dǎo)的從句A在之前；趁著還沒有；B句型It iswaswill bemay be(time)before“過(時(shí)間)才”；區(qū)別于It has beenis.(time)

32、since “自從以來已經(jīng)(多長時(shí)間了)”。 no soonerthan，hardlyscarcelywhen 一就表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作剛結(jié)束，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作就開始了。主句一般用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。no sooner，hardlyscarcely放在句首，主句要倒裝。No sooner had he arrived than she started complaining.the instant，the moment，the minute一就The instant I saw him I knew he was angry.each timeevery time；next time，last t

33、ime引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句My poor spelling annoys me each time I try to write something.(2) 地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連接詞是where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere；地點(diǎn)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞表示將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，不用將來時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Take this baggage and put it whereveranywhereeverywhere you can find enough space.(3) 原因狀語從句原因狀語從句中because, in that，since，now that出現(xiàn)頻率較高； s

34、eeing that，now(that)，considering(that)，in that這幾個(gè)連接詞與since，as意義差不多，可換用。如：Seeing(that)she was seriously ill，they sent for the doctor(4) 讓步狀語從句 though/ although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語I dont know him well though Ive known him for a long time. while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句（一般位于主句之前）While these experiments are interesting and useful，i

35、t is important to remember that theymay not always tell us much.注：讓步從句中已有連詞(如though，although，while)，主句前不能用but；反之，句中有but則不能用though，although，while。 no matter + 疑問詞/ 疑問詞 + ever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句No matter what / Whatever you do, you must do it well. No matter who/ Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished注意疑問

36、詞 + ever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句與疑問詞 + ever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別。You can choose whatever you like in the shop.（此句不能由no matter what引導(dǎo)）(5) 條件狀語從句： if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 as/so long as 只要As long as you dont betray me, Ill do whatever you ask me to (do). unless , in case等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 I wont go to the party unless Im invited.Please remind me i

37、n case I forget.3) 倒裝句英語中的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)可分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝，漢譯英題目中經(jīng)常涉及到部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句子的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。 表示否定或半否定的詞或詞組放在句首作狀語，句子用部分倒裝。這些詞和詞組有：never, scarcely, hardly, rarely, little, nowhere, no sooner, not only, in no case, in no way, on no account, at no time, unde

38、r no circumstance等。Rarely did Tom leave his lab those days.Little did I think a year ago that I could work for your company.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.注：當(dāng)not until位于句首，引出主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。 only引出的狀語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝Only after class was he allowed to raise the question.

39、so, nor, neither引起的部分倒裝句首為so, nor, neither等副詞時(shí)，表明前句說明的情況也適用于后者，句子用部分倒裝。If Julia can do it, so can I.He didnt say anything. Nor did his assistant. 虛擬條件句的倒裝形式（參見虛擬語氣部分） as, though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語的倒裝從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。但需注意,句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞;句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。例如：Poor as he w

40、as, he was honest.Child as he is, he knows a lot.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成主要有兩種形式： it is (was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that (who, which)+句子的其他部分It was Anne that (who) had a severe heart attack last night.It is not until they lose it that people know the value

41、 of health. whatis (was) 型強(qiáng)調(diào)句What impressed us most was his image.【同步練習(xí)2】1. Only then_(醫(yī)生意識到他的病人需要做手術(shù)).2. _(只要你有個(gè)均衡的飲食), you will be healthy.3. Day in, day out, _(不管天氣如何), she walks ten miles.4. Not until he came in_(他才知道發(fā)生了什么事)。5. He is unlikely to find the place_(他四十年前居住過的地方). 6. _(盡管他上了年紀(jì))，he is

42、busy with various kinds of social activities.7. The customer complained that no sooner_(他剛試著使用這臺機(jī)器，它就不運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了).8. _(他們一聽到警報(bào))， they fell in for action.9._( 正如打掃房屋一樣), so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.10._ (由于價(jià)格上漲太快), all my money is draining away.2.2.3 非謂語動(dòng)詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)1) 非謂語動(dòng)詞在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分

43、的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式:不定式，動(dòng)名詞，和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。(1) 不定式 不定式的用法不定式具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可有自己的賓語，并可被狀語修飾，同時(shí)還有名詞、形容詞和副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、主語補(bǔ)足語等成分。作主語 To become a good teacher was my hope. 作表語 Our purpose is to finish the job in the two weeks. 作賓語 The Children refused to listen to me. 英語中有一部分動(dòng)詞常跟不定

44、式作賓語,如：agree, fail, promise, afford, forget, prove, arrange, guarantee, refuse, ask, happen, resolve, attempt, hesitate, seek, bother, hope, seem, care, learn, tend, choose, threaten, claim, manage, trouble, consent, neglect, try, decide, offer, undertake, demand, plan, volunteer, determine, prepare

45、, want, pretend, wish等。作定語 She was the only one to look after the children.作狀語 To earn more money for his family, he sold newspapers in his spare time.作賓語補(bǔ)足語 He asked me to call him back at 11.作主語補(bǔ)足語 They were made to work day and night.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)不定式有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)變化。下面以write為例，具體形式如下表：主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式一般式to writeto be

46、written進(jìn)行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written一般式表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后；完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前；進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。I have some news to tell you.They seem to be getting along quite well.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.(2) 動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞也是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式，由動(dòng)詞原形加ing構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞兼有動(dòng)詞和

47、名詞的某些特征，不僅能帶賓語、狀語、或邏輯主語，而且在句中的作用類似于名詞，可作主語、表語、賓語、介詞賓語等。 動(dòng)名詞的用法作主語 Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.作表語 Her job is nursing the disabled.作定語 sleeping-car drinking water作賓語 He always avoided giving us a direct answer. 以下及物動(dòng)詞后面通常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，例如：admit, excuse, postpone, anticipat

48、e, fancy, practise, appreciate, finish, prevent, avoid, forbid, propose, consider, forgive, recollect, delay, imagine, resent, deny, involve, resist, detest, keep, risk, dislike, mind, save, dread, miss, suggest, enjoy, pardon, escape, permit等。以下短語后通常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，例如：instead of, look forward to, put off,

49、cant stand, canthelp, feel like, give up, object to, keep on, see about, take to, admit to, preferto, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, stick to, no good, no use, be fond of, be tired of, be capable of, burst out, be successful in等。以下短語中, 動(dòng)名詞作介詞in的賓語，in常省略，例如：have difficulty (trouble, problem,

50、 a hard time, fun, a good time)(in); be busy (in) ; waste time (in) ; be long (in) ; lose time (in) ; there is no point(in) 有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可, 但意義截然不同，例如: remember, forget, try, stop, regret, go on, cease, mean等。remember to do sth. 記得要去做某事remember doing sth. 記得做過某事forget to do sth. 忘記要去做某事forget doing

51、sth. 忘記做過某事regret to do sth. 因要去做某事而感到遺憾regret doing sth. 因做過某事而感到遺憾try to do 努力try doing 試一試mean to 打算mean doing 意味著在prefer, like, hate等詞后，如果表示一般傾向，多用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如果指特定或具體某次行動(dòng)，用不定式更多一些。 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)變化。下面以do為例，具體形式如下表：主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneI apologize for not having

52、 kept my promise.She didnt mind being left alone at home.(3) 分詞分詞是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞，它有兩種形式：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成；過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞無一定規(guī)律，須單獨(dú)記憶?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意思，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意思；現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行，而過去分詞表示動(dòng)作的完成。例如：burning forest 燃燒著的森林 burned skin 燒著了的皮膚developing countries 發(fā)展中國家 developed countries

53、發(fā)達(dá)國家 分詞的作用作定語 We can see the rising sun. He is a retired worker.作狀語 Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.作表語 The news is exciting.The door remained locked.作賓語補(bǔ)足語 She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.He was glad to see his son well taken care of in the day-care center. 作主語補(bǔ)足語 The children were heard singing the song. 分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞也有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)變化，現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞沒有這種區(qū)別。及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞還有主動(dòng)形式和被動(dòng)形式的區(qū)別。下面以動(dòng)詞do為例：時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneWe must keep a secret