社會語言學第十講社會方言階層與職業(yè) 課件

1、社會語言學,第十講,社會方言：階層與職業(yè),西方社會分層的兩大理論傳統(tǒng),Karl Marx,Max Weber,主導,觀點,階級斗爭,階級調和,理論,模型,歷史唯物主義,生產力與生產關系,經濟、聲譽、權力,三位一體的分層模式,職業(yè)與階層緊密關聯(lián),?,中國,?,美國,William Labov,生平,?,Professor, Departments of Linguistics,University of Pennsylvania,?,Born: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJ,?,Columbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D.,1964,?,

2、Industrial chemist, Union Ink Co.,Ridgefield, NJ, 1949-1960,?,Assistant Professor, Columbia,University, 1964-1970,?,Associate Professor, Professor,University of Pennsylvania, 1971-,?,Director, Linguistics Laboratory,University of Pennsylvania, 1976-,William Labov,主要著作,?,The social motivation of a so

3、und change, 1963,?,The Social Stratification of English in New York,City.,1966,?,Sociolinguistic Patterns, 1972,?,Language in the Inner City, 1972,?,Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal,Factors , 1994.,?,Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social,Factors. 2019.,?,Principles of

4、Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive,and Cultural Factors, 2019,?,with U. Weinreich the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recently,raised its price and advertising level and moved uptown.,The social stratification of English in New York City,調查方法,?,The interviewer approached the informant in

5、 the,role of a customer asking for directions to a,particular department. The department was one,which was located on the fourth floor.,?,When the interviewer asked,“,Excuse me, where,are the women,s shoes?,”,the answer would,normally be,“,Fourth floor.,”,?,The interviewer then leaned forward and sa

6、id,“,Excuse me?,”,He would usually then obtain another,utterance,“,Fourth floor,”,spoken in careful style,under emphatic stress.,?,The interviewer would then move along the aisle of,the store to a point immediately beyond the,informant,s view, and make a written note of the,data.,The social stratifi

7、cation of English in New York City,調查方法,?,This method of interviewing was applied in each,aisle on the floor as many times as possible,before the spacing of the informants became so,close that it was noticed that the same question,was asked before.,?,Each floor of the store was investigated in the,s

8、ame way. On the fourth floor, the form of the,question was necessarily different:,“,Excuse me,what floor is this?,”,?,Following this method,68 interviews were,obtained in Saks, 125 in Macy,s, and 71 in,Klein. Total interviewing time for the 264,subjects was about six and one-half hours,.,The social

9、stratification of English in New York City,調查結果,Use of r,0,20,40,60,80,100,Saks,Macys,S Klein,store,%,never,sometimes,always,first and second utterances,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,Saks,Macys,S Klein,store,%,fourth I,fourth 2,floor I,floor 2,The social stratification of English in New York City,擴大調查,The social stratification of English in New York City,Labov,突破了什么？,?,Synchronic structural systems and,diachronic historical developments must,be studied in isolation.,?,Sound change cannot be directly observed.,?,Feelings about languag