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1、 小學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全經(jīng)典全面 第2講 語(yǔ)音1、音素:語(yǔ)音的最小單位。 英語(yǔ)中共有48個(gè)音素,其中元音音素20個(gè),輔音音素28個(gè)。元音單元音/i:/,/,/:/,/,/:/,/L/,/:/,/,/u:/,/,/e/,/雙元音/e /,/a/,/,/,/a/,/,/e/,/輔音清輔音/p/,/t/,/k/,/t/,/tr/,/ts/,/f/,/,/s/,/,/h/濁輔音/b/,/d/,/g/,/d/,/dr/,/dz/,/V/,/,/z/,/,/r/,/m/,/n/,/,/l/,/w/,/j/2、元音:發(fā)音時(shí)氣流不受阻礙。元音分為單元音和雙元音兩類。單元音發(fā)音時(shí)唇形和舌位不變;雙元音發(fā)音時(shí)由一個(gè)元音
2、向另一個(gè)元音滑動(dòng),唇形和舌位有一個(gè)變化過(guò)程,且前重后輕,前長(zhǎng)后短。3、輔音:發(fā)音時(shí)氣流受到阻礙。輔音分為清輔音和濁輔音兩類。清輔音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶不振動(dòng);濁輔音發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶振動(dòng)。4、音標(biāo):用來(lái)記錄音素的符號(hào)。為了避免與字母混淆,音標(biāo)被放在斜括號(hào)/ /內(nèi)。5、英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)字母或字母組合在不同的單詞中發(fā)音可能是不一樣的,而相同的發(fā)音對(duì)應(yīng)的字母或字母組合也可能不完全相同。6、開(kāi)音節(jié):以元音字母結(jié)尾或以一個(gè)元音字母加一個(gè)輔音字母再加不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾(r除外)的音節(jié)。元音字母在開(kāi)音節(jié)中讀長(zhǎng)音,即該字母的名稱音。閉音節(jié):以一個(gè)或幾個(gè)輔音字母(r除外)結(jié)尾。元音字母在閉音節(jié)中讀短音。aeiou開(kāi)音節(jié)/e /name/
3、i:/we she/a/hi white/go note/ju:/ or /u:/use閉音節(jié)/ map/e/desk/sit/clock/L/cup第3講 名詞名詞是指表示人和事物名稱的詞,可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。1、專有名詞:特定的人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱。第一個(gè)字母通常要大寫(xiě)。e.g. Jim Green, New York, Bank of China,Peking University星期、月份、節(jié)日、學(xué)科、報(bào)刊名也是專有名詞。e.g. Monday,May,Christmas,Spring Festival,Maths,China Daily2、普通名詞:表示一類人或物
4、或抽象概念的名稱。普通名詞又可以分為四類:個(gè)體名詞 表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:student , desk集體名詞 表示若干個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:class , family 物質(zhì)名詞 表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)名稱,如:water , rice , sand,hair抽象名詞 表示情感,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)等抽象名稱,如:love ,carelessness個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞多數(shù)可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算,稱為可數(shù)名詞,有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式;物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞通常無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算,稱為不可數(shù)名詞,一般只有一種形式。注 意: 集體名詞被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí),表達(dá)單數(shù)概念。e.g. His family was well kno
5、wn in the town. 他家在鎮(zhèn)里是名門(mén)望族。 集體名詞被看作若干個(gè)體的集合時(shí),表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)概念。e.g. His family are waiting for him. 她的家人正在等他。 集體名詞表達(dá)多個(gè)集體時(shí),也有復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g. Our village is made up of 300 families. 我們村有300戶人家。3、可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則: 一般名詞在末尾直接加s,清輔音后讀/ s /,濁輔音和元音后讀/ z / e.g. book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾,加es,讀/ IZ / e.
6、g. bus-buses, box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加es, 讀/ z / e.g. baby-babies, library-libraries,factory-factories 以f或fe結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v,再加es,讀/ vz / e.g. thiefthieves,knifeknives 以o結(jié)尾,表示無(wú)生命的物體時(shí)加s, 表示有生命的物體時(shí),加es,都讀/ z / e.g. photo-photos, piano-pianos, radio-radios, zoo-zoospotato-potat
7、oes,tomato-tomatoes,mango-mangoes,hero-heroes 不規(guī)則變化 e.g. manmenchildchildrenfootfeetfishfishwomanwomenmousemicetoothteethsheepsheeppolicemanpolicemenoxoxengoosegeesedeerdeer fish表示魚(yú)的數(shù)量時(shí),單復(fù)數(shù)同形;表示魚(yú)的種類時(shí),復(fù)數(shù)為fishes.e.g. My cat had two fish for lunch. You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake. 4、不
8、可數(shù)名詞一般只有原形,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,但是可以借助量詞表示一定的數(shù)量。如果表達(dá)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的概念時(shí),量詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,不可數(shù)名詞不變。e.g. a bottle of water ,a cup of coffee,two glasses of milk ,five bags of rice 這種形式用于可數(shù)名詞時(shí),量詞和可數(shù)名詞都要用復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. ten baskets of eggs5、既可用作可數(shù),又可用作不可數(shù)的名詞:不可數(shù)glass 玻璃paper 紙iron 鐵wood 木頭beauty 美room 空間可數(shù)a glass 一只玻璃杯a paper 一份報(bào)紙、論文、文件a iro
9、n 一個(gè)熨斗a wood 一片森林a beauty 一個(gè)美人a room 一個(gè)房間6、名詞所有格 在英語(yǔ)中,有些名詞可以加s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格。大多數(shù)表示有生命的東西。e.g. Toms book 如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞末尾已有s,就直接加 。e.g. the teachers office 如果一些物品為兩者共有,只需在后一個(gè)名詞后加s ;如果為各自所有,則需在每個(gè)名詞后加s。e.g. Lucy and Lilys bedroom.(Lucy 和 Lily共用一個(gè)臥室)Lucys and Lilys bedrooms.(Lucy 和 Lily分別擁有各自的臥室) 表
10、示無(wú)生命的物體的名詞所有格,一般與of短語(yǔ)連用。e.g. a map of the world ,a photo of my family 雙重所有格:把of所有格和s所有格結(jié)合在一起表示所有關(guān)系。e.g. a friend of my fathers第4講 冠詞冠詞一般用在名詞的前面,對(duì)名詞起限定作用,不能離開(kāi)名詞單獨(dú)存在。1、不定冠詞a,an用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前面,泛指一類人或物中的任何一個(gè)。 a用于輔音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞之前。e.g. a bed,a computer,a “U” an用于元音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞之前。 e.g. an egg,an umbrella,an hour 2、定冠詞the
11、用在單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前。 表示特指的人或物前。e.g. The man with a flower in his hand is Jack. 指說(shuō)話人雙方都知道的人或物前。e.g. Lily, close the door, please. 在上文提到過(guò),第二次又提到的人或物前。e.g. There is a man under the tree. The man is called James. 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。e.g. The sun is bigger than the moon. 用在序數(shù)詞前面。e.g. It is the first day of
12、 the new term. 用在樂(lè)器名稱前。e.g. He often plays the violin at weekends. 用在形容詞最高級(jí)前。e.g. Spring is the best season in a year. 用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。e.g. I went to the Great Wall last week. 用在國(guó)家名稱的縮寫(xiě)前。e.g. He is from the UK.3、零冠詞:名詞前不用冠詞的情況。 在季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、三餐、球類或棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)前,通常不用冠詞。e.g. have breakfast ,play basketball,pl
13、ay chess第5講 代詞1、人稱代詞:表示“我、你、他、她、它、我們、你們、他們”的詞。我你他她它我們你們他們主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem主格一般用在句子開(kāi)頭做主語(yǔ),通常用在動(dòng)詞前。e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom.賓格可以用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象,一般用在動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.2、物主代詞:表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性myyo
14、urhisheritsouryourtheir名 詞 性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容詞性物主代詞后面一般要帶上名詞。如:my watch, his cousin, our school名詞性物主代詞本身就可以看作是名詞,故其后不能再加名詞,可單獨(dú)使用。e.g. Is that your bike? No. Mine is blue. 3、不定代詞:沒(méi)有明確指定代替某個(gè)(些)人或物的詞叫不定代詞。(1)some和any都表示“一些”,既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 some多用在肯定句中,any多用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。e.g. There
15、are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句)There isnt any milk in the fridge. (否定句)Do you have any hobbies? (疑問(wèn)句) 在表示邀請(qǐng)和希望對(duì)方給予肯定回答的疑問(wèn)句中也要用some。e.g. Would you like some coffee? Yes, please. (邀請(qǐng)) Mum, can I have some peaches? Sure.(希望對(duì)方給予肯定回答)(2)both和all both表示“兩個(gè)都”,只指代或修飾可數(shù)名詞。e.g. We are both policemen.(強(qiáng)調(diào)
16、兩人) all表示“三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上都”,既可指代或修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可指代或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。e.g. They are all in the room.(至少三人)(3)many和much都表示“許多”,many修飾可數(shù)名詞,much修飾不可數(shù)名詞。e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup.(4)each和every each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人,指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物中的“每個(gè)”;every是指許多人或事物的“全體”,與all的意思相近。e.g. Ill buy a present for each of her paren
17、ts. 我要為她的父母每人買(mǎi)一件禮物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他書(shū)房里的每本書(shū)都很有趣。(5)other 作形容詞時(shí)意思是“其他的”,指尚未提到的部分,其后一般接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.(6)something和everything something 某事;某物 e.g. I want something to drink. everything 一切事物;每樣事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.(
18、7)nobody 沒(méi)有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.4、疑問(wèn)代詞:用來(lái)表達(dá)疑問(wèn)或構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句的代詞,一般放在疑問(wèn)句的句首。what問(wèn)什么Whats your name? My name is Tom. What colour問(wèn)顏色What colour is your coat? Its red. what day問(wèn)星期What day is it today? Its Monday.what date問(wèn)日期What date is it today? Its the first of June.what shape問(wèn)形狀What sh
19、ape is the moon? Its round.whatjob問(wèn)工作Whats your fathers job? Hes a bus driver.what time問(wèn)時(shí)間What time is it? Its ten oclock.when問(wèn)時(shí)候When is your birthday? Its on the first of May.which問(wèn)哪個(gè)Which is your watch, this one or that one? That one.where問(wèn)地點(diǎn)Where is my pen? Its on the floor.who問(wèn)誰(shuí)Who is the boy wi
20、th big eyes? Hes Liu Tao.whose問(wèn)誰(shuí)的Whose bag is this? Its Helens.why問(wèn)原因Why are you absent today? Im ill.how問(wèn)方式How do you go to school? By bus.how many問(wèn)數(shù)量How many books are there? There are five.how much問(wèn)價(jià)錢(qián)How much is it? Twenty yuan.how old問(wèn)年齡How old are you? Im twelve.how far問(wèn)距離How far is it from her
21、e? Its about one kilometer.how about問(wèn)情況Im thirsty. How about you? Me, too.5、指示代詞 this(這個(gè))、these(這些)表示在時(shí)間上或空間上較近的人或物。 that(那個(gè))、those(那些)表示在時(shí)間上或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。第6講 形容詞形容詞用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征。它的位置通常放在被修飾的名詞前,也可以放在be動(dòng)詞和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。在英語(yǔ)中,形容詞有三個(gè)等級(jí),即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。1、表示兩者“等同”時(shí)用原級(jí),結(jié)構(gòu)為:as原級(jí)as,表示“xx和
22、xx一樣”e.g. Are you as tall as your twin sister? 其否定形式結(jié)構(gòu)為:notas原級(jí)as,表示“xx和xxx不一樣”e.g. Im not as tall as you. 2、表示兩者“比較”時(shí)用比較級(jí),結(jié)構(gòu)為:比較級(jí)than,表示“xx比xxx更” e.g. Hes one year younger than me. 形容詞比較級(jí)的構(gòu)成規(guī)則: 一般在詞尾加er e.g. taller,longer,stronger,younger 以字母e結(jié)尾,只加r e.g. latelater,nicenicer 以輔音字母y結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加er e.g.
23、heavyheavier 雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母,再加er e.g. fatfatter,thinthinner,bigbigger 雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí),在原級(jí)前加moree.g. more beautiful,more careful 不規(guī)則變化 e.g. good-better,many / much-more,far-farther,bad / ill-worse3、三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較,用形容詞最高級(jí)。結(jié)構(gòu)為:the + 形容詞最高級(jí) in/of等表示范圍的短語(yǔ),表示“最”。e.g. Autumn is the best season in New York.She is
24、the tallest girl of our three.第7講 副詞1、副詞是一種用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞或形容詞的詞,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、程度、方式等概念。大多數(shù)副詞都可以放在動(dòng)詞后面。e.g. dance beautifully,listen carefully,sit quietly,speak loudly,very happy2、副詞的比較級(jí)變化規(guī)則與形容詞比較級(jí)基本相同,以ly結(jié)尾的副詞一般用more。e.g. more carefully ,more quietly第8講 介詞介詞又叫前置詞,是一種用來(lái)表示詞與詞、詞與句之間關(guān)系的詞,它一般放在名詞、代詞(賓格)或動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞ing形式)前面。1、i
25、n 在里面。如:in the classroom in顏色,穿著顏色的衣服。如:Whos the man in white? in語(yǔ)言,用某種語(yǔ)言說(shuō)。如:Whats this in English? 在上午、下午、晚上。如:in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening 在年、月、季節(jié)前。如:in 2008,in August,in summer 在國(guó)家、城市和較大的地方前。如:in China,in Wuxi,in the playground 固定搭配。 如:in the middle of(在中間),do well in(擅長(zhǎng)),in the
26、 day(在白天),take part in(參加),stay in bed(躺在床上),in the street(在街上)2、on在上面。 如:on the desk用在某一天(上、下午)前。如:on the 5th of May,on Sunday,on Monday morning以Day結(jié)尾的節(jié)日前。如: on Childrens Day,on New Years Day 固定搭配。如:on foot(步行),on duty(值日),put on(穿上),get on(上車(chē))turn on(打開(kāi)),on the right / left(在右邊/左邊),on the wall (在墻
27、上),on Zhongshan Road(在中山路上)注 意:樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)的水果用on the tree;不是樹(shù)上長(zhǎng)的外來(lái)物用in the tree。如:I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. 3、at在某個(gè)時(shí)刻前。如:at seven oclock在傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前。如:at Spring Festival,at Mid-Autumn Festival,at Christmas在較小的地點(diǎn)。如:at the bus stop固定搭配。如:at once(立刻,馬上),be good at(擅長(zhǎng)),look at
28、(看),at home(在家),at school(在學(xué)校), at weekends(在周末), at the back of(在后部), at night(在夜晚)4、under 在下面 如:There is a cat under the table.5、behind 在后面 如:There is an umbrella behind the door.6、near 靠近 如:There is a park near my house.7、beside 在旁邊 如:The students are standing beside the teacher.8、next to 緊靠旁邊 如:
29、The teachers office is next to our classroom.9、before (時(shí)間上)在之前 如: before class(上課前)10、after (時(shí)間上)在之后;依照固定搭配: after class(課后),after school(放學(xué)后),look after(照看),run after(追趕),read after me(跟我讀)11、between 在兩者之間 如:There are some trees between Building A and Building B.12、by 乘某種交通工具 如:by bus,by plane,by t
30、he way(順便說(shuō)一下)13、from be from = come from(來(lái)自) 如:Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia.fromto(從到)We go to school from Monday to Friday.14、to 到、去 如:Lets go to the zoo. 固定搭配:write to(給xx寫(xiě)信)15、about 關(guān)于;大約如: I want to buy a book about animals. Its about one kilometer away.16、for 為、給 如:Heres a letter for you.
31、Whats for breakfast?固定搭配:look for (尋找),wait for(等候)17、with 與一起。如:Ill go shopping with my mother.具有某種特征。如:Whos the boy with big eyes?help. with. 在某方面幫助某人 如: Can you help me with my English?play with. 和一起玩;拿玩 如:play with me,play with a yo-yo18、in front of 在前面 如:There is a tree in front of the classroo
32、m.in the front of 在前部 如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.19、along 沿著,順著 如:Go along this street.20、as 作為 如:What would you like as a birthday present?21、out of 從出來(lái);往之外 如:The dog is running out of the house.22、of 的,屬于 如:a map of China ,a map of the world23、off 離開(kāi),在之外 如:keep off the g
33、rass(勿踏草坪),get off(下車(chē))24、up 向上 如:stand up(起立),pull up carrots(拔胡蘿卜)25、down 向下 如:sit down(坐下), jump up and down(上下跳)第9講 數(shù)詞1、基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目多少。1one11eleven21twenty-one2two12twelve22twenty-two3three13thirteen30thirty4four14fourteen40forty5five15fifteen50fifty6six16sixteen60sixty7seven17seventeen70seventy8eigh
34、t18eighteen80eighty9nine19nineteen90ninety10ten20twenty100hundred注意:數(shù)字“0”可以讀作“zero”,也可以讀作字母“o”。2、序數(shù)詞:表示順序先后。1stfirst11theleventh21sttwenty-first2ndsecond12thtwelfth22ndtwenty-second3rdthird13ththirteenth30ththirtieth4thfourth14thfourteenth40thfortieth5thfifth15thfifteenth50thfiftieth6thsixth16thsixt
35、eenth60thsixtieth7thseventh17thseventeenth70thseventieth8theighth18theighteenth80theightieth9thninth19thnineteenth90thninetieth10thtenth20thtwentieth100thhundredth基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞記憶口訣:一、二、三,需要記,八去t,九省e,ve結(jié)尾時(shí),f來(lái)代替,ty結(jié)尾時(shí),y變ie,再加th,若是幾十幾,前基后序別忘記。第10講 連詞連詞,顧名思義,是一種起連接作用的詞。1、and “和”,表示并列關(guān)系。 如:There are some desks
36、 and chairs in the classroom. 2、but “但是”,表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。 如:You can skate well, but I cant .3、or “還是”,表示選擇關(guān)系。 如:Would you like a glass of milk or a cup of tea?注 意:在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中,當(dāng)表示并列關(guān)系時(shí),不用and,而用or。 如:Do you have any brothers or sisters?I dont have any brothers or sisters. 4、than “比”,表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。 如:Su Hai jumps farthe
37、r than Su Yang.5、because “因?yàn)椤?,表示因果關(guān)系。 如:I like summer best because I can go swimming.6、so “所以”,表示結(jié)果關(guān)系。 如:Helen was ill , so she didnt go to school yesterday.第11講 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或行為的詞。按其詞義和在句子中的作用可以分為連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞。1、be動(dòng)詞(am,is,are) be動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí),要與主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。用法口訣: 我用am,你用are,is 用在他、她、它,復(fù)數(shù)全用are。 如:I am a
38、teacher. You are a student. She is a nurse. We are Chinese. be動(dòng)詞的否定形式:am not(無(wú)縮寫(xiě)形式),is notisnt,are not=arent 2、助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did) do,does用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),does用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱和數(shù)用do。其過(guò)去式did用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。他們通常用在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。助動(dòng)詞后動(dòng)詞要用原形。如:Do you like this film? Does she like playing football?I didnt go to school yesterday. 否定形式:
39、do not = dont,does not =doesnt,did not=didnt3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can,may,must,should,will,would,shall等)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度,表示“可能”,“可以”,“需要”,“必須”,“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等意思。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,后面的動(dòng)詞要用原形。1)can和may都可以用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求或允許,但may比can更正式,更客氣些。如: Can I use your pen? May I come in? 2)must和should must意為“必須,應(yīng)當(dāng)”,含有一種命令的語(yǔ)氣,比較生硬,不容商量。 should意為“應(yīng)
40、當(dāng),應(yīng)該”,表示建議或勸告,語(yǔ)氣比較委婉,客氣。 如:You must finish your homework before you go to bed. You should stay in bed and have a good rest. 3)will和would用于疑問(wèn)句,表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問(wèn),用would比will更委婉,更客氣。如:Will you please open the window? Would you like some coffee? 注意區(qū)別:Id like 我想要(接名詞) 如:Id like some tea.Id like to 我想要做(接動(dòng)詞
41、原形)如:Id like to go with you.I like 我喜歡(接名詞或動(dòng)名詞)如:I like monkeys. I like reading.4) shall 在問(wèn)句中表示征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn),主要用于第一人稱。如:Shall we go there by bus?5)否定形式:cant,may not,mustnt,shouldnt,wouldnt,shall not4、行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞也叫實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,是具有實(shí)際意義的動(dòng)詞。如run(跑), jump(跳),listen(聽(tīng)),sing(唱),eat(吃),think(想)等。行為動(dòng)詞在句子中有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。在英語(yǔ)中,不同時(shí)間里
42、發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),需要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來(lái)表現(xiàn),這就叫時(shí)態(tài)。第16講 句法1、陳述句說(shuō)明事實(shí)或陳述說(shuō)話人觀點(diǎn)的句子?;窘Y(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)其他1)肯定陳述句 We all like pandas very much.2)否定陳述句 He doesnt do housework at weekends3)肯定陳述句改否定陳述句一般是在be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not。Mary was at school yesterday. Mary was not at school yesterday.I can make a model plane. I can not make a model plane.
43、不含be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的,行為動(dòng)詞前要用助動(dòng)詞的否定式(dont,doesnt,didnt),后面跟動(dòng)詞的原形。He likes drawing pictures.He doesnt like drawing pictures.I went to the park yesterday. I didnt go to the park yesterday.4)陳述句改一般疑問(wèn)句有be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的,把be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前。 Mary was at school yesterday. Was Mary at school yesterday? I can make a model plane.
44、Can you make a model plane?不含be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子,借助助動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭,動(dòng)詞還原成原形。 He likes drawing pictures.Does he like drawing pictures. I went to the park yesterday. Did you go to the park yesterday?2、疑問(wèn)句用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題,詢問(wèn)情況的句子,末尾用問(wèn)號(hào)。1)一般疑問(wèn)句:一般疑問(wèn)句常用來(lái)詢問(wèn)一件事是否屬實(shí),通常以be動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭,用yes或no來(lái)回答,因此又叫是非疑問(wèn)句,通常讀升調(diào)。Is Mr Green from the UK
45、? Yes,he is. / No,he isnt.Do you have any hobbies? Yes,I do. / No,I dont.Can you play the guitar? Yes,I can. / No,I cant.2)特殊疑問(wèn)句:以特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo),要求回答具體問(wèn)題,不能用yes或no來(lái)回答。How do you go to work every day? I go to work by car.3)選擇疑問(wèn)句:提供兩種或兩種以上情況,讓對(duì)方選擇,往往用or連接。Would you like some tea or coffee? Some coffee, pleas
46、e.4)反意疑問(wèn)句:反意疑問(wèn)句是由陳述句和附在其后的附加疑問(wèn)句組成。Its a fine day, isnt it? Yes ,it is.3、祈使句表示請(qǐng)求或命令別人做某事或不做某事。1)用于第二人稱,通常省略you。肯定祈使句:Open the door, please. 否定祈使句:Dont be late again.2)用于第一人稱和第三人稱,通常以let(let后跟賓格)或shall開(kāi)頭。Let me have a look. Lets play a game now. Let him go home now.Shall we meet at one thirty in front
47、 of the Garden Theatre?4、感嘆句表達(dá)喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情,句尾常用感嘆號(hào)(!),語(yǔ)氣用降調(diào)。1)what + 名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ) What a big garden (it is)!What an interesting storybook (it is) !What lovely weather (it is)!What pretty girls (they are)!2)how +形容詞或副詞主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞How nice!How beautiful the flowers are!How tall Yao Ming is!5、there be 句型 表示在某地有某人或某物。
48、1)主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),be動(dòng)詞用is(was);主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù),be動(dòng)詞用are(were)。There is some milk in the fridge.There are some peaches in the basket.2)如果有幾個(gè)不同的人或物并列存在,be動(dòng)詞根據(jù)最靠近的那個(gè)名詞而定。There is a ruler and five knives in the pencil case.There are five knives and a ruler in the pencil case.3)there be句型和have/has區(qū)別:there be句型表示某地有某人或某物;hav
49、e/has表示某人有某物。has用于第三人稱單數(shù),其余人稱和數(shù)用have。There are some English books on the desk.I have some English books. 第17講 聽(tīng)力人類交際中80以上是通過(guò)口頭進(jìn)行的,而聽(tīng)懂對(duì)方的話語(yǔ)是進(jìn)行有效交際的前提和關(guān)鍵。因此,聽(tīng)力至關(guān)重要,它位于“聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)”四種能力之首。英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試一般有以下題型:1聽(tīng)音辨詞2聽(tīng)錄音給圖或句子排序3聽(tīng)問(wèn)句選答句4聽(tīng)短文或?qū)υ掃M(jìn)行選擇或判斷5聽(tīng)錄音填空第18講 話題1、介紹My name is Tom. Im Gao Shan.This is David. The man in
50、a white coat is my father.2、問(wèn)候、告別Hello! /Hi!Good morning! / Good afternoon! /Good evening!How are you? - Fine, thank you. / Not bad, thank you. / Not so good.Nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you , too.How do you do?-How do you do?Goodbye! / Bye! / Bye-Bye!See you (tomorrow/later).Good night.3、談?wù)撊嘶蛭颳
51、hats your name? / Your name, please?Who is he?Whats this in English?How old are you?Where are you from? / Are you from the USA?Whats your job?What is she?4、請(qǐng)求、勸告、建議、征求May I come in?Can I have a look?Yes. / Sure.Sorry, you cant.Dont forget to close the windows.We must go home now.Lets go to school.Sh
52、all we go now?Why dont you buy a new one?What about a cup of tea?Would you like a hamburger?What would you like?Yes, please. / Yes, Id like to./ Yes, Id love to.No, thanks.5、道歉、感謝、贊揚(yáng)Excuse me.Sorry. / Im sorry.-Thats OK/all right. / Its doesnt matter.Thanks. / Thank you. / Thank you very much.Not at all. / You re welcome. / Its my pleasure.Its pretty/ smart/nice.How nice!6、詢問(wèn)時(shí)間、星期及日期Whats the time? / what time is it now?-Its twelve oclock. Its time to have lunch.What day is it today?-Its Sunday/Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday.What date is it today? - It
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