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1、初中英語導(dǎo)學(xué):初中英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)辨析初中英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)講解動(dòng)詞是謂語動(dòng)所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài),但是常用的只有9種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。下面分別介紹。1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every,sometimes 等時(shí)間狀語。例如:a. He goes to school every day. 他每天去上學(xué)。b. He is very happy. 他很開心。c. The

2、 earth moves around the sun. 地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。(特性)2) 在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。例如:a. If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting. 如果你今天下午過來,我們將開個(gè)會(huì)。b. When I graduate, Ill go to countryside. 畢業(yè)后我要去鄉(xiāng)下。3) 有時(shí)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語),但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open,

3、close等。例如:a. The meeting begins at seven. 會(huì)議七點(diǎn)開始。b. The rain starts at nine in the morning. 上午九點(diǎn)開始下雨。4) 表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。a. I like English very much. 我非常喜歡英語。b. The story sound very interesting. 這個(gè)故事聽起來很有趣。5) 書報(bào)的標(biāo)題、小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2、 一般過去時(shí)的用法 1)在確定的過

4、去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了? 2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm

5、welcome. 那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。 3)句型: is time for sb. to do sth “到時(shí)間了” “該了”。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。 is time that sb. did sth. “時(shí)間已遲了” “早該了” ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。 (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示寧愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, ho

6、pe 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。 比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentu

7、cky for seven years. (含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去) 注意: 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。 1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。 2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎? 重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)一下,used to / be used to used to + do:”過去常

8、?!北硎具^去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。 be used to + doing:對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣,或”習(xí)慣于”,to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。 典型例題 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - I

9、ts . A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。 3.一般將來時(shí)的用法一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其表達(dá)形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 動(dòng)詞原形 ”表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。 is going to rain. 要下雨了。 are going to have a meeting today. 我們今天要開個(gè)會(huì)。2)“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見。 boy is to go to school tomorr

10、ow. 男孩明天要去上學(xué)。 we to go on with this work? 我們要繼續(xù)這項(xiàng)工作嗎?3) “be about to+ 動(dòng)詞原形” 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語。 We are about to leave. 我們正要離開。4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:Im leaving for Beijing. 我要離開北京了。5) 某些動(dòng)詞(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start,

11、 get , stay 等)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來。例如: meeting starts at five oclock. 會(huì)議將在五點(diǎn)開始。 gets off at the next stop. 他要在下一站下車。我們重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)一下,be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主

12、觀安排)4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來 1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如: train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。 does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。 2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如: comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。 goes the bel

13、l. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。 3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如: Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后,讓他等我。 ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就寫信給你。 4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如: hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。 sure that the windows are closed

14、 before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。 5. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來 下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如: m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎? 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have(has) +過去分詞。 重點(diǎn): 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1)一般

15、過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。

16、共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了) have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)

17、容已經(jīng)知道了) did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了) hasnt handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭) has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) 句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。 (錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his p

18、arents last night. (對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1)It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy

19、had been late. 2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如: This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 典型例題 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B。 (2) -Have you _ bee

20、n to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 (錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month. (對(duì))I havent received his letter for almost a mont

21、h. 重點(diǎn): 比較since和for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。 注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。) 注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)

22、換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。 1)(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然,第二句不對(duì),它應(yīng)改為 Harr

23、y got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 7. since的四種用法 1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。 2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。 3) since +從句。例如: Great chan

24、ges have taken place since you left. 你走后,變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后,變化可大了。 4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 8. 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如: He has completed the work.

25、 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果) Ive known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷) 2) 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示”做直到” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示”到,才”。例如: He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met

26、 D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 9. 過去完成時(shí) 1) 概念:表示過去的過去 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。-|-|-|- 那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在 2) 用法 a. 在t

27、old, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如: She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。 b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí)。例如: When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示”原本,未能”。例如:

28、 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。 3) 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如: He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。 Tom was di

29、sappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. ”把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在”去取

30、書”這一過去的動(dòng)作之前,因此”忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去,用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在”同學(xué)們正忙于”這一背景下,when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 注意: had hardly when 還沒等 就。例如: I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。 had no soonerthan 剛 就。例如: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。 10. 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí) 1)

31、兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過去時(shí)。例如: When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。 2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過去完成時(shí)。例如: When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3) 敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如: Our teacher told us that

32、 Columbus discovered America in 1492. 11. 將來完成時(shí) 1) 構(gòu)成will have done 2) 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如: They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。 b. 動(dòng)作完成:表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如: You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí),你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。 12. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行

33、時(shí)的基本用法: a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。 b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如: Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) c. 表示漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越

34、熱了。 d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如: You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。 典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是

35、一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài),應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí),由于沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應(yīng)用完成時(shí),瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。 13. 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1)表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。 2)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppo

36、se, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。 He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。 3)瞬間動(dòng)詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如: I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。 4)系動(dòng)詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, he

37、ar, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如: You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點(diǎn)累。 14. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1)概念:表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。 2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。 3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如: My brother fell while he was r

38、iding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來,受了傷。 It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí),陽光燦爛。 典型例題 1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí),

39、when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性,”瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)”提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為”當(dāng)之時(shí)”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí),用過去進(jìn)行;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 “在她看報(bào)紙時(shí),奶奶睡著了。”句中的 fell(fall的過去時(shí)),是系動(dòng)詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick動(dòng)詞語

40、態(tài)1 當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí), 謂語的形式叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)。句子的主語是動(dòng)作承受者時(shí),謂語的形式叫被動(dòng)作語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be + 過去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過be 表現(xiàn)出來。1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):You are required to do this.2) 一般過去時(shí):The story was told by her.3) 一般將來時(shí):The problem will be discussed tomorrow.4) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):The road is being widened. 5) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí):The new tool was being made.6) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):The novel h

41、as been read.7) 過去完成時(shí):He said that the work had been finished.8) 過去將來時(shí):He said that the trees would be planted soon.2. 一些特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)1) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):The problem must be solved soon.2) 帶不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):The room is going to be painted.The homework needs to be done with care.3) 短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng):a.(不及物)動(dòng)詞+介詞:若這類短語動(dòng)詞是及物性的,則可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,如:laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若這類短語動(dòng)詞是不及物性的則不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,如:bookup, look down. 等b.(及物)動(dòng)詞+副詞:bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn do

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