高考閱讀理解之猜測詞義

1、高考閱讀理解詞義猜測題解題技巧猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳?yīng)學(xué)會(huì)通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式猜測詞義題是近年來高考閱讀理解中比較常見的題型，通常在一套試題中會(huì)有兩到三個(gè)小題是直接考查詞義猜測的。這種題型主要是考查考生根據(jù)上下文推測生詞和短語的能力，突出考查考生對語境的分析和把握能力。如果我們具備了一定的猜測技巧和猜詞能力，我們就能降低生詞率，排除閱讀理解中某些生詞的干擾，最終提高閱讀理解速度和能力。【命題趨勢】1

2、、要求根據(jù)閱讀材料所提供的信息，結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，正確判斷生詞詞組的含義或成熟詞在特定語境中表達(dá)的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。2、要求猜測詞義的詞一般為實(shí)詞及其詞組，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞義的具體內(nèi)容。3、代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測詞義的常考類型。用“邏輯關(guān)系梳理法”、“遞向?qū)ほ櫡ā崩砬迦宋锛笆挛镏g的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。【設(shè)問形式】The underlined word “” in the second(third) paragraph refers to(means) _.By saying “” in the first(second) paragra

3、ph, the author means that _.The meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.Which of the following words can take the place of the word.? What is the meaning of.as the words are

4、 used in the text? Which of the following has the closest meaning to.(paragraph.)? According to the passage, the word “” properly means _.The word .could best be replaced by_.二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境上下文來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。下面結(jié)合近幾年高考試題，對

5、猜詞悟義的技巧加以解讀。1、根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即“退火”。It will be very hard but also very brittle that is, it will break easily.從后面that is(也就是說)的解釋中我們可

6、以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”?！究祭浚?009福建卷，E篇）73. The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “_”.A. freezing points B. burning points C. melting points D. boiling points解析】C。請看原文：In

7、his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. 根據(jù)后一句的such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知t

8、ipping points的意思是“融點(diǎn)”。（2007山東卷，C篇）65.The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 1 most probably means _. A. discouraging B. interesting C. creative D. unbearable 【解析】A。請看文章第一段：When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no

9、money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standards-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers. 由后半句的解釋“with almost no money for equipment or supplies”可知此項(xiàng)任務(wù)不可能是“interesting”或“creative”，而她的教學(xué)工作也與“unbearable”無關(guān)，故A項(xiàng)正確。2、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語

10、，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時(shí)可利用同位關(guān)系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測。例如：They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了castle 的確切詞義，即古時(shí)候的“城堡”。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m. this week.兩個(gè)破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。The “Chunnel”, a tunne

11、l(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位語。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之間的海底隧道?！究祭浚?004上海卷，C篇）82. The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that_.A. bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.B

12、. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobsC. poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success【解析】B。請看原文：Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from famili

13、es known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality.破折號后的句子是對前面進(jìn)行解釋說明的，二者是同位關(guān)系，因此要猜測favourtism的意思可從前面句子的意思入手。答案為B。3、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等）進(jìn)行猜測在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and theyre very intera

14、ctive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active（活動(dòng)的，活躍的）而構(gòu)成的，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動(dòng)的”。Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞， 據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”?！究祭浚?0

15、08全國卷I，B篇）62. The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something _.A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always presentC. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift【解析】B。請看文章原句：The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly bec

16、ame a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.從文章意思可知，這種新型菠蘿很暢銷，當(dāng)然成為了健康飲食人士購物筐中的?？?。另外根據(jù)構(gòu)詞知識可知，該詞的詞根是fix，含有“固定”之意。4、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the spor

17、t again.從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久的”。The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of lifes doors will remain forever closed.”學(xué)生認(rèn)為考試分?jǐn)?shù)低就不可能進(jìn)入一所好大學(xué)，而沒有“名?！钡漠厴I(yè)文憑，將來生活

18、中的很多大門可能就會(huì)對他們永遠(yuǎn)關(guān)閉。由此推知A prestigious university應(yīng)是a famous university（名校）。 【考例】(2009北京卷，C篇) 66. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that _. A. the problem is not approached step by step B. the researchers so far have faults in themselvesC. the problem is too difficult for rese

19、archers to detect D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns【解析】D。句意猜測題。由前面一句“We have a very limited number of studies”可知，由于研究的對象非常有限，所以對于房間設(shè)計(jì)影響人們的工作和情緒這一現(xiàn)象只是“管中窺豹”，局限性太強(qiáng)。緊跟后面一句“How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them?”做了進(jìn)一步

20、說明，房間設(shè)計(jì)影響居住者工作和情緒這一理論正確與否還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。(2009安徽卷，B篇) 60. The words “boats on land” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer to _A. animals for taking goods B. creatures for pulling plowsC. treasures of the folk culture D. tools in the farming economy【解析】A。請看原文：Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing.

21、 In fact, they are seen as “boats on land” for their ability to carry loads.由劃線詞后原因的解釋for their ability to carry loads可以很輕松的得到結(jié)果：牛被看做“陸地之舟”，是一種運(yùn)輸貨物的動(dòng)物。5、根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測 文章中的代詞it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：Like Schmid, th

22、e editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍衛(wèi)) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else: “Whys your car HERE at HER place?

23、” them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的self-published art magazines。However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.it指的是月球人(moon people)所問的問題（the question）。【考例】(2009四川卷，E篇) 58. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers

24、to “_”. A. the energy benefit B. the forest loss C. climate change D. burning ethanol 【解析】A。請看原文：Finally, over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change would have progressed so far that it might not help. 燃燒乙醇帶來的能源方面的好處可能會(huì)彌補(bǔ)失去

25、森林的損失，但是到那時(shí)，氣候的變化已經(jīng)太大，“這”也于事無補(bǔ)了。由此判斷，it指前面提到的the energy benefit。(2009安徽卷，E篇) 73. What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to?A. We will lose much more than we can gain.B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests.C. People have a strong desire for resources.D. Much carbon dio

26、xide comes from burning rainforests.【解析】A。this指代前文提到的“but we will suffer much more than we will benefit”，意思是“砍伐森林帶來短期利益，但是從長遠(yuǎn)來看，我們遭受的損失遠(yuǎn)大于獲得的利益”。因此選擇A項(xiàng)。(2009 浙江卷，A篇) 42. What does the underlined phrase “her gift” (Paragraph 2) refer to? A. Her words. B. Her smile. C. Her flowers. D. Her politeness.

27、【解析】B。請看原文：She smiled. It was a nice smile warm and reassuringand I retuned her gift by smiling back. 從前句話中可以知道her gift 指的是“smile”。6、根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and 或or時(shí)，其連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from

28、a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞，用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知其詞義為“使陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 句中detrimental是個(gè)生詞，

29、但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后，不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的，有害的”?！究祭浚?009重慶卷，B篇）62. What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to? A. Ways that help one to focus. B. Words that help one to feel less tense.C. Activities that turn ones attention away.D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.【解析】C。請看

30、原文：When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I cant achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies.由前面的other可知distractions是與第一句意思基本相同，第一句話表達(dá)的是讓人注意力分散的事情，結(jié)合上下文可知 答案為C。（2009天津卷，A篇）37. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 p

31、robably mean?A. Change suddenly.B. Change significantly.C. Disappear mysteriously.D. Disappear very slowly.【解析】D。請看原文：Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be ca

32、lled by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. 根據(jù)下文“the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost”可知前后是同義關(guān)系，die hard意思是“頑固”，同D項(xiàng)意義接近。7、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：S

33、he is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論?！究祭浚?009陜西卷，C篇）50. The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means“_”. A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to b

34、e admirable D. to be suitable 【解析】A。請看文章原句：Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives tales文章中本句意思是：即使科學(xué)能告訴我們一些傳統(tǒng)的想法是經(jīng)不起檢驗(yàn)的，但“老人言”中還有很多正確的東西。根據(jù)前后轉(zhuǎn)折的意思可知，hold water在此處意思是：經(jīng)得起檢驗(yàn)的，值得相信的。(2008江蘇卷，A篇) 56. The underl

35、ined word “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is _. A. your slave and serves youB. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys youD. under your influence and follows you【解析】B。請看原文：We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control

36、 of it and make it our ally. 前一句說“我們可以讓時(shí)間流逝或讓它成為我們的敵人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我們可以控制時(shí)間，讓時(shí)間成為我們的朋友來支持我們。8、通過上下文理解猜測詞義通過上下文的具體信息猜測詞義是目前高考閱讀理解題中最常見的一種命題形式。【考例】（2009重慶卷，A篇）59. What does the underlined word “antics” refer to? A. Smart words. B. Unusual actions. C. Surprising Looks.D. Anxious feelings. 【解析】B

37、。由上文she rushed in, seized the phone, tore off the wires, and shouted at the phoneAnd she swept it into the wastebasket.以及She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the rest of the house, “Now hear this! All objects in this room if you do anything to upset my husband, out you go!” 可知，作者的妻子聽到作者的吼叫聲后，做了

38、一些古怪的事情，如將電話機(jī)扔進(jìn)垃圾箱、對著屋子里的東西喊話等。而正是她的這些古怪的行為讓作者突然意識到了自己的失控。由上文這些信息可推知“antics”指的是Unusual actions。 鞏固練習(xí)一1. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. The underlined word means_.A.strong B. firm C. kind D. clever2. Mr. Brown is now working at Princeton U

39、niversity far away from home. For this reason he has to rent a room near the office where he works.A. to work to live B. to eat to live C. to teach to live D. to pay to use3. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, t

40、hey obey orders, and if they dont understand something, they say so.4. The word “audience” in the paragraph means _.A.students B. people who watch a play C. people who act on the stage D. people who listen to something5. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he wo

41、rked as an engineer.A. work B. study C. name D. interest6. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. country D. house7. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Scho

42、ols, or English Learning. A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers 8. The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” an

43、d “station wagons” used in the text refer to _.A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers 9. Most women in Ghana- the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers

44、. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means _. A. Repeated B. reiterated. C uneducated D. sick10. “The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,” says friend Pat Williams, “He wasnt a gre

45、at actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.” “He was just Joe Everybody.” ( in the last paragraph) means _. A. Dave was famous B. Dave was ordinary C. Dave was showy D. Dave was shy 11. Since I have finished my paper now, I am going to give myself a treat tonight. I am going to watch a m

46、ovie on campus, an action movie called “Face Off”.The underlined words “a treat” here means _.A. an action movie B. something pleasant to enjoy C. a rest D. something nice to eat鞏固練習(xí)二（1）An advertisement is just like a Somebody Else says quotation(引語) in a news story. The newspaper does not say that

47、what the advertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” To find out whether it is true or not will be left to the reader. All the statements in the ads are the advertisers statements, not the papers.Q: What does “Somebody Else” in the paragraph refer to? A. T

48、he editor of the paper. B. The reader of the paper. C. The author of the passage. D. The advertiser of the ads.（2）Emma had never read it, nor had she ever purchased a copy. But, when she opened it up, she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover, in her own handwriting. It turned

49、 out that the summer before, at a concert back in Montreal, Emma had met a Californian who was in town visiting friends. They decided to exchange addresses, but neither of them had any paper. The man had opened up a book he was carrying in his backpack and asked Emma to write her name and address in

50、side. When he returned to California, he left the book behind in Montreal, and his friend Alex kept it. When Alex later relocated to Jerusalem, he took the now-treasured book along.Q: What does the underlined word “floored” in the paragraph mean? A. interested B. shocked C. frightened D. excited（3）O

51、xygen is vital to life; it is needed by the body cells of all animals. It is also very useful in industry. The method Priestley used produces only small quantities. The large amounts needed for industry are produced in a different way. Air is put into containers under great pressure. This turns it i

52、nto liquid and makes it very cold. It is then gradually warmed up and each substance evaporates at a different temperature. The boiling point of oxygen is -183C. It is caught and stored in strong steel cylinders at a pressure of 136 atmospheres. The process is known as fractional distillation.Q: Whi

53、ch word has the rough meaning of “vital”? A. important B. useful C. helpful D. interesting（4） These different kinds of learning disabilities are known by different names. For example, a person who has difficulty reading may have dyslexia. Someone who cannot do mathematics may have a disorder called

54、dyscalculia(計(jì)算困難).Q: The underlined word “dyslexia” in the paragraph probably means _. A. difficulty in seeing B. problem in reading C. trouble in listening D. brain disorder（5）A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston moth

55、er of two, ages 4 and 18 months.Q: What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean in the paragraph?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests（6）And if youve gathered your friends around you to rebu

56、ild a happy family atmosphere(氣氛), you may fear that saying no will bring back the kind of conflict you grew up with or destroy the nice atmosphere you now enjoy.Q: The underlined word “conflict” in the paragraph means .A. dependent lifeB. fierce fightC. bad mannersD. painful feeling（7）“She is asham

57、ed and embarrassed but doesnt really have any explanation why she did this,” Miss Duff said. “She didnt intend to steal when she went into the store. She is at a loss to explain it. She is otherwise a very respectable and intelligent young lady .She went to her doctor and asked for advice because she wants to know if there is anything in particular that c