2016年廣播電視大學(xué)《統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理》形成性作業(yè)（1-4）考核冊答案資料小抄

電大統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理形考作業(yè)一第一三章一、判斷題1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、二、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、C2、B3、B4、D5、D6、D7、A8、C9、B三、多項(xiàng)選擇題1、AD2、BCE3、ACE4、BCE5、BCE6、ACD四、簡答題1、標(biāo)志是總體各單位所共同具有的某種屬性和特征，標(biāo)志表現(xiàn)是標(biāo)志特征在各單位的具體表現(xiàn)。標(biāo)志分為品質(zhì)標(biāo)志，如“性別”，“籍貫”；數(shù)量標(biāo)志，如年齡“，“工資”，相應(yīng)的標(biāo)志表現(xiàn)有品質(zhì)標(biāo)志表現(xiàn)如“男”“杭州”；數(shù)量標(biāo)志表現(xiàn)，如“20歲”，“2000元”。2、統(tǒng)計(jì)總體是根據(jù)一定的目的和要求所確定的研究事物的全體，它是由客觀存在的、具有某種共同性質(zhì)的許多個別事物構(gòu)成的整體。樣本是從總體中抽取出來的用來代表總體的那部分單位，具有以下幾個特點(diǎn)（1）樣本中的單位來自總體；（2）樣本是非唯一的；（3）樣本具有一定的代表性；（4）樣本具有客觀性。3、普查是專門組織的一次性全面調(diào)查。普查屬于不連續(xù)調(diào)查，調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要是反映國情國力方面的基本統(tǒng)計(jì)資料；而全面統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表屬于連續(xù)調(diào)查，調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要是需要經(jīng)常掌握的各種統(tǒng)計(jì)資料。全面統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表要經(jīng)常填報(bào)，因此報(bào)表內(nèi)容固定，調(diào)查項(xiàng)目較少；而普查是專門組織的一次性調(diào)查，在調(diào)查時可以包括更多的單位，分組更細(xì)、項(xiàng)目更多。因此，有些社會經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象不可能也不需要進(jìn)行經(jīng)常調(diào)查，但又需要掌握比較全面、詳細(xì)的資料時，就可通過普查來解決。普查花費(fèi)的人力、物力和時間較多，不宜常組織，取得經(jīng)常性的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料還需要靠全面統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表。4、調(diào)查對象與調(diào)查單位的關(guān)系是總體與個體的關(guān)系。調(diào)查對象是由調(diào)查目的決定的，是應(yīng)搜集其資料的許多單位的總體；調(diào)查單位也就是總體單位，是調(diào)查對象所包含的具體單位。調(diào)查對象和調(diào)查單位概念不是固定不變的，隨著調(diào)查目的的不同二者可以互相變換。填報(bào)單位是負(fù)責(zé)上報(bào)調(diào)查資料的單位，填報(bào)單位與調(diào)查單位有時候一致，有時候不一致。例如農(nóng)村耕地調(diào)查，調(diào)查對象是農(nóng)村所有的耕地，調(diào)查單位是每一塊耕地，填報(bào)單位是農(nóng)戶或農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營單位。5、單項(xiàng)式分組就是以一個變量值為一組，組距式分組是以變量值變化的一個區(qū)間為一組。變量有離散變量和連續(xù)變量兩種，離散變量可一一列舉，而連續(xù)變量是連續(xù)不斷，相鄰兩組之間可作無限分割。所以，離散變量可作單項(xiàng)式分組和組據(jù)式分組，而連續(xù)變量則只能作組距式分組。在離散變量中，當(dāng)變量值變動幅度較小時，采用單項(xiàng)式分組；當(dāng)變量值變動幅度較大時，則采用組距式分組。6、基本步驟為第一步將原始資料按數(shù)值大小依次排列。第二步確定變量的類型和分組方法（單項(xiàng)式分組或組距式分組）。第三步確定組數(shù)和組距。當(dāng)組數(shù)確定后，組距可計(jì)算得到組距全距組數(shù)，全距最大值最小值。第四步確定組限（第一組的下限要小于或等于最小值，最后一組的上限要大于最大值）。第五步匯總出各組的單位數(shù)，計(jì)算頻率，并編制分配數(shù)列。五、計(jì)算題1、等距分配數(shù)列可按照以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來編制向上累計(jì)向下累計(jì)工人數(shù)企業(yè)數(shù)比重頻率頻數(shù)頻數(shù)頻率2003003101033010030040051672678279040050093056717227335006007233802413433600700310902762070080031010030310不等距分配數(shù)列答案有多種，但基本的原則是要反映出一定的規(guī)律性。如工人數(shù)企業(yè)數(shù)比重2002501342504007233400600165336007003107008003102、分配數(shù)列如下成績?nèi)藬?shù)比重60以下41060706157080123080901537590100375合計(jì)40100分組標(biāo)志為“成績”，為數(shù)量標(biāo)志，該班考試成績?yōu)椤皟深^小，中間大”的鐘型分布。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理形考作業(yè)二（第四章）一、判斷題1、2、3、4、5、6、7、二、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、A2、C3、D4、B5、C6、D7、B8、B9、D10、C11、D12、D三、多項(xiàng)選擇題1、BE2、ADE3、ABC4、DE5、ADE6、ADE7、ABCDE8、BDE四、簡答題1、結(jié)構(gòu)相對指標(biāo)、比例相對指標(biāo)和比較相對指標(biāo)有什么不同的特點(diǎn)請舉例說明。答結(jié)構(gòu)相對指標(biāo)是以總體總量為比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，計(jì)算各組總量占總體總量的比重，來反映總體內(nèi)部組成情況的綜合指標(biāo)。如各種工人占全部工人的比重。比例相對指標(biāo)是指總體不同部分?jǐn)?shù)量對比的相對數(shù)，用以分析總體范圍內(nèi)各個局部之間比例關(guān)系和協(xié)調(diào)平衡狀況。如輕重工業(yè)比例。比較相對指標(biāo)是不同單位的同類指標(biāo)對比而確定的相對數(shù)，用以說明同類現(xiàn)象在同一時期內(nèi)各單位發(fā)展的不平衡程度。如甲地職工平均收入是乙地職工平均收入的13倍。2、強(qiáng)度相對指標(biāo)與平均指標(biāo)的區(qū)別是什么答主要區(qū)別（1）其他各種相對指標(biāo)都屬于同一總體的數(shù)量進(jìn)行對比，而強(qiáng)度相對指標(biāo)除此之外，也可以是兩種性質(zhì)不同的但又有聯(lián)系的屬于不同總體的總量指標(biāo)之間的對比。（2）計(jì)算結(jié)果表現(xiàn)形式不同。其他相對指標(biāo)用無名數(shù)表示，而強(qiáng)度相對指標(biāo)主要是用有名數(shù)表示。（3）當(dāng)計(jì)算強(qiáng)度相對指標(biāo)的分子、分母的位置互換后，會產(chǎn)生正指標(biāo)和逆指標(biāo)，而其他相對指標(biāo)不存在正、逆指標(biāo)之分。3、如何理解權(quán)數(shù)的意義在什么情況下，應(yīng)用簡單算術(shù)平均數(shù)和加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)計(jì)算的結(jié)果是一致的答加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)中的權(quán)數(shù)，指的就是標(biāo)志值出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)或各組次數(shù)占總次數(shù)的比重。在計(jì)算平均數(shù)時，由于出現(xiàn)次數(shù)多的標(biāo)志值對平均數(shù)的形成影響大些，出現(xiàn)次數(shù)少的標(biāo)志值對平均數(shù)的形成影響小些，因此就把次數(shù)稱為權(quán)數(shù)。在分組數(shù)列的條件下，當(dāng)各組標(biāo)志值出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)或各組次數(shù)所占比重均相等時，權(quán)數(shù)就失去了權(quán)衡輕重的作用，這時用加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)計(jì)算的結(jié)果與用簡單算術(shù)平均數(shù)的結(jié)果相同。4、什么是變異系數(shù)變異系數(shù)的應(yīng)用條件是什么請寫出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差變異系數(shù)的計(jì)算公式。答變異系數(shù)是以相對數(shù)形式表示的變異指標(biāo)。變異系數(shù)的應(yīng)用條件是為了對比分析不同水平的變量數(shù)列之間標(biāo)志值的差異程度，就必須消除數(shù)列水平高低的影響，這時就要計(jì)算變異系數(shù)。5、請分別寫出結(jié)構(gòu)相對指標(biāo)、動態(tài)相對指標(biāo)和強(qiáng)度相對指標(biāo)的計(jì)算公式并舉例說明。答結(jié)構(gòu)相對指標(biāo)，如某門課程及格率為98?？傮w總量各組（或部分）總量動態(tài)相對指標(biāo)，如今年產(chǎn)量為去年的95?，F(xiàn)象基期水平現(xiàn)象報(bào)告期水平強(qiáng)度相對指標(biāo)，如人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值10000元/人。同的現(xiàn)象總量指標(biāo)另一個有聯(lián)系而性質(zhì)不某種現(xiàn)象總量指標(biāo)6、請分別寫出簡單算術(shù)平均數(shù)、加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)、加權(quán)調(diào)和平均數(shù)的計(jì)算公式并分別說明其應(yīng)用條件。答簡單算術(shù)平均數(shù)NX加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)F加權(quán)調(diào)和平均數(shù)XM簡單算術(shù)平均數(shù)適合于總體單位數(shù)比較少，資料沒有進(jìn)行分組，而且標(biāo)志值只出現(xiàn)一次的情況；加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)適合于總體單位數(shù)比較多，而且標(biāo)志值不只一次出現(xiàn)，資料分組的情況；加權(quán)調(diào)和平均數(shù)適合缺少總體單位數(shù)的情況。各位電大的同學(xué)，插播一個小廣告，你們知道淘寶刷客嗎就是幫淘寶賣家刷信譽(yù)的。商家給你紅包你去買它店里的東西，他的店就有信譽(yù)了，你也可以得到18快不等的傭金。想做的可以加我QQ了解550168183，這個只是兼職，掙錢不多哈，時間是自由的。全職媽媽最好了。五、計(jì)算題1、解甲產(chǎn)品的動態(tài)相對數(shù)12350748乙產(chǎn)品的動態(tài)相對數(shù)19丙產(chǎn)品的動態(tài)相對數(shù)607482002年計(jì)劃完成相對數(shù)613850723153922、解（1）按加工零件數(shù)分組人數(shù)比重25307175303582035409225404510254550615合計(jì)40100/537401。FX3、解3630453205。FX4、解平均勞動生產(chǎn)率/25684073。FX5、解（1）甲市場平均價格/37514。XM（2）平均單位產(chǎn)品成本/32514。F所以甲市場的平均價格比較高。6、解728101239184525FX。7102FX。26739XV。32072819XV。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理形考作業(yè)三第五七章一、判斷題1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、二、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、A2、C3、C4、C5、C6、A7、B8、D9、A10、B11、B12、D三、多項(xiàng)選擇題1、ABCD2、ACD3、BC4、ABCE5、BDE6、AD7、ABCD8、BCDE9、ABD10、ACE四、簡答題1、什么是抽樣推斷抽樣推斷都有哪幾方面的特點(diǎn)答抽樣推斷是在抽樣調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上，利用樣本的實(shí)際資料計(jì)算樣本指標(biāo)，并據(jù)以推算總體相應(yīng)數(shù)量特征的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法。特點(diǎn)（1）是由部分推算整體的一種認(rèn)識方法論；（2）建立在隨機(jī)取樣的基礎(chǔ)上；（3）運(yùn)用概率估計(jì)的方法；（4）抽樣推斷的誤差可以事先計(jì)算并加以控制。2、什么是抽樣誤差影響抽樣誤差大小的因素有哪些答抽樣誤差是指由于抽樣的偶然因素使樣本各單位的結(jié)構(gòu)不足以代表總體各單位的機(jī)構(gòu)，而引起抽樣指標(biāo)和全及指標(biāo)之間的絕對離差。影響抽樣誤差大小的因素有總體各單位標(biāo)志值的差異程度、樣本的單位數(shù)、抽樣方法和抽樣調(diào)查的組織形式。3、什么是參數(shù)和統(tǒng)計(jì)量各有何特點(diǎn)答參數(shù)是一個全及指標(biāo)，它反映了全及總體某種數(shù)量特征；統(tǒng)計(jì)量即樣本指標(biāo)，它反映了樣本總體的數(shù)量特征。其特點(diǎn)是全及指標(biāo)是總體變量的函數(shù)，但作為參數(shù)其指標(biāo)值是確定的、唯一的，是由總體各單位的標(biāo)志值或標(biāo)志屬性決定的；而統(tǒng)計(jì)量是樣本變量的函數(shù)，是總體參數(shù)的估計(jì)值，其數(shù)值由樣本各單位標(biāo)志值或標(biāo)志屬性決定，統(tǒng)計(jì)量本身也是隨機(jī)變量。4、什么是抽樣平均誤差和抽樣極限誤差二者有何關(guān)系答抽樣平均誤差是反映抽樣誤差一般水平的指標(biāo)；而抽樣極限誤差是反映抽樣誤差的最大范圍的指標(biāo)，二者既有聯(lián)系又有區(qū)別。二者的聯(lián)系是極限誤差是在抽樣平均誤差的基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算得到的，即；二者的區(qū)別是T（1）二者涵義不同；（2）影響誤差大小的因素不同；（3）計(jì)算方法不同。5、請寫出相關(guān)系數(shù)的簡要公式，并說明相關(guān)系數(shù)的取值范圍及其判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。答相關(guān)系數(shù)的簡要公式2222YNXNYR（1）相關(guān)系數(shù)的數(shù)值范圍是在1和1之間，即,1R。00R（2）判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，；不相關(guān)，。30R。503R。85R。18R。0R完全相關(guān)。16、擬合回歸方程YCABX有什么前提條件寫出參數(shù)A，B的計(jì)算公式并解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)含義。答擬合直線回歸方程的要求是（1）兩變量之間確實(shí)存在線性相關(guān)關(guān)系；（2）兩變量相關(guān)的密切程度必須顯著；（3）找到合適的參數(shù)A、B，使所確定的回歸方程達(dá)到使實(shí)際的Y值與對應(yīng)的理論值的離差平方和為最小。CY回歸方程中參數(shù)A代表直線的起點(diǎn)值，在數(shù)學(xué)上稱為直線的縱軸截距，它表示X0時Y的常數(shù)項(xiàng)。參數(shù)B稱為回歸系數(shù)，表示自變量X增加一個單位時因變量Y的平均增加值?；貧w系數(shù)的正負(fù)號與相關(guān)系數(shù)是一致的，因此可以從回歸系數(shù)的正負(fù)號判斷兩變量相關(guān)的方向。六、計(jì)算題1、解975043P1523NX。07849701。PP2、解701P3150FX872FX01NX261873TX504015。58NPP1374043PT8562170。3、編制分配數(shù)列如下成績組中值人數(shù)比重60分以下553756070656157080751537580908512309010095410合計(jì)4010074038。FX54102。F674051NX32XT480,6747192335102TN4、解597201P01205971NPP12T970,530975P3P5、解產(chǎn)量X成本YXY2X2Y273146453293722169518447128416504137321995329469276164761568340254624合計(jì)42614817930268910613202222YNXNYRBAYC82122XNYY37BYAX6代入方程XC82174563。Y6、解設(shè)回歸方程表達(dá)式為BXAYC92014322XNYB926549206XBYA當(dāng)人均收入增加1元，銷售額平均增加092萬元X14000代入08125340926CY7、解87XX60Y60Y89278YXBR10406AC14收入每增加1元，支出平均增加08元。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理形考作業(yè)四第八九章一、判斷題1、2、3、4、5、6、7、二、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、A2、A3、B4、C5、B6、D7、A8、B9、C10、D11、B12、C三、多項(xiàng)選擇題1、ABE2、CDE3、ACD4、AB5、BCD6、BC7、ABCD8、ABC9、ABD10、ABDE四、簡答題1、答（1）綜合反映復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象總體數(shù)量上的變動狀況。它以相對數(shù)的形式，表明多種產(chǎn)品或商品的數(shù)量指標(biāo)或質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的綜合變動方向和程度。（2）分析現(xiàn)象總體變動中受各個因素變動的影響程度。包括現(xiàn)象總體總量指標(biāo)和平均指標(biāo)的變動受各個因素變動的影響程度分析。（3）利用連續(xù)編制的指數(shù)數(shù)列，對復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象總體長時間發(fā)展變化趨勢進(jìn)行分析。2、答數(shù)量指標(biāo)綜合指數(shù)01PQK質(zhì)量指標(biāo)綜合指數(shù)10P一般情況下，編制數(shù)量指標(biāo)綜合指數(shù)時，應(yīng)以相應(yīng)的基期的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)為同度量因素；而編制質(zhì)量指標(biāo)綜合指數(shù)時，應(yīng)以相應(yīng)的報(bào)告期的數(shù)量指標(biāo)為同度量因素。3、答平均指數(shù)要成為綜合指數(shù)的變形，必須在特定的權(quán)數(shù)的條件下。具體講，加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)指數(shù)要成為綜合指數(shù)的變形，必須在基期總值這個特定的權(quán)數(shù)條件下；加權(quán)調(diào)和平均數(shù)指數(shù)要成為綜合指數(shù)的變形，必須在0QP報(bào)告期總值這個特定的權(quán)數(shù)條件下。列式證明如下1QP01010PQPQPKKQ10011/PQKP4、答時期數(shù)列是指由反映現(xiàn)象在一段時期內(nèi)發(fā)展過程總量的時期指標(biāo)構(gòu)成的動態(tài)數(shù)列。時點(diǎn)數(shù)列是指由反映現(xiàn)象在某一瞬間總量的時點(diǎn)指標(biāo)構(gòu)成的動態(tài)數(shù)列。二者相比較有以下特點(diǎn)（1）時期數(shù)列的各指標(biāo)值具有連續(xù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的特點(diǎn)，而時點(diǎn)數(shù)列的各指標(biāo)值不具有連續(xù)統(tǒng)計(jì)的特點(diǎn)。（2）時期數(shù)列各指標(biāo)值具有可加性的特點(diǎn)，而時點(diǎn)數(shù)列的各指標(biāo)值不能相加。（3）時期數(shù)列的各指標(biāo)值的大小與所包括的時期長短有直接關(guān)系，而時點(diǎn)數(shù)列各指標(biāo)值的大小與時間間隔長短無直接的關(guān)系。時期數(shù)列平均發(fā)展水平的計(jì)算公式NAX間斷時點(diǎn)數(shù)列平均發(fā)展水平計(jì)算公式（間隔不等）FFAFANN11232121（間隔相等）122NAAN5、答環(huán)比發(fā)展速度計(jì)算公式定基發(fā)展速度計(jì)算公式累積增長量計(jì)算公式逐期增長量計(jì)算公式各期環(huán)比發(fā)展速度的連乘積等于定基發(fā)展速度相鄰兩個時期的定基發(fā)展速度之商等于相應(yīng)的環(huán)比發(fā)展速度011NNA逐期增長量之和等于累積增長量五、計(jì)算題0201AN。1,12300,NA0121301210NAA0120AANN1、解（1）城鎮(zhèn)物價指數(shù)451328農(nóng)村物價指數(shù)96104城鎮(zhèn)物價上漲1345，農(nóng)村物價上漲1639（2）產(chǎn)品成本指數(shù)3276419產(chǎn)品成本降低了727。2、解（1）單位成本指數(shù)04964810QPK94861001。QP（2）產(chǎn)量總指數(shù)2914001QPKQ6428001。PQ指數(shù)體系76109240901101PQQ4106190010101。QPPPQ3、解3174056982111。PPKQK35082710。QPKQP470582QK由于銷售量的變動對銷售額的影響額350111323869（萬元）4、（1）該商店上半年商品庫存額12316350054832241771NAAN萬元（2）該商店下半年商品庫存額231121212504560682319177NNAAAFFF萬元（3）該商店全年商品庫存額591245021。A5、解CB分）1280621802365023180/33NABBC萬元分人分一季度平均每月勞動生產(chǎn)率萬元人（元人）分一季度平均勞動生產(chǎn)率9（元人）分6、解年份199719981999200020012002城鎮(zhèn)居民可支配收入逐期增長量累積增長量定基發(fā)展速度（）環(huán)比發(fā)展速度（）定基增長速度（）環(huán)比增長速度（）57603542513352335294189418582582585404289937101631079116379162804265197109021072890272863226426562310976100689760686860537410997119091085190985平均增長量9421570萬噸平均發(fā)展速度10356035668平均增長速度平均發(fā)展速度13567、解（1）21046051362（2）1430323321（億元）NXA01058請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O_O謝謝2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄BASKETBALLCANMAKEATRUECLAIMTOBEINGTHEONLYMAJORSPORTTHATISANAMERICANINVENTIONFROMHIGHSCHOOLTOTHEPROFESSIONALLEVEL,BASKETBALLATTRACTSALARGEFOLLOWINGFORLIVEGAMESASWELLASTELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFEVENTSLIKETHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAAANNUALTOURNAMENTANDTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAANDWOMENSNATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONWNBAPLAYOFFSANDITHASALSOMADEAMERICANHEROESOUTOFITSPLAYERANDCOACHLEGENDSLIKEMICHAELJORDAN,LARRYBIRD,EARVIN“MAGIC“JOHNSON,SHERYLSWOOPES,ANDOTHERGREATPLAYERSATTHEHEARTOFTHEGAMEISTHEPLAYINGSPACEANDTHEEQUIPMENTTHESPACEISARECTANGULAR,INDOORCOURTTHEPRINCIPALPIECESOFEQUIPMENTARETHETWOELEVATEDBASKETS,ONEATEACHENDINTHELONGDIRECTIONOFTHECOURT,ANDTHEBASKETBALLITSELFTHEBALLISSPHERICALINSHAPEANDISINFLATEDBASKETBALLSRANGEINSIZEFROM28530IN7276CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDINWEIGHTFROM1822OZ510624GFORPLAYERSBELOWTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ASMALLERBALLISUSED,BUTTHEBALLINMENSGAMESMEASURES29530IN7576CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDAWOMENSBALLIS28529IN7274CMINCIRCUMFERENCETHECOVERINGOFTHEBALLISLEATHER,RUBBER,COMPOSITION,ORSYNTHETIC,ALTHOUGHLEATHERCOVERSONLYAREDICTATEDBYRULESFORCOLLEGEPLAY,UNLESSTHETEAMSAGREEOTHERWISEORANGEISTHEREGULATIONCOLORATALLLEVELSOFPLAY,THEHOMETEAMPROVIDESTHEBALLINFLATIONOFTHEBALLISBASEDONTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBALLSBOUNCEINSIDETHECOVERINGORCASING,ARUBBERBLADDERHOLDSAIRTHEBALLMUSTBEINFLATEDTOAPRESSURESUFFICIENTTOMAKEITREBOUNDTOAHEIGHTMEASUREDTOTHETOPOFTHEBALLOF4954IN1214MWHENITISDROPPEDONASOLIDWOODENFLOORFROMASTARTINGHEIGHTOF6FT180MMEASUREDFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBALLTHEFACTORYMUSTTESTTHEBALLS,ANDTHEAIRPRESSURETHATMAKESTHEBALLLEGALINKEEPINGWITHTHEBOUNCETESTISSTAMPEDONTHEBALLDURINGTHEINTENSITYOFHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGETOURNEYSANDTHEPROFESSIONALPLAYOFFS,THISINFLATEDSPHERECOMMANDSCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONBASKETBALLISONEOFFEWSPORTSWITHAKNOWNDATEOFBIRTHONDECEMBER1,1891,INSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,JAMESNAISMITHHUNGTWOHALFBUSHELPEACHBASKETSATTHEOPPOSITEENDSOFAGYMNASIUMANDOUTLINED13RULESBASEDONFIVEPRINCIPLESTOHISSTUDENTSATTHEINTERNATIONALTRAININGSCHOOLOFTHEYOUNGMENSCHRISTIANASSOCIATIONYMCA,WHICHLATERBECAMESPRINGFIELDCOLLEGENAISMITH18611939WASAPHYSICALEDUCATIONTEACHERWHOWASSEEKINGATEAMSPORTWITHLIMITEDPHYSICALCONTACTBUTALOTOFRUNNING,JUMPING,SHOOTING,ANDTHEHANDEYECOORDINATIONREQUIREDINHANDLINGABALLTHEPEACHBASKETSHEHUNGASGOALSGAVETHESPORTTHENAMEOFBASKETBALLHISSTUDENTSWEREEXCITEDABOUTTHEGAME,ANDCHRISTMASVACATIONGAVETHEMTHECHANCETOTELLTHEIRFRIENDSANDPEOPLEATTHEIRLOCALYMCASABOUTTHEGAMETHEASSOCIATIONLEADERSWROTETONAISMITHASKINGFORCOPIESOFTHERULES,ANDTHEYWEREPUBLISHEDINTHETRIANGLE,THESCHOOLNEWSPAPER,ONJANUARY15,1892NAISMITHSFIVEBASICPRINCIPLESCENTERONTHEBALL,WHICHWASDESCRIBEDAS“LARGE,LIGHT,ANDHANDLEDWITHTHEHANDS“PLAYERSCOULDNOTMOVETHEBALLBYRUNNINGALONE,ANDNONEOFTHEPLAYERSWASRESTRICTEDAGAINSTHANDLINGTHEBALLTHEPLAYINGAREAWASALSOOPENTOALLPLAYERS,BUTTHEREWASTOBENOPHYSICALCONTACTBETWEENPLAYERSTHEBALLWASTHEOBJECTIVETOSCORE,THEBALLHADTOBESHOTTHROUGHAHORIZONTAL,ELEVATEDGOALTHETEAMWITHTHEMOSTPOINTSATTHEENDOFANALLOTTEDTIMEPERIODWINSEARLYINTHEHISTORYOFBASKETBALL,THELOCALYMCASPROVIDEDTHEGYMNASIUMS,ANDMEMBERSHIPINTHEORGANIZATIONGREWRAPIDLYTHESIZEOFTHELOCALGYMDICTATEDTHENUMBEROFPLAYERSSMALLERGYMSUSEDFIVEPLAYERSONASIDE,ANDTHELARGERGYMSALLOWEDSEVENTONINETHETEAMSIZEBECAMEGENERALLYESTABLISHEDASFIVEIN1895,AND,IN1897,THISWASMADEFORMALINTHERULESTHEYMCALOSTINTERESTINSUPPORTINGTHEGAMEBECAUSE1020BASKETBALLPLAYERSMONOPOLIZEDAGYMNASIUMPREVIOUSLYUSEDBYMANYMOREINAVARIETYOFACTIVITIESYMCAMEMBERSHIPDROPPED,ANDBASKETBALLENTHUSIASTSPLAYEDINLOCALHALLSTHISLEDTOTHEBUILDINGOFBASKETBALLGYMNASIUMSATSCHOOLSANDCOLLEGESANDALSOTOTHEFORMATIONOFPROFESSIONALLEAGUESALTHOUGHBASKETBALLWASBORNINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FIVEOFNAISMITHSORIGINALPLAYERSWERECANADIANS,ANDTHEGAMESPREADTOCANADAIMMEDIATELYITWASPLAYEDINFRANCEBY1893ENGLANDIN1894AUSTRALIA,CHINA,ANDINDIABETWEEN1895AND1900ANDJAPANIN1900FROM1891THROUGH1893,ASOCCERBALLWASUSEDTOPLAYBASKETBALLTHEFIRSTBASKETBALLWASMANUFACTUREDIN1894ITWAS32IN81CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ORABOUT4IN10CMLARGERTHANASOCCERBALLTHEDEDICATEDBASKETBALLWASMADEOFLACEDLEATHERANDWEIGHEDLESSTHAN20OZ567GTHEFIRSTMOLDEDBALLTHATELIMINATEDTHENEEDFORLACESWASINTRODUCEDIN1948ITSCONSTRUCTIONANDSIZEOF30IN76CMWERERULEDOFFICIALIN1949THERULESETTERSCAMEFROMSEVERALGROUPSEARLYINTHE1900SCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESESTABLISHEDTHEIRRULESCOMMITTEESIN1905,THEYMCAANDTHEAMATEURATHLETICUNIONAAUCREATEDASETOFRULESJOINTLY,STATEMILITIAGROUPSABIDEDBYASHAREDSETOFRULES,ANDTHEREWERETWOPROFESSIONALSETSOFRULESAJOINTRULESCOMMITTEEFORCOLLEGES,THEAAU,ANDTHEYMCAWASCREATEDIN1915,AND,UNDERTHENAMETHENATIONALBASKETBALLCOMMITTEENBCMADERULESFORAMATEURPLAYUNTIL1979INTHATYEAR,THENATIONALFEDERATIONOFSTATEHIGHSCHOOLASSOCIATIONSBEGANGOVERNINGTHESPORTATTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ANDTHENCAARULESCOMMITTEEASSUMEDRULEMAKINGRESPONSIBILITIESFORJUNIORCOLLEGES,COLLEGES,ANDTHEARMEDFORCES,WITHASIMILARCOMMITTEEHOLDINGJURISDICTIONOVERWOMENSBASKETBALLUNTILWORLDWARII,BASKETBALLBECAMEINCREASINGLYPOPULARINTHEUNITEDSTATESESPECIALLYATTHEHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGELEVELSAFTERWORLDWARII,ITSPOPULARITYGREWAROUNDTHEWORLDINTHE1980S,INTERESTINTHEGAMETRULYEXPLODEDBEC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