英語畢業(yè)論文-英漢言語交際中面子觀的對比研究

四川師范大學(xué)文理學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文ACONTRASTIVESTUDYOFFACEINENGLISHANDCHINESEVERBALCOMMUNICATION英漢言語交際中面子觀的對比研究學(xué)生姓名院系名稱外國語學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱英語（翻譯）班級學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師（副教授）英漢言語交際中面子觀的對比研究摘要在當今的全球化時代，中國人與西方人之間頻繁的跨文化交際是空前的。但是，中西方人們不同的面子觀會給雙方之間的相互交流和相互理解造成障礙。中國人總是盡力維護他們自己的公眾形象，比較注重人的謙遜品質(zhì)，而西方人盡力避免傷害到雙方的積極面子，他們比較看重人與人之間的平等。鑒于此，本人借鑒前人的研究對英漢面子觀進行闡述和歸納，并在此基礎(chǔ)上從稱呼、請求、致謝、恭維和道歉等五個方面對英漢語言交際中的面子觀進行對比研究。本文主要討論了中西方面子觀的差異以及這些差異在言語交際方方面面的體現(xiàn)。此外，本文還探究了面子觀差異縮小的趨勢并為避免由不同面子觀而引起的沖突提供一些建議。希望本文的研究可以讓人們認識到英漢面子觀的重要性并幫助他們在英漢交際中提高跨文化意識。關(guān)鍵詞面子；面子觀；言語交際；建議ACONTRASTIVESTUDYOFFACEINENGLISHANDCHINESEVERBALCOMMUNICATIONABSTRACTINTHEERAOFGLOBALIZATION,THEFREQUENCYOFCHINESEPEOPLESINTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONWITHWESTERNERSISUNPRECEDENTEDLYHIGHHOWEVER,THEREARESOMEBARRIERSCAUSEDBYDIFFERENTFACEPERCEPTIONBETWEENCHINESEPEOPLEANDWESTERNERSTOTHEMUTUALCOMMUNICATIONANDUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENTHEMCHINESEPEOPLEALWAYSTRYTOMAINTAINTHEIRPUBLICIMAGEANDEMPHASIZEMODESTY,BUTWESTERNERSTRYNOTTOHARMTHEBOTHSIDESPOSITIVEFACEANDEMPHASIZEONEQUALITYINVIEWOFTHIS,THISPAPERINTERPRETSANDSUMMARIZESTHECHARACTERISTICSANDCLASSIFICATIONOFFACEVIEWBYREFERRINGTOTHEPREVIOUSRESEARCHATTEMPTINGTOMAKEACOMPARATIVESTUDYONFACEINENGLISHANDCHINESEINVERBALCOMMUNICATIONFROMADDRESSINGTERMS,REQUESTS,THANKS,COMPLIMENTSANDAPOLOGIESTHISPAPERMAINLYTALKSABOUTTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEFACEVIEWANDWESTERNFACEVIEWANDANALYZESTHEIRMANIFESTATIONINENGLISHANDCHINESEVERBALCOMMUNICATIONINADDITION,THISPAPERALSOEXPLORESTHEDIFFERENCENARROWINGTRENDOFFACECONSIDERATIONANDPROVIDESSUGGESTIONSTOAVOIDCONFLICTSCAUSEDBYDIFFERENTFACEVIEWSINHOPESTHATITCANMAKEPEOPLEREALIZETHEIMPORTANCEOFFACEVIEWANDHELPTHEMINCREASETHEIRINTERCULTURALAWARENESSWHENUSINGFACEVIEWKEYWORDSFACEFACEVIEWVERBALCOMMUNICATIONSUGGESTIONSCONTENTSINTRODUCTION1PARTCONNOTATIONOFFACE311CHINESEFACEVIEW3111GOODPUBLICIMAGE3112COLLECTIVISM3113EMPHASISONMODESTY412WESTERNFACEVIEW4121POSITIVEFACEANDNEGATIVEFACE5122INDIVIDUALISMANDPERSONALITY5123CONCEPTIONOFEQUALITY6PARTDIFFERENTFACEVIEWINENGLISHANDCHINESEVERBALCOMMUNICATION721RANKIDEASVSEQUALITY7211MANIFESTATIONINADDRESSINGTERMS7212MANIFESTATIONINREQUESTS8213MANIFESTATIONINTHANKS822EMPHASISONMODESTYVSEMPHASISONPERSONALITY9221MANIFESTATIONINCOMPLIMENTSMEANWHILE,THENUMBERISUSEDTOSHOWAGE,SUCHAS二哥（ERGE），三妹（SANMEI）QUITEDISTINCTFROMCHINESE,THEFORMSLIKE“SECONDELDERBROTHER”,“THIRDYOUNGERSISTER”ARENOTEMPLOYEDINENGLISHTHISREVEALSTHATTHEWESTERNSOCIETYPURSUESEQUALITYVERYMUCHWHILEINCHINA,THETRADITIONALTHOUGHT“長幼有序（THERANKIDEAS）”HASAGREATIMPACTONUS212MANIFESTATIONINREQUESTSTHEWAYINWHICHCHINESEPEOPLEIMPLEMENTTHEIRREQUESTSISEITHERTOODIRECTORTOOINDIRECTTHEPEOPLEINAHIGHERSTATUSORANOLDAGEASKOTHERSWHOISINALOWSTATUSORTHEYOUNGTODOSOMETHINGDIRECTLYONTHEOTHERHAND,ITISINDIRECTTOREQUESTTHEOLDORTHEONEINAHIGHERSTATUSFOREXAMPLES,THEPRESIDENTTOLDHISSECRETARY,“XIAOZHANG,COPYTHISMATERIALFORME”AFATHERMAYSAY,“OH,SON,BUYMEAPACKOFCIGARETTES”BUTSUCHDIRECTREQUESTINGSPEECHACTSMAYBERUDETOTHEENGLISHONTHEOTHERHAND,ITMAYNOTBEEASYANDREASONABLETODOSOMEREQUIREMENTSONTHEONEINAHIGHERSTATUSHENCE,THEREQUESTERSHOULDBEIMPLICITANDINDIRECTBEFORETHEYMAKEAREQUEST,THEYWILLBUILDAFRAMEOFCONTEXTSOTHATTHEREQUESTSSEEMREASONABLEORTHELISTENERSWILLHAVEAPREPARATIONFORINSTANCE,WECANNOTSAY,“IWANTTOASKFORLEAVE”INSTEAD,WEMAYSAY,“OUCH,IHAVEAHEADACHETODAY”TOOINDIRECTREQUESTINGWAYMAYMAKETHEENGLISHPUZZLEDTHEYWILLTHINKWEHAVEOTHERINTENTIONSWHENAPPLYINGREQUESTSPEECHACTS,THEENGLISHANDTHECHINESEMAYALLBEINDIRECTBUTTHEIRREASONSAREDIFFERENTFORTHETRADITIONALTHINKINGMETHOD,THECHINESEWILLTRYTHEIRBESTNOTTODAMAGEOTHERSFACEFORTHEPERSONALORIENTATION,TOBEIMPLICITANDNOTGIVINGOTHERSANENFORCINGFEELINGARETHEFIRSTFACTORSTHEENGLISHWANTTOTAKEINTOACCOUNT213MANIFESTATIONINTHANKSTHEEXPRESSION“THANKYOU”ISUSEDBOTHINENGLISHANDCHINESETOSHOWGRATITUDE,ANDITISTRUETHATENGLISHSPEAKERSUSE“THANKYOU”MOREFREQUENTLYTHANTHECHINESEINENGLISH,“THANKYOU”ISUSEDFREQUENTLYAFTERRECEIVINGHELP,OFFER,PRAISE,GIFT,ANDSOON,ANDITSEEMSTOHAVEBECOMEANINSTINCTIVERESPONSESHOWINGPOLITENESS“THANKYOU”ISUSEDINALMOSTEVERYCIRCUMSTANCE，NOMATTERWHETHERTHEPERSONSARESTRANGERSORINTIMATEFRIENDSDIFFERENTLY,INCHINESE,THEUSEOF“THANKYOU”DEPENDSONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESPEAKERSHOWEVER,MISUNDERSTANDINGMAYRESULTFROMTHISDIFFERENCEENGLISHSPEAKERSMAYASSUMETHATCHINESEAREUNGRATEFULORIMPOLITE,WHILECHINESEMAYALSOASSUMETHATITISDIFFICULTTOMAINTAINACLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHFOREIGNERSHEREISANEXAMPLEACHINESESTUDENTASKEDANAMERICANTEACHERTOCORRECTHISENGLISHCOMPOSITIONTHEAMERICANTEACHERTOOKMUCHTIMETOFINISHCORRECTING,ANDTHESTUDENTSINCERELYSAID,“浪費了您那么多寶貴的時間，真不好意思?！盨ORRYTOWASTEYOUSOMUCHPRECIOUSTIMETHEAMERICANTEACHERSFACESUDDENLYBECAMESERIOUS,FORHETHOUGHTTHESTUDENTREGARDEDHISWORKASWASTEOFTIMEINFACT,THESTUDENTCOULDJUSTSIMPLYSAYACCORDINGTOAMERICANSCUSTOM,“IREALLYAPPRECIATEYOURWORK”22EMPHASISONMODESTYVSEMPHASISONPERSONALITY221MANIFESTATIONINCOMPLIMENTSTHEBALLWASTHEOBJECTIVETOSCORE,THEBALLHADTOBESHOTTHROUGHAHORIZONTAL,ELEVATEDGOALTHETEAMWITHTHEMOSTPOINTSATTHEENDOFANALLOTTEDTIMEPERIODWINSEARLYINTHEHISTORYOFBASKETBALL,THELOCALYMCASPROVIDEDTHEGYMNASIUMS,ANDMEMBERSHIPINTHEORGANIZATIONGREWRAPIDLYTHESIZEOFTHELOCALGYMDICTATEDTHENUMBEROFPLAYERSSMALLERGYMSUSEDFIVEPLAYERSONASIDE,ANDTHELARGERGYMSALLOWEDSEVENTONINETHETEAMSIZEBECAMEGENERALLYESTABLISHEDASFIVEIN1895,AND,IN1897,THISWASMADEFORMALINTHERULESTHEYMCALOSTINTERESTINSUPPORTINGTHEGAMEBECAUSE1020BASKETBALLPLAYERSMONOPOLIZEDAGYMNASIUMPREVIOUSLYUSEDBYMANYMOREINAVARIETYOFACTIVITIESYMCAMEMBERSHIPDROPPED,ANDBASKETBALLENTHUSIASTSPLAYEDINLOCALHALLSTHISLEDTOTHEBUILDINGOFBASKETBALLGYMNASIUMSATSCHOOLSANDCOLLEGESANDALSOTOTHEFORMATIONOFPROFESSIONALLEAGUESALTHOUGHBASKETBALLWASBORNINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FIVEOFNAISMITHSORIGINALPLAYERSWERECANADIANS,ANDTHEGAMESPREADTOCANADAIMMEDIATELYITWASPLAYEDINFRANCEBY1893ENGLANDIN1894AUSTRALIA,CHINA,ANDINDIABETWEEN1895AND1900ANDJAPANIN1900FROM1891THROUGH1893,ASOCCERBALLWASUSEDTOPLAYBASKETBALLTHEFIRSTBASKETBALLWASMANUFACTUREDIN1894ITWAS32IN81CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ORABOUT4IN10CMLARGERTHANASOCCERBALLTHEDEDICATEDBASKETBALLWASMADEOFLACEDLEATHERANDWEIGHEDLESSTHAN20OZ567GTHEFIRSTMOLDEDBALLTHATELIMINATEDTHENEEDFORLACESWASINTRODUCEDIN1948ITSCONSTRUCTIONANDSIZEOF30IN76CMWERERULEDOFFICIALIN1949THERULESETTERSCAMEFROMSEVERALGROUPSEARLYINTHE1900SCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESESTABLISHEDTHEIRRULESCOMMITTEESIN1905,THEYMCAANDTHEAMATEURATHLETICUNIONAAUCREATEDASETOFRULESJOINTLY,STATEMILITIAGROUPSABIDEDBYASHAREDSETOFRULES,ANDTHEREWERETWOPROFESSIONALSETSOFRULESAJOINTRULESCOMMITTEEFORCOLLEGES,THEAAU,ANDTHEYMCAWASCREATEDIN1915,AND,UNDERTHENAMETHEN