2015年電大計(jì)算機(jī)輔助期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄終結(jié)版

電大計(jì)算機(jī)輔助期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄填空1現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)需要經(jīng)歷的幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)（需求分析和可行性研究）（概念設(shè)計(jì)）（初步設(shè)計(jì)）（詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)）（試制與測(cè)試）（設(shè)計(jì)定型）（設(shè)計(jì)完善）2CAD技術(shù)的未來(lái)發(fā)展集中體現(xiàn)在（集成化）（網(wǎng)絡(luò)化）（智能化）（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化）3CAD系統(tǒng)的軟件分為（系統(tǒng)軟件）（支撐軟件）（應(yīng)用軟件）三個(gè)層次4CAD系統(tǒng)按其硬件組成分類，目前主要使用的有（主機(jī)系統(tǒng)）（小型機(jī)系統(tǒng)）（工作站系統(tǒng)）（微機(jī)系統(tǒng)）（基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的微機(jī)工作站系統(tǒng)）5三次B樣條曲線可完成（拐點(diǎn)）（直線）（構(gòu)造尖點(diǎn)）（磨平尖點(diǎn)）等特殊處理6在研究自由曲線時(shí)常用到（點(diǎn)）（插值）（逼近）（光順）（擬合）這些基本術(shù)語(yǔ)7常用的軟件工程過(guò)程模型（瀑布模型）（原型模型）（增量模型）（螺旋模型）8CAD系統(tǒng)按工作方法及功能大致分為（檢索性）（自動(dòng)型）（交互性）（智能型）9CAD的英文全稱COMPUTERAIDEDDESIGN10幾何造型系統(tǒng)分為（線框造型）（曲面造型）（實(shí)體造型）11工程數(shù)據(jù)中數(shù)表的計(jì)算機(jī)處理方法（數(shù)表程序化）（一元函數(shù)插值）（二元函數(shù)插值）12實(shí)體造型數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)常用的有（CSG樹(shù)型結(jié)構(gòu)）（邊界表示數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)）空間分割模型結(jié)構(gòu)）13體素之間的集合運(yùn)算（又稱布爾運(yùn)算）分為（并）（交）（差）運(yùn)算14在CAD系統(tǒng)中，接口可以認(rèn)為是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部之間或者系統(tǒng)內(nèi)外之間信息交換的（一種共享邏輯界面），即信息交流的（一種約定或一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）15計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)是指利用（計(jì)算機(jī)軟件硬件系統(tǒng)）輔助工程技術(shù)人員對(duì)產(chǎn)品或工程進(jìn)行（設(shè)計(jì)）（分析）（修改）以及交互式顯示輸出的一種方法，是一門(mén)多學(xué)科的綜合應(yīng)用技術(shù)。16常用的輸入控制方式（請(qǐng)求）（取樣）（事件）3種17（計(jì)算機(jī)圖形處理技術(shù)）是CAD技術(shù)的核心與基礎(chǔ)18按其發(fā)展歷史，幾何造型系統(tǒng)分為（線框造型系統(tǒng)）（曲面造型系統(tǒng)）（實(shí)體造型系統(tǒng)）19CAD技術(shù)是前提和基礎(chǔ)，CAM技術(shù)是目的20工作站UNIX工作站W(wǎng)INDOWS工作站21在三維空間中定義幾何形體時(shí)可采用3中坐標(biāo)系世界坐標(biāo)系造型坐標(biāo)系觀察坐標(biāo)系簡(jiǎn)述1CAD技術(shù)中數(shù)據(jù)交換方式專用數(shù)據(jù)格式交換方式（點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)交換）采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)格式的中性文件交換方式（星式交換）統(tǒng)一的產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)模型交換方式2計(jì)算機(jī)處理技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)圖形處理的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)圖形程序庫(kù)坐標(biāo)系窗口與視圖圖形的裁剪與消隱二維三維圖形變換3計(jì)算機(jī)圖形標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通常是指圖形系統(tǒng)及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中各界面進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳送和通信的接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及供圖形應(yīng)用程序調(diào)用的子程序功能及其格式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)全生命周期性的概念產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)“設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)價(jià)再設(shè)計(jì)”的反復(fù)迭代過(guò)程，在產(chǎn)品的整個(gè)生命周期中，設(shè)計(jì)定型并不意味著設(shè)計(jì)工作的結(jié)束，只要產(chǎn)品還在生產(chǎn)和銷售，就必將反饋大連的用戶信息和生產(chǎn)制造信息，并要求對(duì)產(chǎn)品不斷進(jìn)行修改。5線框造型（用直線圓圓弧等空間棱線構(gòu)造三維物體的方法）的特點(diǎn)優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，易于理解。缺點(diǎn)構(gòu)造出的幾何形體易產(chǎn)生不確定性6曲面造型特點(diǎn)優(yōu)點(diǎn)所描述的零件范圍比線框造型廣泛便于進(jìn)行工程分析和技術(shù)加工缺點(diǎn)形體表述不完整7實(shí)體造型優(yōu)越性用實(shí)體造型的方法所構(gòu)造的形體，數(shù)據(jù)表述最為完整，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了工程分析和數(shù)據(jù)加工的要求實(shí)體造型不僅記錄了全部幾何信息，而且記錄了全部點(diǎn)、線、面、體、的拓補(bǔ)信息通過(guò)看色、光照、及紋理處理等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，使實(shí)體造型具有很好的可視性8CAD系統(tǒng)選型的基本要素軟件選型運(yùn)行環(huán)境的選型價(jià)格策略9選擇CAD系統(tǒng)的原則軟件系統(tǒng)的選擇優(yōu)于硬件且應(yīng)具有優(yōu)越的性能硬件系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該符合國(guó)際工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)整個(gè)軟硬件系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行可靠，維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單，性能價(jià)格比優(yōu)越具有良好的售后服務(wù)體系供應(yīng)商應(yīng)該有良好的信譽(yù)，可以提供培訓(xùn)，故障排除及其他增值服務(wù)。10CAD系統(tǒng)的硬件組成有主機(jī)，輸入設(shè)備，輸出設(shè)備，信息存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備，網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備，多媒體設(shè)備等組成。11CAD系統(tǒng)軟件包括操作軟件，編譯軟件。CAD支撐軟件包括圖形處理軟件，工程分析與計(jì)算軟件，模擬仿真軟件，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)，計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程軟件，文檔制作軟件。12CAD技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)CAD技術(shù)是多學(xué)科綜合性應(yīng)用技術(shù)CAD技術(shù)是現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法和手段的綜合體現(xiàn)CAD技術(shù)是人的創(chuàng)造性思維活動(dòng)同基于計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的有機(jī)結(jié)合13CAD技術(shù)的應(yīng)用繪制二維三維工程圖建立圖形及符號(hào)庫(kù)參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)三維造型工程分析生成設(shè)計(jì)文檔或報(bào)表14CAD技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)提高設(shè)計(jì)效率提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量便于產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化系列化在設(shè)計(jì)階段可預(yù)估產(chǎn)品的特性易于實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化設(shè)計(jì)為實(shí)現(xiàn)CAM提供了基礎(chǔ)使產(chǎn)品快速進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)15CAD技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)一次性投入資金較大對(duì)工程技術(shù)人員的素質(zhì)和技能要求較高16CAD軟件開(kāi)發(fā)的主要步驟可行性研究與項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)劃軟件需求分析軟件設(shè)計(jì)代碼實(shí)現(xiàn)軟件測(cè)試運(yùn)行與維護(hù)17在CAD作業(yè)中如何處理工程手冊(cè)中的設(shè)計(jì)資料，方法有程序化方法文件化處理方法數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理方法18CAD技術(shù)中的交互任務(wù)選擇定位定向定路徑定量文本三維交互組合交互交互技術(shù)選擇技術(shù)定位技術(shù)定路徑技術(shù)定量技術(shù)文本技術(shù)橡皮筋技術(shù)徒手畫(huà)技術(shù)拖動(dòng)技術(shù)19什么是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)所謂設(shè)計(jì)，是指根據(jù)使用要求確定產(chǎn)品應(yīng)具備的功能，構(gòu)思產(chǎn)品的工作原理，總體布局，運(yùn)動(dòng)方式，力和能量的傳遞，結(jié)構(gòu)形式，產(chǎn)品形狀，以及色彩，材質(zhì)，工藝人機(jī)工程等事項(xiàng)，并轉(zhuǎn)化為工程描述，以此作為制造的依據(jù)20齊次坐標(biāo)是指用一個(gè)N1維向量表示一個(gè)N維向量21設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序是一系列與設(shè)備相關(guān)的代碼，他直接控制圖形設(shè)備的顯示處理單元缺點(diǎn)可移植性差，可讀性差22圖形的裁剪通過(guò)正確的識(shí)別圖形在窗口的內(nèi)外部分，裁減掉位于窗口外的圖形部分，僅保留位于窗口內(nèi)的圖形部分，這種選擇可見(jiàn)圖形信息的方法稱為裁剪。23圖形的消隱消隱指消除隱藏線和隱藏面，其目的是消除物體顯示的二義性。24幾何造型系統(tǒng)通常，把能夠定義、描述、生成幾何模型，并能夠進(jìn)行交互編輯處理的系統(tǒng)。25實(shí)體造型的造型功能通過(guò)基本體素造型通過(guò)體素之間的幾何運(yùn)算造型高級(jí)造型26BEZIER曲線的性質(zhì)端點(diǎn)性質(zhì)，對(duì)稱性，凸包性，幾何不變性27BEZIER曲線的缺點(diǎn)當(dāng)特征多邊形的頂點(diǎn)分布不均勻，參數(shù)T在曲線上對(duì)應(yīng)的分布也不均勻BEZIER曲線的形狀與定義它的特性多邊形相距甚遠(yuǎn)，改變特征多邊形的一個(gè)頂點(diǎn)將影響整條曲線請(qǐng)您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容，O_O萬(wàn)分謝謝2015年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄INDONESIAHASEMERGEDASATOPVACATIONDESTINATIONFORCHINESETHISSUMMER,ALONGWITHTHAILANDSPHUKETISLANDANDTHEMALDIVESARCHIPELAGOENCOURAGEDBYGROWTHINCHINESETRAVELERSTOINDONESIA,THEGOVERNMENTINJAKARTAHASRECENTLYRELAXEDITSVISAPOLICYSINCEJUNE10,CHINESETOURISTSCANENTERINDONESIATHROUGHNINEAPPOINTEDLOCATIONS,INCLUDINGTHESOEKARNOHATTAINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINJAKARTA,THENGURAHRAIINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINBALIANDTHEKUALANAMUINTERNATIONALAIRPORTINMEDAN,BYJUSTGETTINGTHEIRPASSPORTSSTAMPEDONARRIVALOFFICIALLY,ITISCALLEDTHE“FREEVISA“SCHEMETHENEWPOLICYALSOMEANSCHINESETOURISTSCANSAVE35ONVISAFEES,WHICHWILLLIKELYMAKETRIPSTOINDONESIAMOREALLURINGWHILESUCHANARRANGEMENTALLOWSCHINESEVISITORSTOSTAYUPTO30DAYSFORTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELING,THOSESEEKINGEXTENSIONSWILLNEEDTOGETPAIDVISASFROMTHATCOUNTRYSMISSIONSINBEIJING,SHANGHAI,GUANGZHOUORHONGKONG,ACCORDINGTOANOFFICIALATTHEINDONESIAEMBASSYINBEIJINGSANTODARMOSUMARTO,HEADOFTHEEMBASSYSINFORMATION,SOCIALANDCULTURALSECTION,SAYSTHENEWPOLICYISAIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGPEOPLETOPEOPLECONTACTSBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESDAIYU,MARKETINGDIRECTOROFCTRIP,AMAJORCHINESEONLINETRAVELAGENCY,SAYS“WEVESEENANEARLY50PERCENTGROWTHOVERTHEPREVIOUSMONTHINTHENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSTOBALISINCETHEPOLICYWASANNOUNCED“DURINGHISTRIPTOCHINAINMARCH,INDONESIANPRESIDENTJOKOWIDODOPROPOSEDTHATHISCOUNTRYANDCHINAAIMTOINCREASETWOWAYVISITSTOAMAXIMUMOF10MILLIONPEOPLEINTHENEXTFEWYEARSTHEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHASSETTHEIRSIGHTSONGREETING2MILLIONCHINESETOURISTSBYTHEENDOFTHISYEAR,ACCORDINGTOTHEOFFICIAL“THEINDONESIANGOVERNMENTHOPESTHATINDONESIANNATIONALSWOULDALSOBEGIVENPREFERENTIALTREATMENTWHILEVISITINGCHINA,“SAYSDARMOSUMARTOIN2013,THENUMBEROFCHINESETOURISTSWHOVISITEDINDONESIASTOODAROUND807,000LASTYEAR,ITINCREASEDTO959,000,HEADDSBALIREMAINSTHEMOSTPOPULARSITEAMONGCHINESETOURISTSINFEBRUARY,MORETHAN92,200CHINESETOURISTSMADETRIPSTOBALI,RANKINGFIRSTAMONGOVERSEASVISITORS,THEBALITIMESREPORTEDLASTYEAR,THEISLANDWITNESSEDMORETHAN586,000ARRIVALSFROMCHINA,ANINCREASEOF51PERCENTOVER2013“BALIISNTJUSTFORSIGHTSEEING,BUTALSOFORWEDDINGS,HONEYMOONS,GOLFANDMANYOUTDOORACTIVITIES,“SAYSFANWENQING,AMARKETINGEXECUTIVEATGARUDA,INDONESIASNATIONALAIRLINERGARUDAOFFERSTHREENONSTOPFLIGHTSBETWEENBEIJINGANDBALI,ANDFOUREACHWEEKBETWEENBEIJINGANDJAKARTATHEREAREDAILYFLIGHTSFROMGUANGZHOU,INGUANGDONGPROVINCE,ANDSHANGHAITOJAKARTAASWELLITTAKESFROMSIXTOEIGHTHOURSONANONSTOPFLIGHTTOREACHINDONESIAFROMCHINAINDONESIAISHOMETOMORETHAN17,000ISLANDSTOURISTSCANTOURYOGYAKARTATOSEEPRAMBANAMANDBOROBUDUR,TWOHISTORICALANDRELIGIOUSSITES,ANDEXPLORETHELOCALHANDICRAFTMARKETSTHEBASEOFAVOLCANO,BANDUNG,WHICHISALSOKNOWNASTHE“PARISOFJAVA“,ISIDEALFORADVENTURESEEKERSMANYECOTOURISMDESTINATIONS,SUCHASTOBALAKEINSUMATRA,TANJUNGPUTINGNATIONALPARKINKALIMANTANANDBUNAKENINMANADO,AREPLACESTHEEMBASSYOFFICIALRECOMMENDSFORTOURISTSINDONESIABOASTSWORLDCLASSSURFINGFACILITIESALONGTHESHORESOFSUMATRADOWNTONUSATENGGARAISLANDSRECENTLY,LOMBOK,ASISTERISLANDEASTOFBALIHASGOTTENSOMUCHATTENTIONFROMCHINESETRAVELERSTHATSOMETRAVELAGENCIESAREOFFERINGTWINPACKAGESFORBALIANDLOMBOKTHEBESTTIMETOVISITBALIISFROMMAYTOOCTOBER,WHENITDOESNTRAINMUCHANDTHEWEATHERISCOOLATPRESSTIME,AWEEKLONGPACKAGEFROMSHANGHAIORGUANGZHOUTOBALIWASALITTLEMORETHAN3,000YUAN480ONCTRIPSWEBSITECHINESETOURISTSHAVETAKENASHINETORAFTINGINUBUD,SIGHTSEEINGINTANAHLOT,ANDSURFINGANDDIVINGINNUSALEMBONGAN,SAYSDAICIVETCOFFEE,ESSENTIALOILANDWOODCARVINGSAREAMONGTHEMOSTPOPULARPRODUCTSFORCHINESETOURISTSININDONESIA,SHESAYSINDONESIANFOODISALSOSOMETHINGTHATVISITORSSHOULDNTMISSLOCALCUISINESFEATUREMANYSPICES,INCLUDINGPEPPERSANDCLOVES,ANDCOCONUTPULPFRIEDRICE,“DIRTYDUCK“ANDROASTSUCKLINGPIGARERECOMMENDEDCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFIRSTAPPEAREDINTHE1600SINEUROPETHEIRPASSAGETOCHINA,HOWEVER,TOOKMUCHLONGER,ROUGHLY300YEARSINCHINA,CHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSHAVEAHISTORYOFJUST100YEARSANDTHEIRDEVELOPMENTCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTAGESFROMEARLY1900STOMID1900S,ALARGENUMBEROFBOOKSANDMAGAZINESWITHILLUSTRATIONSAPPEAREDWITHTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMODERNPUBLISHINGINDUSTRYTHEILLUSTRATIONARTSATTHATTIMEWEREAMIXEDGENREOFCHINESETRADITIONALPAINTINGSANDTHEWESTERNSTYLE,ANDMOSTOFTHESTORIESORIGINATEFROMTHEFUNDAMENTALCHANGESTHATCHINAEXPERIENCEDAFTERTHECOLLAPSEOFQINGDYNASTY16441911,THEWARLORDSTRUGGLESANDTHEWARAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEINVASIONTHESECONDSTAGEWASFROMMID1900STOLATE1970S,WHENTHE“CULTURALREVOLUTION“196676ENDEDTHEFASTDEVELOPMENTOFSOMESPECIALPUBLISHINGHOUSESFORCHILDRENGAVEBIRTHTOALARGENUMBEROFILLUSTRATIONSTORYBOOKS,WHICHMADEAGOODUSEOFFOLKARTTECHNIQUES,SUCHASWOODBOARDCARVING,FRESCOES,ANDINKANDWASHPAINTING,ETCMANYOFTHEPOPULARSTORIESAREFROMCHINESEHISTORYANDWARSAFTER1900STHETHIRDSTAGEISFROMEARLY1980STOLATE1990S,AGOLDENPERIODFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEREFORMANDOPENINGUPBROUGHTINNEWCONCEPTSANDIDEASFROMTHEWESTTOCHINA,ACOUNTRYTHATHADBEENCLOSEDTOTHEWESTFORNEARLYTHREEDECADESFASTDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMY,SOCIETYANDCULTUREPROVIDEDTHEWRITERSANDPAINTERSWITHALOTOFINSPIRATIONTOCREATENEWLITERATUREWORKSANDDRAWILLUSTRATIONSCHINAALSOIMPORTEDLARGEAMOUNTSOFCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSFROMTHEWESTANDJAPANMANYYOUNGPARENTSINCHINAHAVEASTRONGNOSTALGIAABOUTCHILDRENSILLUSTRATIONBOOKSTHEYREADINTHE1980SAND1990STHISISALSOTHELASTERAINCHINASARTISTICINNOVATIONBEFORETHEADVENTOFTHEINTERNETPERIODTHEFOURTHSTAGEISFEATUREDWITHTHESPREADOFTHEINTERNETANDTHEOTH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