2020年高考英語第二輪語法專題復(fù)習(xí)教案十二：非謂語動(dòng)詞

2020年高考英語第二輪專題語法復(fù)習(xí)十二非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：一、非謂語動(dòng)詞種類及句法功能（一）概述：在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞，叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞有動(dòng)詞不定式（高考資源網(wǎng)the Infinitive）；動(dòng)名詞（the Gerund）；現(xiàn)在分詞（the Present Participle）；過去分詞（the Past Participle）。1、非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有：1）如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.2）都可以被狀語修飾：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mThe suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.3）都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng), “體”式（一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式）的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式）We have written the composition.（謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）4）都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.（謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語）We are League members.（謂語動(dòng)詞的主語）We being League member, the work was well done.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語）2、非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有：1）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。2）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。3）非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。（二）非謂語動(dòng)詞的句法功能： 句子成分非謂語 主語表語賓語補(bǔ)語定語狀語同位語不定式動(dòng)名詞（極少）現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞二、非謂語動(dòng)詞用法：（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。1、不定式的形式：主 動(dòng)被 動(dòng)一般式to writeto be written進(jìn)行式to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written否定式：not + (to) do1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2、不定式的句法功能：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m1）作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.2）作表語：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：在復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.5）作定語：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：A）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：Have you got anything to sent?Have you got anything to be sent?B）說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work.C）被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.6）作狀語：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right: To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.B）表結(jié)果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：I visited him only to find him out.C）表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.7）作獨(dú)立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1、動(dòng)名詞的形式： 語 態(tài)式主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。2）被動(dòng)式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀請(qǐng)就來到了晚會(huì)。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m4）完成被動(dòng)式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過。5）否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動(dòng)名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮巍is not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：1）作主語：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)常用it作形式主語。Its no use quarrelling. 爭吵是沒用的。2）作表語：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。3）作賓語：They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認(rèn)），deny（否認(rèn)）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from,stop（from）,protectfrom,set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定語：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？5）作同位語：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。（三）現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：現(xiàn)在及 物 動(dòng) 詞 write不及物動(dòng)詞go分詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having written having been writtenhaving gone否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打蘭球。2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告訴了好幾遍，這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前，如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長的父親。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改為the man who is speaking.2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí)，而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：A）作時(shí)間狀語：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。B）作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。C）作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。D）作條件狀語：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。E）作結(jié)果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。F）作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。G）作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。H）與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mI waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽車時(shí)，一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果時(shí)間允許，我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。H）作獨(dú)立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個(gè)演員。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細(xì)心。（四）過去分詞：過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。過去分詞的句法功能：1、過去分詞作定語：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。2、過去分詞作表語：The window is broken. 窗戶破了。The were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。注意be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。區(qū)別：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被動(dòng)）有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。如：boiled water（開水）fallen leaves（落葉）newly arrived goods（新到的貨）the risen sun（升起的太陽）the changed world（變了的世界）這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。有時(shí)過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。4、過去分詞作狀語：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時(shí)間）Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 雖然被告之危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。（表示讓步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進(jìn)山洞。5、過去分詞與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的書期末時(shí)都還了，圖書管理員很高興。The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他開始撒種子。非謂語動(dòng)詞用法對(duì)比知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：一、不定式與動(dòng)名詞做主語：1、動(dòng)名詞做主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為，不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。例如：Collecting information about childrens health is his job. 收集有關(guān)兒童健康的信息是他的工作。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師討論這個(gè)問題是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主語的句型有：（1）Its difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do（2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.3、常用動(dòng)名詞做主語的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time ones doing.Its worth while doing.二、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞做表語：1、不定式做表語常表示謂語動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他這節(jié)課的教學(xué)目的是要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說的能力。2、動(dòng)名詞做表語是對(duì)主語內(nèi)容的解釋，這時(shí)主語與表語位置可以互換，動(dòng)名詞常用于口語中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蟻后）的專職工作是產(chǎn)卵。3、現(xiàn)在分詞做表語表示主語的性質(zhì)與特征；進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。The task of this class is practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在分詞做表語）With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）4、常用作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行與主動(dòng)。The joke is amusing .這笑話很逗人。The problem is puzzling. 這個(gè)問題令人不解。5、過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的被動(dòng)狀態(tài)或完成某動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動(dòng)作。The village is surrounded by high mountains.（過去分詞做表語）The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）He is well educated.（過去分詞做表語）He has been educated in this college for three years.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）常用在句中做表語的過去分詞有：used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m6、注意如下動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞用法不同：interest（使感興趣），surprise（使吃驚），frighten（使害怕），excite（使興奮），tire（使疲勞），please（使?jié)M意），puzzle（使迷惑不解），satisfy（使?jié)M意），amuse（使娛樂），disappoint（使失望），inspire（使歡欣鼓舞），worry（使憂慮）它們的現(xiàn)在分詞常修飾物（有時(shí)修飾人），表示主動(dòng)，過去分詞常修飾人，表示被動(dòng)（包括某人的look、voice等）。例如：Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。They are very tired. 他們很疲勞After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.三、不定式與動(dòng)名詞做賓語：1、下列動(dòng)詞跟不定式做賓語：want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。2、在下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后用動(dòng)名詞做賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式與動(dòng)名詞意義不同，不定式表示謂語動(dòng)詞之后的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.He forgot to tell me to post the letter.（他忘了叫我發(fā)信。）I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了在一個(gè)普通信封上發(fā)現(xiàn)了那枚珍貴的郵票。Remember to write to us when you get there. 到那里，記得給我們寫信。I dont remember meeting him. 我不記得見過他。I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birth-day party. 我很遺憾告訴你我不能去參加你的生日晚會(huì)了。They regretted agreeing to the plan. 他們后悔同意這個(gè)計(jì)劃。He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂。She tried reading a novel, but that couldnt make her forget her sorrow. 她試著看看小說，但也不能使她忘記傷心事。I didnt mean to hurt you. 我沒有企圖傷害你。A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報(bào)地幫助別人。4、動(dòng)名詞作need, want, require, be worth的賓語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)需要修理。The point wants referring to. 這一點(diǎn)要提到。This English novel is worth reading. 這本英文小說值得一讀。The situation in Russian required studying. 俄國形式需要研究。四、不定式與分詞在句中做賓語補(bǔ)足語：1、以下動(dòng)詞后跟不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語：ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbidThe doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 醫(yī)生囑咐他再臥床休息幾天。We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我們希望他留下來接受這個(gè)職位。（注意hope后不跟不定式做賓補(bǔ)。）2、有些動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語用不帶“to“的不定式，這些動(dòng)詞有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如：We noticed him enter the house. 我們留意到他進(jìn)了那所房子。The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板讓他們一天干12小時(shí)工作。注意當(dāng)make、have不做“迫使、讓”講，而做“制造、有”解時(shí)，跟帶有to的不定式做狀語。Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 媽媽做了一個(gè)蛋糕給他慶賀生日。He had a meeting to attend. 他有個(gè)會(huì)要開。3、下列動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語用分詞做賓補(bǔ)：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞做賓補(bǔ)，要看分詞與賓語的關(guān)系。例：We heard him singing the song when we came in. 當(dāng)我們進(jìn)來的時(shí)候，聽見他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice. 我們聽過這首歌唱過兩遍了。五、非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語：1、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后，表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過去的某一特定動(dòng)作。例如：He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do. 他沒有房子住卻有好多活要干。Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我們班長是第一個(gè)到的。2、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞做定語說明所修飾名詞的用途；現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，表示所修飾名詞進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。a walking stick 拐杖（動(dòng)名詞做定語，意為a stick for walking）a sleeping car 臥鋪車廂（動(dòng)名詞做定語，意為a car for sleeping）the rising sun 正在升起的太陽（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，意為the sun which was rising）the changing world 變化中的世界（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語，意為the world which is changing）3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞做定語表示完成或被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息（意同a piece of news which disappointed us）in the following years 在后來的幾年中（意同in the years that followed）a well dressed woman 衣著講究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）a car parked at the gate 停在門口的小汽車（意同a car which was parked at the gate）六、不定式與分詞做狀語：1、不定式做狀語，只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙趕到家中，發(fā)現(xiàn)錢被盜了。（結(jié)果狀語）To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 為了被聽清楚，他提高了嗓門。（目的狀語）All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的進(jìn)步，我們都很吃驚。(原因狀語)2、分詞做狀語可表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式：Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市很美。（條件狀語）Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 當(dāng)走進(jìn)房間時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)父親生氣了。（時(shí)間狀語）Being tired, they went on working. 雖然累了，但他們繼續(xù)工作。（讓步狀語）Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那個(gè)小男孩哭了。（原因狀語）He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一個(gè)手指放進(jìn)嘴里，嘗了嘗，笑了，看起來挺高興。（伴隨狀語）【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】：1、They knew her very well. They had seen herup from childhood.AgrowBgrewCwas growingDto grow2、Tom kept quiet about the accidentlose his job.Aso not as toBso as not toCso as to notDnot so as to3、She reached the top of the hill and stoppedon a big rock by the side of the path.Ato have restedBresting w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mCto restDrest4、The next morning she found the manin bed, dead.AlyingBlieClayDlaying5、Only one of these books is.Aworth to readBworth being readCworth of readingDworth reading6、The squirrel was lucky that it just missed.AcatchingBto be caughtCbeing caughtDto catch7、Most of the peopleto the party were famous scientists.AinvitedBto inviteCbeing invitedDinviting8、She didnt rememberhim before.Ahaving metBhave metCto meetDto having met9、Good morning. Can I help you?Id like to have this package, madam.Abe weighedBto be weighedCto weighDweighed10、There was a terrible noisethe sudden burst of light.AfollowedBfollowingCto be followedDbeing followed11、The murderer was brought in, with his handsbehind.Abeing tiedBhaving tiedCto be tiedDtied12、On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, some bananas and visited her cousin.AboughtBbuyingCto buyDbuy13、The secretary worked late into the night, a long speech for the president.Ato prepareBpreparingCpreparedDwas preparing14、I can hardly imagine Peteracross the Atlantic Ocean in five days.AsailBto sailCsailingDto have sailed15、John was madethe truck for a week as a punishment.Ato washBwashingCwashDto be washing16、I would appreciateback this afternoon.Ayou to cal