第七章介詞 連詞.doc

第七章 介 詞 概念： （一）表時間的介詞at, on, in. at 加“ 時間點”： e.g. at half past six at noon /nigh1 on 加“具體的哪一天 哪一天的早上、下午、晚上” ： e.g on Saturday on a cold morning on Teachers Dayin 1）加“年月季節(jié)” 或 “早上、下午、晚上”： eg in the morning afternoon evening in springsummer autumnwinter I was born in May. in 2007 2）表將來，以現(xiàn)在為起點，表將來一段時間后，常用將來時態(tài)“在后” ：e.g He will finish his work in an hour .2. after ，以過去為起點，表過去一段時間后，常用過去時態(tài)。 “在后”。 e.g. After three years, the came back to his hometown.:3. by “在以前，到以前為止，不遲于” 若接“將來的時間點”，應用一般將來時e.g Can you finish your homework by tomorrow?e.g. We will learn 10000 English words by the end of this term.若接 “過去時間點”， 應用過去完成時e.g. By the end of last year ,100 trees had been planted here. 4 .during, for, since 與時間連用during+(某一特定的)時間段， 在期間 e.g during the summer vocations, during 1941, during his childhoodfor + (某一不特定的)時間段， (多久) e.g Ive already been in Shanghai for ten years.since+(某一過去的)時間點， 自從 e.g Ive already been in Shanghai since ten years ago. Shes been in hospital sirce last Wednesday.（二）表地點的介詞at：接“小地方” : arrive at the bus stop 1 in：接“大地方” : arrive in London 表“ 在里面”： in the classroomon 表“在物體的表面”: on the playground4in：表A在B范圍以內(nèi) ： Beijing is in the north of China. 2on：表A和B相鄰 ： Russia is on the north of China.to 表A在B范圍之外： Japan is to the east of China.in ： “ 在里面” inside：“ 在里面”，強調(diào)“以為界”。 對應詞為“outside” 3 e.g He was reading English inside the door. 他在家讀英語。 into ： “到內(nèi)”，表動作方向。 對應詞為“out of” e.g The boy rush into the house.over: “在正上方”，表面不接觸，反：under.： e.g. Theyll build a bridge over the river.4above: 位置高干某物，表面不接觸，但不是正上方，反：below： e.g. A lamp is above his head.on “兩在上面”。和物體表面接觸。between;(兩者)之間5 among: （三者或三者以上）之間 eg. You can find his son among the Children. near “在附近”，與 “far”相對 e.gMy hone is near the school.6 “by” 與 “beside” 意思差不多 ：“靠近，在旁邊”， 比near距離更近 e.g He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema. 在電影院他就坐在我旁邊。next to :在隔壁；緊靠的旁邊；貼近 e.g Peter is sitting next to Tom on the sofa.in front of： 表地點表 e.g in front of the building7.在前面before： 表 “時間” e.g the day before yesterday ; “地點”= in front of (三)表示“工具或手段”的介詞：by, in, with,on by : 表用某種方式或手段。 (名詞前不加冠詞) e.g. This pair of shoes is made by hand in : 表示用某種語墨水顏色顏料等原料。(名詞前不加冠詞) e.g Can you say it in English ?1 Do you know that girl in red ? with: 后跟具體的工具 (工具前加冠詞或物主代詞 )。 e.g I often do my homework with a pen. He stopped the ball with his right foot. on 以方式。多用于固定詞組。 She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通過收音機/電視學英語。 by , in , on 交通工具的用法：by + 交通工具= on / in + a ( the ) +交通工具e.g by bike = on a bike by car = in a carbeside: 在旁邊besides: 除之外 (還包括) 2 e.g Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外，還有25個學生去看了電影。 (他和另外25人都去了)except:：除之外 (不包括)e.g Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每個人都很激動。（他們激動，而我卻不激動）across: 從物體表面橫過3穿過 e.g. Be careful when youre walking across the street. through: 從物體內(nèi)部穿透 e.g. Its difficult for us to go through the thick forest. The river runs through the city.（四）其他介詞 like像一樣 （其實不是）1 e.g The little tiger looks like a cat.這只小老虎看起來像只貓as作為，以身份（其實是） e.g He was hanged as a spy.他被作為間諜絞死了。 with 和一起: e.g go with 具有， 帶有: e.g China is a big country with a long history.2 without 無， 沒有 e.g spaceship without people3. till (until) “直到為止” e.g You must wait for him till tomorrow. He didnt come back until twelve oclock last night.4 from to 從到5 behind在后面6.around在周圍，圍繞7 along沿著 e.g He likes to drive along the river.他喜歡沿著河開車。8against 反對 e.g They fought against the enemy. 專項練習 . 用適當?shù)慕樵~填空：1. Whats wrong your watch.2. One the students is in the classroom.3. I think the supermarket is open this time of day.4. We have lunch the middle of the day.5. Dont read the sun. Its bad your eyes.6. Its very kind you to help me my maths.7. Dont laugh others mistakes.8. I couldnt finish the work your help.9. The moon travels the earth.10. It will stop the sand moving the rich farmland in the south.11. You can buy some school things your way home.12. May I borrow a ruler you?13. When did you arrive the village.14. Did he learn English himself.15. Its another way saying “fast”.18. The doctor operated my brother once.19. What earth did you see ?. 選擇填空：( )1. My mother has gone to shanghai, she will be back.A. in two weeksB. after two weeks C. for two weeksD. two weeks ago.( ) 2. They will have an English evening party Sunday afternoon.A. inB. atC. forD. on( ) 3. The new teacher is getting on well all of us.A. inB. withC. forD. on( ) 4. Mrs Brown has worked in the west of Australia last January.A. sinceB. forC. inD. on( ) 5. all the stars, the sun is the nearest the earth.A. of, toB. To, ofC. Except, toD. In, to( ) 6. Chinese food quite different American food.A. forB. toC. fromD. with( ) 7. He spent 40 yuan the jacket.A. inB. onC. atD. for( ) 8. the end of last term, we had learned over ten English songs.A. ByB. AtC. InD. On( ) 9. She came up to me. A smile her face.A. with, inB. like, onC. like inD. with, on( ) 10. What do you mean the word “island”?A. ofB. forC. withD. by( ) 11. Granny took a look at us glasses.A. byB. withC. throughD. in( ) 12. How long will it take to swim the riverA. throughB. overC. acrossD. from( ) 13 The two monkeys are playing the tall trees.A. inB. onC. withD. against( ) 14. There is a bridge the river.A. onB. aboveC. overD. under.( ) 15 The books are made paper and these computers are made China A. of, of B. of, fromC. in, ofD. of, in( ) 16 The satellites go the earth and help us to learn more the earth.A. through, aboutB. through, onC. round, aboutD. round, on( ) 17. The boys grow taller year year.A. onB. toC. afterD. in( ) 18. We should make a contribution the 2008 Olympic Games.A. withB. byC. toD. in第八章 連詞一、概念：二、類別：（一）. 并列連詞（用來連接具有并列關系的詞，短語成句子）I 表并列關系的連詞有：and, bothand, nethernor, not onlybut also 1 and “和、并、又” (表示并列或?qū)ΨQ的關系)：e.g a teacher and his students. He was tall and handsome. They teach us Chinese and we teach them English. 如果連接兩個以上的詞語，通常把and放在最后一個詞語前面：e.g I like eggs，meat，rice，bread and milk. 表示目的： (常用在go，come，try等動詞后連接另一個動詞，表目的 , 相當于 to，不必譯出。)e.g Lets go and see the game. 表示條件和結(jié)果：“如果就” （在祈使句后，常用and連接一個簡單句，它們在語法上是 并列關系，但在義上卻是主從關系，）e.g. Work hard and you will live happily.If you work hard，you will live happily. 表示承接關系：“因此”、“那么”、“于是” （and用在句首，起承上啟下的作用，也可不譯。） e.g. And the air today is nice and clean.今天的空氣真清新。表示動詞的先后關系： “然后” （and常用來連接兩個動詞或動詞詞組，后一個動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生得遲一點 。此時and相當于then ） e.g. Go along the street，and take the third turning on the right .表示因果關系： “ 于是”、“因而” （and連接兩個動詞或兩個分句，帶有因果關系，此時and相當于so ） e.g. She couldnt find her mother and began to cry. and連接百位和十位之間的數(shù)詞： e.g. There are three hundred and sixty-five days in a year.2 bothand ： “兩者都；既又”1)連接兩個主語時，謂語用復數(shù)形式：Both Kangkang and Michael are in the same school.2)否定形式是：nethernor 3. neither nor 既不 也不 連接兩個主語時，謂語與nor 后的主語一致。e.g Neither he nor I am from China. 4. not onlybut also 不僅而且 連接兩個主語時，謂語與but also后的主語一致。e.g. Not only you but also he speaks Japanese in our class.II 表因果關系的關列連詞：for, so for 引導的句子表示對主句補充說明原因，放在在主句后，用逗號隔開。e.g. We must start early ,for we have a long way to go. so : 因此 (不與because 連用)e.g. It was late , so I went home.III 表選擇的連詞：or, either or or ： 1） 表選擇 : “或者”e.g You can either stay at home or go fishing. 2) 否定句中連結(jié)并列成分， 表示“和，與”之意。e.g There isnt any air or water on the moon.3)在以祈使句中，表示相反的假設，意為“否則，要不然”。 e.g Hurry up , or youll be late. eitheror 或者或者；不是就是， 連接兩個主語時，謂語與or 后的主語一致。e.g Either you or he goes to school by bike.4. 表轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞：but, yet , while, however（二）從屬連詞（用來引導裝語從句或賓語從句）1.引導時間狀語從句：when, whenever, while, as after, before, since, until till, as soon as when ,while, as的區(qū)別：when ： 表 “一段時間”或“時間點” （when引導的時間狀語從句多用一般時態(tài)。） e.g When she was having her lunch , she heard the door bell rang. Mom was cooking when Jim knocked the door.While ：表 “一段時間” （while引導的時間狀語從句多用進行時態(tài)，） e.g While Jim was mending his bike, Lin Tao came to see him. while表示“而，卻”，表對照關系。 e. g He is strong while his brother is weak.as ：“一邊一邊” （表所引導的時間狀從的動作與主句動作同時進行） e.g She sang as she walked. 由 when, as soon aswhile等引導的時間狀從和由 if 引導的條件狀從， 若主句用將來時態(tài)， 從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時，反之亦然e.g I will write to you as soon as I get there. If it doesnt rain tomorrow , we will go hiking.2. 引導地點狀語從句： Where , wherever3. 引導條件狀語從句：if , unless.4 引導讓步狀語從句： although, though although, though 不與but 連用。5. 引導目的狀語從句：so that 6. 引導結(jié)果狀語從句：sothat , suchthat7. 引導比較狀語從句：than, asas, not asas.8. 引導原因狀語從句：because, since, as because ：（表直接的原因，說話人認為這種理由或原因是聽話人所不知道的）?；卮鹩蓋hy 提出的問題。 since： 表眾所周知的原因： e.g Since he cant answer the question, youd better ask someone else.as表示原因與since差別不大，只是語氣更弱。 從語氣上講 ：because最強， since次之, as最弱。 9. 引導方式狀語從句：as10. 引導賓語從句：that, if, whether if 不能與or not 連用， 而whether可以 Exercises:練習1 從neithernor, eitheror, bothand, not onlybut also中選詞填空1. English maths are useful.2. Jim Kate broke the bottle. The dog did.3. You may do it yourself leave it to me.4. Miss Liu is our good teacher our good friend.練習2 選擇所給連詞填空，每詞只用一次：and, but, or, so, because, until, before, after, since, when, though, if, than, as, sothat1. Hurry up! We cant catch the early bus.2. Study hard you will do well in English.3. Tom was ill yesterday, he still went to school as usual.4. Its nearly two thousand kilometers from Sydney to Ayers Rock, we flew most of the day.5. She didnt go to bed her mother came back.6. Uncle Wang has worked in the factory it opened in 1989.7. I went to bed. I finished my homework.8. Young people love this time of year, it is good for sport.9. you jump a queue, the people will not be pleased.10. His cake is nicer Lilys.11. I was drawing a horse the teacher came in.12. we only stayed here for a few days, we had a great time.13. Wang lin had mended the radio his mother returned.1